历年英语四级真题及答案下载

2010年6月英语四级考试真题

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写

2. 出现这种情况的原因

3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为…

Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling

_______________________________________________________________________________

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Caught in the Web

A few months ago, it wasn't unusual for 47-year-old Carla Toebe to spend 15 hours per day online. She'd wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs – leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry, but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.

"I was starting to feel like my whole world was falling apart – kind of slipping into a depression," said Carla. "I knew that if I didn't get off the dating sites, I'd just keep going," detaching (使脱离) herself further from the outside world.

Toebe's conclusion: She felt like she was "addicted" to the Internet. She's not alone.

Concern about excessive Internet use isn't new. As far back as 1995, articles in medical journals and the establishment of a Pennsylvania treatment center for overusers generated interest in the subject. There's still no consensus on how much time online constitutes too much or whether addiction is possible.

But as reliance on the Web grows, there are signs that the question is getting more serious attention: Last month, a study published in CNS Spectrums claimed to be the first large-scale look at excessive Internet use. The American Psychiatric Association may consider listing Internet addiction in the next edition of its diagnostic manual. And scores of online discussion boards have popped up on which people discuss negative experiences tied to too much time on the Web.

"There's no question that there're people who're seriously in trouble because they're overdoing their Internet involvement," said psychiatrist (精神科医生) Ivan Goldberg. Goldberg calls the problem a disorder rather than a true addiction.

Jonathan Bishop, a researcher in Wales specializing in online communities, is more skeptical. "The Internet is an environment," he said. "You can't be addicted to the environment." Bishop describes the problem as simply a matter of priorities, which can be solved by encouraging people to prioritize other life goals and plans in place of time spent online.

The new CNS Spectrums study was based on results of a nationwide telephone survey of more than 2,500 adults. Like the 2005 survey, this one was conducted by Stanford University researchers.About 6% of respondents reported that "their relationships suffered because of excessive Internet use." About 9% attempted to conceal "nonessential Internet use," and nearly 4% reported feeling "preoccupied by the Internet when offline."

About 8% said they used the Internet as a way to escape problems, and almost 14% reported they "found it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time."

"The Internet problem is still in its infancy," said Elias Aboujaoude, a Stanford professor. No single online activity is to blame for excessive use, he said. "They're online in chat rooms, checking e-mail, or writing blogs. [The problem is] not limited to porn (色情) or gambling" websites.

Excessive Internet use should be defined not by the number of hours spent online but "in terms of losses," said Maressa Orzack, a Harvard University professor. "If it's a loss [where] you're not getting to work, and family relationships are breaking down as a result, then it's too much."

Since the early 1990s, several clinics have been established in the U. S. to treat heavy Internet users. They include the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and the Center for Internet Behavior.

The website for Orzack's center lists the following among the psychological symptoms of computer addiction:

● Having a sense of well-being (幸福) or excitement while at the computer.

● Longing for more and more time at the computer.

● Neglect of family and friends.

● Feeling empty, depressed or irritable when not at the computer.

● Lying to employers and family about activities.

● Inability t o stop the activity.

● Problems with school or job.

Physical symptoms listed include dry eyes, backaches, skipping meals, poor personal hygiene (卫生) and sleep disturbances.

People who struggle with excessive Internet use maybe depressed or have other mood disorders, Orzack said. When she discusses Internet habits with her patients, they often report that being online offers a "sense of belonging, and escape, excitement [and] fun," she said. "Some people say relief…because they find themselves so relax ed."

Some parts of the Internet seem to draw people in more than others. Internet gamers spend countless hours competing in games against people from all over the world. One such game, called World of Warcraft, is cited on many sites by posters complaining of a "gaming addiction."

Andrew Heidrich, an education network administrator from Sacramento, plays World of Warcraft for about two to four hours every other night, but that's nothing compared with the 40 to 60 hours a week he spent playing online games when he was in college. He cut back only after a full-scale family intervention (干预), in which relatives told him he'd gained weight.

"There's this whole culture of competition that sucks people in" with online gaming, said Heidrich, now a father of two. "People do it at the expense of everything that was a constant in their lives." Heidrich now visits websites that discuss gaming addiction regularly "to remind myself to keep my love for online games in check."

Toebe also regularly visits a site where posters discuss Internet overuse. In August, when she first realized she had a problem, she posted a message on a Yahoo Internet addiction group with the subject line: "I have an Internet Addiction."

"I'm self-employed and need the Internet for my work, but I'm failing to accomplish my work,to take care of my home, to give attention to my children," she wrote in a message sent to the group."I have no money or insurance to get professional help; I can't even pay my mortgage (抵押贷款) and face losing everything."

Since then, Toebe said, she has kept her promise to herself to cut back on her Internet use. "I have a boyfriend now, and I'm not interested in online dating," she said by phone last week. "It's a lot better now."

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1. What eventually made Carla Toebe realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?

A) Her daughter's repeated complaints.

B) Fatigue resulting from lack of sleep.C) The poorly managed state of her house.

D) The high financial costs adding up.

2. What does the author say about excessive Internet use?

A) People should be warned of its harmful consequences.

B) It has become virtually inevitable.

C) It has been somewhat exaggerated.

D) People haven't yet reached agreement on its definition.

3. Jonathan Bishop believes that the Internet overuse problem can be solved if people ______.

A) try to improve the Internet environment

B) become aware of its serious consequences

C) can realize what is important in life

D) can reach a consensus on its definition

4. According to Professor Maressa Orzack, Internet use would be considered excessive if ______.

A) it seriously affected family relationships

B) one visited porn websites frequently

C) too much time was spent in chat rooms

D) people got involved in online gambling

5. According to Orzack, people who struggle with heavy reliance on the Internet may feel ______.

A) discouraged B) pressured C) depressed D) puzzled

6. Why did Andre Heidrich cut back online gaming?

A) He had lost a lot of money.

B) His family had intervened.

C) He had offended his relatives.

D) His career had been ruined.

7. Andrew Heidrich now visits websites that discuss online gaming addiction to ______.

A) improve his online gaming skills

B) curb his desire for online gaming

C) show how good he is at online gaming

D) exchange online gaming experience

8. In one of the messages she posted on a website, Toebe admitted that she ______.

9. Excessive Internet use had rendered Toebe so poor that she couldn't afford to seek ______.

10. Now that she's got a boyfriend, Toebe is no longer crazy about ______.

Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

11.A) He has proved to be a better reader than the woman.

B) He has difficulty understanding the book.

C) He cannot get access to the assigned book.

D) He cannot finish his assignment before the deadline.

12.A) She will drive the man to the supermarket.

B) The man should buy a car of his own.

C) The man needn't go shopping every week.

D) She can pick the man up at the grocery store.

13.A) Get more food and drinks. B) Ask his friend to come over.

C) Tidy up the place. D) Hold a party.

14.A) The talks can be held any day except this Friday.

B) He could change his schedule to meet John Smith.

C) The first-round talks should start as soon as possible.

D) The woman should contact John Smith first.

15.A) He understands the woman's feelings.

B) He has gone through a similar experience.

C) The woman should have gone on the field trip.

D) The teacher is just following the regulations.

16.A) She will meet the man halfway.

B) She will ask David to talk less.

C) She is sorry the man will not come.

D) She has to invite David to the party.

17.A) Few students understand Prof. Johnson's lectures.

B) Few students meet Prof. Jonson's requirements.

C) Many students find Prof. Johnson's lectures boring.

D) Many students have dropped Prof. Johnson's class.

18.A) Check their computer files.

B) Make some computations.

C) Study a computer program.

D) Assemble a computer.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19.A) It allows him to make a lot of friends.

B) It requires him to work long hours.

C) It enables him to apply theory to practice.

D) It helps him understand people better.

20.A) It is intellectually challenging.

B) It requires him to do washing-up all the time.

C) It exposes him to oily smoke all day long.

D) It demands physical endurance and patience.

21.A) In a hospital. B) At a coffee shop. C) At a laundry. D) In a hotel.

22.A) Getting along well with colleagues.

B) Paying attention to every detail.

C) Planning everything in advance.

D) Knowing the needs of customers.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23.A) The pocket money British children get.

B) The annual inflation rate in Britain.

C) The things British children spend money on.

D) The rising cost of raising a child in Britain.

24.A) It enables children to live better.

B) It goes down during economic recession.

C) It often rises higher than inflation.

D) It has gone up 25% in the past decade.

25.A) Save up for their future education.

B) Pay for small personal things.

C) Buy their own shoes and socks.

D) Make donations when necessary. 来源:考试大-英语四级考试

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Passage One

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

26.A) District managers.

B) Regular customers.

C) Sales directors.

D) Senior clerks.

27.A) The support provided by the regular clients.

B) The initiative shown by the sales representatives.

C) The urgency of implementing the company's plans.

D) The important part played by district managers.

28.A) Some of them were political-minded.

B) Fifty percent of them were female.

C) One third of them were senior managers.

D) Most of them were rather conservative.

29.A) He used too many quotations.

B) He was not gender sensitive.

C) He did not keep to the point.

D) He spent too much time on details.

Passage Two

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

30.A) State your problem to the head waiter.

B) Demand a discount on the dishes ordered.

C) Ask to see the manager politely but firmly.

D) Ask the name of the person waiting on you.

31.A) You problem may not be understood correctly.

B) You don't know if you are complaining at the right time.

C) Your complaint may not reach the person in charge.

D) You can't tell how the person on the line is reacting.

32.A) Demand a prompt response.

B) Provide all the details.

C) Send it by express mail.

D) Stick to the point.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33.A) Fashion designer B) Architect. C) City planner. D) Engineer.

34.A) Do some volunteer work.

B) Get a well-paid part-time job.

C) Work flexible hours.

D) Go back to her previous post.

35.A) Few baby-sitters can be considered trustworthy.

B) It will add to the family's financial burden.

C) A baby-sitter is no replacement for a mother.

D) The children won't get along with a baby-sitter.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

Almost every child, on the first day he sets foot in a school building, is smarter, more (36)______, less afraid of what he doesn't know, better at finding and (37) ______ things out, more confident, resourceful (机敏的), persistent and (38) ______ than he will ever be again in his schooling – or, unless he is very (39) ______ and very lucky, for the rest of his life. Already, by paying close attention to and (40) ______ with the world and people around him, and without any school-type (41) ______ instruction, he has done a task far more difficult, complicated and (42)______ than anything he will be asked to do in school, or than any of his teachers has done for years. He has solved the (43) ______ of language. He has discovered it –babies don't even know that language exists –and (44) ________________________________________________. He has done it by exploring, by experimenting, by developing his own model of the grammar of language, (45) ________________________________________________ until it does work. And while he has been doing this, he has been learning other things as well, (46) ________________________________________________, and many that are more complicated than the ones they do try to teach him.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

You never see him, but they're with you every time you fly. They record where you are going,how fast you're traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book.They're known as the black box.

When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潜水艇) detected the device's homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.

In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane –the area least subject to impact –from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.

Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots' conversations,and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft's final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they're also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447, which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they're still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane's black boxes were never recovered.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

57. What does the author say about the black box?

A) It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane.

B) The idea for its design comes from a comic book.

C) Its ability to ward off disasters is incredible.

D) It is an indispensable device on an airplane.

58. What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?

A) Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.

B) The total number of passengers on board.

C) The scene of the crash and extent of the damage.

D) Homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash.

59. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?

A) New materials became available by that time.

B) Too much space was needed for its installation.

C) The early models often got damaged in the crash.

D) The early models didn't provide the needed data.

60. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?

A) To distinguish them from the colour of the plane.

B) To caution people to handle them with care.

C) To make them easily identifiable.

D) To conform to international standards.

61. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447?

A) There is still a good chance of their being recovered.

B) There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed.

C) They have stopped sending homing signals.

D) They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like "I never do anything right" into positive ones like "I can succeed." But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?

Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.

The study's authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you're just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.

In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students' self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, "I am lovable."

Those with low self-esteem didn't feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren't urged to think positive thoughts.

The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation (静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

62. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?

A) It is a highly profitable industry.

B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking.

C) It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.

D) It has yielded positive results.

63. What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?

A) Encouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good.

B) There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.

C) Unhappy people cannot think positively.

D) The power of positive thinking is limited.

64. Wh at does the author mean by "… you're just underlining his faults" (Line 4, Para. 3)?

A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.

B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.

C) You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.

D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.

65. What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?

A) It is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.

B) Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to one's mood.

C) Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem.

D) People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.

66. What do we learn from the last paragraph?

A) The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.

B) Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy.

C) Different people tend to have different ways of thinking.

D) People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.Please write you translation on Answer Sheet 2.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。

87. Because of the noise outside, Nancy had great difficulty __________________ (集中注意力在实验上).

88. The manager never laughed; neither __________________ (她也从来没有发过脾气).

89. We look forward to __________________ (被邀请出席开幕式).

90. It is suggested that the air conditioner __________________ (要安装在窗户旁).

91. The 16-year-old girl decided to travel abroad on her own despite __________________ (她父母的强烈反对).

作文范文：

Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling

Correct spelling is a basic skill in English study. However, nowadays many students do not pay much attention to it.

They have their own reasons for misspelling. First of all, they like an easy way of studying, which causes some omissions and changes in spelling. Second, the teachers might not be very strict in students‘ spelling. In China, teachers seem to be more concerned with grammar and vocabulary but not spelling.

To change this situation, in my opinion, the teachers and the students should work together. On one and, the teachers should give more attention to students‘ spelling, asking the students to be conscious of the importance of correct spelling from the very beginning of their English study. On the other hand, the students themselves are supposed to be aware that correct spelling is a must in English study.

To sum up, correct spelling is so important that both students and the teachers should spare no efforts to achieve correct spelling.

2010年6月大学英语四级答案

1. A) her daughters' repeated complains

2. D) People haven't yet reached agreement on its definition

3. C) can realize what is important in life

4. A) it seriously affected family relationships

5. C) depressed

6. B) His family had intervened

7. B) curb his desire for online gaming

8. had an Internet addiction

9. professional help

10. online dating

听力答案

Section A

short conversation

11. C) He cannot get access to the assigned book.

12. A) She will drive the man to the supermarket.

13. C) Tidy up the place.

14. A) The talks can be held any day except this Friday.

15. A) He understands the woman‘s feelings.

16. D) She has to invite David to the party.

17. C) Many students find Prof. Johnson‘s lectures boring.

18. D) Assemble a computer.

long conversation

19. B) It requires him to work long hours.

20. D) It demands physical endurance and patience.

21. D) In a hotel.

22. B) Paying attention to every detail.

23. A) The pocket money British children get.

24. C) It often rises higher than inflation.

25. B) Pay for small personal things.

Section B

Passage 1

26. B) District managers

27. D) The important part played by district managers

28. B) Fifty percent of them were female

29. B) He was not gender sensitive

Passage 2

30. C) Ask to see the manager politely but firmly

31. D) You can‘t tell how the person on the line is reacting

32. D) Stick to the point

Passage 3

33. B) Architect

34. A) Do some volunteer work.

35. C) A baby-sitter is no replacement for a mother.

Section C

36. curious 37. figuring 38. independent 39. unusual 40. interacting 41. formal 42. abstract 43. mystery

44. he has found out how it works and learnt to use it appropriately

45. by trying it out and seeing whether it works, by gradually changing it and refining it

46. including many of the concepts that the schools think only they can teach him

仔细阅读答案

Section A

47. G incredibly 48. K replace 49. J reduced 50. L sense 51. H powering

52. D exceptions 53. E expand 54. O vast 55. F historic 56. I protect

Section B

Passage 1

57. C) Its ability to ward off disasters is incredible.

58. A) Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.

59. C) The early models often got damaged in the crash.

60. C) To make them easily identifiable.

61. A) There is still a good chance for their being recovered.

Passage 2

62. B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking

63. A) Encouraging positive thinking may do more harm than good

64. B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed

65. C) Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem

66. B) Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy

完型答案

67. B) differ 68. B) via 69. B) used 70. B) lies 71. B) of 72. D) selects

73. A) sends in 74. A) visible 75. C) beyond 76. D) allows 77. B) behind 78. D) insignificant 79. C) corporations 80. D) only 81. B) later

82. D) provided 83. D) besides 84. A) and 85. C) widespread 86. A) acquired 翻译答案

87. (in) concentrating on the experiment/ focusing her attention on the experiment.

88. did she become angry/did she lose her temper before.

89. being invited to attend the opening ceremony.

90. (should) be fixed/installed by the window

91. the strong opposition of her parents/ her parents‘ strong opposition.

2009年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案

Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1. 建设绿色校园很重要

2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……

3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……

Creating a Green Campus

Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid

Good grades and high tests scores still matter—a lot—to many colleges as they award financial aid.

But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as “merit aid”, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.

George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients(接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.

Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008.

Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility(资格)have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.

For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.

But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. “They’re trying to buy students,”says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.

Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it.

“As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid,”says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Repor t‘s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.

Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, “served us well,”Inzer says, but “to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.‖

Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.

Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.

But in recent years, a growing chorus(异口同声)of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,”says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.

David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.

“No one can take one-sided action,”says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption(豁免)from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid, “This is a merry-go-round that’s going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves.‖

A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.

That’s one reason Allegheny College doesn’t plan to drop merit aid entirely.

“We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top students truly value the scholarship,”says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny’s vice president for enrollment.

Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment(捐赠), meanwhile, is taking another approach. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.

“Yeah, we’re playing the merit game,”acknowledges Tom Lancaster, associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong point, too, he says. “The fact of the matter is, it’s not just about the lowest-income people. It’s the average American middle-class family who‘s being priced out of the market.‖

*A few words about merit-based aid:

Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and is generally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.

Academic merit scholarships are based on students’grades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.

Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel(突出)in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee(裁判). Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.

Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio(选辑)of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.

1. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, a number of colleges are ________.

A) offering students more merit-based aid B) revising their financial aid policies

C) increasing the amount of financial aid D) changing their admission processes

2. What did Allegheny College in Meadville do three years ago?

A) It tried to implement a novel financial aid program.

B) It added $ 2.5 million to its need-based aid program.

C) It phased out its merit-based scholarships altogether.

D) It cuts its merit-based aid to help the needy students.

3. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to ______.

A) improve teaching quality B) boost their enrollments

C) attract good students D) increase their revenues

4. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believes ______.

A) it doesn’t pay to spend $ 1 million a year to raise its ranking

B) it gives students motivation to award academic achievements

C) it’s illogical to use so much money on only 4% of its students

D) it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition

5. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to ______.

A) more government funding to colleges B) fierce competition among institutions

C) the increasing number of top students D) schools’improved financial situations

6. What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird?

A) They would like to see it reduced.

B) They regard it as a necessary evil.

C) They think it does more harm than good.

D) They consider it unfair to middle-class families.

7. Why doesn’t Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely?

A) Raising tuitions have made college unaffordable for middle-class families.

B) With rising incomes, fewer students are applying for need-based aid.

C) Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on it.

D) Rising incomes have disqualified many students for need-based aid.

8. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain ______.

9. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who ______ their exceptional athletic performance.

10. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their ______ in a particular artistic field

Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

11. A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center.

C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.

12. A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child.

C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.

13. A) Taking photographs. B) Enhancing images.

C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.

14. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young.

B) He can provide little useful information.

C) He will show the woman around Baltimore.

D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.

15. A) He is rather disappointed. B) He is highly ambitious.

C) He can’t face up to the situation D) He knows his own limitation.

16. A) She must have paid a lot B) She is known to have a terrific figure.

C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results.

D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy.

17. A) Female students are unfit for studying physics.

B) He can serve as the woman’s tutor.

C) Physics is an important course at school.

D) The professor’s suggestion is constructive.

18. A) Indifferent. B) Doubtful. C) Pleased. D) Surprised.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) He prefers the smaller evening classes. B) He has signed up for a day course.

C) He has to work during the day. D) He finds the evening course cheaper.

20. A) Learn a computer language. B) Learn data processing.

C) Buy some computer software. D) Buy a few coursebooks.

21. A) Thursday evening, from 7:00 to 9:45. B) From September 1 to New Year’s eve.

C) Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks. D) Three hours a week, 45 hours in total.

22. A) What to bring for registration. B) Where to attend the class.

C) How he can get to Frost Hall. D) Whether he can use a check.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23. A) A training coach. B) A trading adviser.

C) A professional manager. D) A financial trader.

24. A) He can save on living expenses. B) He considers cooking creative.

C) He can enjoy healthier food. D) He thinks take-away is tasteless.

25. A) It is something inevitable.B) It is frustrating sometimes.

C) It takes patience to manage. D) It can be a good thing.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) There were no planets without moons. B) There was no air or water on Jupiter.

C) Life was not possible in outer space. D) The mystery of life could not be resolved.

27. A) It has a number of active volcanoes. B) It has an atmosphere like the earth’s.

C) It has a large ocean under its surface. D) It has deep caves several miles long.

28. A) Light is not an essential element to it. B) Life can form in very hot temperatures.

C) Every form of life undergoes evolution. D) Oxygen is not needed for some life forms.

Passage Two

Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.

29. A) Whether they should take the child home.

B) What Dr. Mayer’s instructions exactly were.

C) Who should take care of the child at home.

D) When the child would completely recover.

30. A) She encourages them to ask questions when in doubt.

B) She makes them write down all her instructions.

C) She has them act out what they are to do at home.

D) She asks them to repeat what they are supposed to do.

31. A) It lacks the stability of the printed word. B) It contains many grammatical errors.

C) It is heavily dependent on the context. D) It facilitates interpe

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

32. A) Job security. B) Good labour relations.

C) Challenging work. D) Attractive wages and benefits.

33. A) Many tedious jobs continue to be done manually.

B) More and more unskilled workers will lose jobs.

C) Computers will change the nature of many jobs.

D) Boring jobs will gradually be made enjoyable.

34. A) Offer them chances of promotion.

B) Improve their working conditions.

C) Encourage them to compete with each other.

D) Give them responsibilities as part of a team.

35. A) They will not bring real benefits to the staff.

B) They concern a small number of people only.

C) They are arbitrarily set by the administrators.

D) They are beyond the control of ordinary workers.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上。

In the humanities, authors write to inform you in many ways. These methods can be (36) ______ into three types of informational writing: factual, descriptive, and process.

Factual writing provides (37) ______ information on an author, composer, or artist or on a type of music, literature, or art. Examples of factual writing include notes on a book jacket or (38) ______ cover and longer pieces, such as an article describing a style of music which you might read in a music (39) ______ course. This kind of writing provides a (40) ______ for your study of the humanities.

As its name (41) ______, descriptive writing simply describes, or provides an (42) ______ of, a piece of music, art, or literature. For example, descriptive writing might list the colors an artist used in a painting or the (43) ______ a composer included in a musical composition, so as to make pictures or sounds in the reader‘s mind by calling up specific details of the work. (44) ________.

Process writing explains a series of actions that bring about a result. (45) ________. This kind of writing is often found in art, where understanding how an art has created a certain effect is important. (46) _________.

Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so, but selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world‘s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.

Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers.

These images have helped define the way all women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simple to be herself.

It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.

Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a lon g way in changing an image that‘s been around for far too long.

57. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?

A) She serves as a role model for African women.

B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.

C) She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.

D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.

58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?

A) They are victims of violence. B) They are of an inferior violence.

C) They use quite a lot of body language. D) They live on charity and social welfare.

59. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?

A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.

B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.

C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.

D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.

60. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?

A) However many fans she has, she should remain modest,

B) She shouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.

C) However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.

D) She will give priority to African-American women’s concerns.

61. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?

A) Help change the prevailing view about black women.

B) Help her husband in the task of changing America.

C) Outshine previous First Lady.

D) Fully display her fine qualities.

Passage Two

Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.

When next year’s crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face; Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice-chancellor —a position equivalent to university president in America.

Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc, have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn‘t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.

The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the university’s budget. “We didn’t do any global consideration,”says Patricia Hayes, the board’

s chair. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since U.S. schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.

Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student number. The decline in government support has made funding-raising an increasing necessary ability among administrators and has hiring committees hungry for Americans.

In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job s he had overseen ―a major strengthening of Yale‘s financial position.‖Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind of promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.

62. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?

A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the U.S.

B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.

C) American universities are enrolling more international students.

D) University presidents are paying more attention to funding-raising.

63. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level administrators?

A) The political correctness. B) Their ability to raise funds.

C) Their fame in academic circles. D) Their administrative experience.

64. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?

A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.

B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.

C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.

D) Most of their revenues come from the government.

65. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because _____.

A) she was known to be good at raising money

B) she could help strengthen its ties with Yale

C) she knew how to attract students overseas

D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status

66. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?

A) They can enhance the university’s image.

B) They will bring with them more international faculty.

C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.

D) They can set up new academic disciplines.

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.

87. You would not have failed if you __________________________(按照我的指令去做).

88. Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never ______________(放弃对知识的追求).

89. Scientists agree that it will be a long time ______________(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).

90. Production has to be increased considerably to __________________(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).

91. The more exercise you take,________________________(你越不大可能得感冒).

2009年12月大学英语四级考试答案详解

Part ⅠWriting

审题谋篇

本次四级作文主题为“绿色校园”，这是一个看似简单普通的话题，写起来却不是那么容易。因为很多考生对于“绿色校园”所表达的内涵感觉比较生僻。假如对“绿色校园”这一主题感到难以把握，考生可以从作文提纲入手进行分析以获取对“绿色校园”这一概念的相关信息。根据作文提示2，可以看出此处的“绿色校园”指的决不仅仅是青青的草地和高大的树木构成的校园绿色风景，也不仅仅指对校园环境的珍视和爱护，而是指一种环境保护的文化氛围和师生具有的环境素养，以及由此带来的和谐的人文环境和社会绩效。在深入理解概念的基础上，考生还应对“绿色校园”的重要性进行剖析，这时，考生可以从多个角度组织素材，比如从校园的环境问题出发，进而扩展到师生的环境意识对“绿色校园”所产生的长远意义以及为未来环境改善所做的贡献。最后是阐述建设“绿色校园”所要采取的措施。需要注意的就是作文给分的重点在于考生如何用恰当的语

言词汇表达自己的思想观点。而不是写得越多，得分就越高。一般分成三个自然段，大概十句话，基本的分布为首段、末段合起来五句或六句，中间段五句或四句，做到结构清楚，重点突出，就可以了。

参考范文

Creating a Green Campus

Recently, with the idea of making and maintaining “a green earth”being the focus of the society, “green campus”has become a more and more popular concept in universities or colleges, which, undoubtedly, will bring us an ever-lasting benefit to both our campus and our society.

The concept of “green campus”does not only mean a green environment but also refers to an environmental sense in people’s mind. Campus plays a crucial role in educating the young generation and the consciousness of “green campus”will definitely produce a profound effect on s tudents‘ various environmental protection activities after their graduation. What‘s more, the young generation is under the burden of severe environmental pollution and there are many problems waiting for them to solve.

To make “green campus”come true, firstly, it is necessary to work out effective principles for the development of sustainable and recyclable campus. Secondly, it calls for people’s awareness of the serious pollution around us and actual action to reduce the waste. Last but not least, it is necessary to strengthen the ties between campus and society, so as to ensure that ―green campus‖ can work smoothly with the co-effort of the whole society.

建设绿色校园

近来，随着建设并保持“绿色地球”的观念成为社会关注的焦点，“绿色校园”也成为校园里流行的话题。这无疑会给我们的校园和社会带来长远的利益。

“绿色校园”不仅仅指绿色的环境，还包括人们头脑中的环境意识。学校在培养年轻一代上起着关键作用，“绿色校园”的意识必定会对学生毕业后的环境保护意识产生长远影响。更为重要的是，年轻一代面临着严重的环境污染，有太多问题等待他们去解决。

为使“绿色校园”成为现实，首先应该制定出可持续发展、可长远发展的有效政策。其次，还需要人们对环境污染的严肃性有正确认识并采取实际行动切实减少污染。最后但同样重要的是，有必要加强学校和社会的联系以便在全社会共同努力下使“绿色校园”顺利实施。

范文点评

范文以“绿色校园”开篇，保证了文章切题。第一段开门见山，强调当今环保理念下构建“绿色校园”的长远意义。第二段，着重讨论“绿色校园”的含义，指出“绿色校园”不仅指校园中的绿化，还指生活在校园中的人们的绿色和环保意识，把校园这个小环境和社会这个大环境结合起来，说理更加深刻。第三段是谈及具体的做法，分一、二、三点进行论述，无疑是使“绿色校园”的理念落在实处。结构完整，首尾呼应，用词准确。关系词的正确使用让句与句之间、段与段之间衔接紧凑，思想表达成熟有深度。

【生动的用词】maintain保持;concept概念;profound长远的;sustainable可持续的;recyclable可循环的。

【丰富的短语】bring benefit to带来利益;play a crucial role in发挥关键作用;under the burden of在……重负下;come true实现;call for要求。

【多变的句式】

范文中长句、短句、简单句、复杂句交叉使用。不同句型之间的转换，能让阅卷老师更好地了解考生对句子结构的掌握运用，从而获得高分。

避错指导

本次作文在题材上，虽然仍然延续了我们所熟悉校园类话题，但与社会背景有很大关系。刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会使环保减排这个主题成为焦点，在全世界都提倡可持续发展、和谐发展这一背景下的“绿色校园”，同时也是一个社会热点话题，这是我们审题时所必须考虑的。另外开篇时，切忌拖泥带水，应直截了当，使阅卷老师对文章主题一目了然。

除正确审题之外，考生还应注意语言的准确运用，不落俗套。不同句型之间转换时，考生应对句子结构全面掌握，避免句式错误造成扣分。

最后，应尽量避免单词拼写错误。本次作文常见的卷面拼写错误如下表：

正确拼写词性及词义错误的拼写

focus n. 焦点focuse

effect n. 影响effection /affect

environment n. 环境envirment/invironment

burden n. 负担burdon

solve v. 解决slove

serious a. 严肃的serous

true a. 真的ture

society n. 社会soceity

theory n. 理论thery

总之，考生在构思和写作过程中要尽可能做到思路完整，恰如其分地选择词汇。毕竟，无错表达才是四级语言表达合格的核心。

能力拓展

【同义词转换】

作文表达除了准确，还要做到句式多变，词汇灵活多样。

1. realize →be aware of 意识到

We’d better be aware of the seriousness of pollution around us. 我们最好意识到周围污染的严峻性。

2. keep →preserve 保持

It is necessary to educate the students to be conscious of the importance to preserve the environment. 有必要教育学生意识到保护环境的重要性。

3. lead →conduct 引导

This will help conduct the activities of the college students. 这有助于引导大学生的行为。

【话题备考锦囊】

6. The idea of “a green campus”is beyond a green environment. “绿色校园”绝不仅仅是一个绿色环境。

7. The construction of “a green campus”will greatly stimulate students to take part in various environmental protection activities. 建设“绿色校园”将会极大激励学生参与环境保护。

8. To bring “a green campus”to its full play, effective measures should be taken. 为全面实施“绿色校园”，必须采取有效措施。

9. Campus construction is of vital importance not only to the physical development of students but to their mental health as well. 校园建设不仅对学生的身体发展很重要，而且对他们的心理健康也很重要。

10. There is little doubt that further consideration must be paid to our green campus. 毫无疑问，对于绿色校园应该给与更多的思考。

【话题词汇拓展】

devastation n. 毁坏disastrous a. 损失惨重的

doom v. 厄运，毁灭existence n. 存在，生活

healthful a. 健康的messy a. 肮脏的，凌乱的

participation n. 分享，参与preserve v. 保存，保护

preventive a. 预防性的purify v. 澄清，净化

stimulation n. 激励，鼓舞arouse consciousness 唤起意识

命题风向标

本次作文难度适中，与之前考试中出现的“限塑”主题有千丝万缕的联系。考生要想在本次作文中获取高分，除了审题恰当独到，还要有扎实的语言基础。如本文主题“绿色校园”可以采用多种表达：green campus 和environmental-friendly campus;“绿色校园的构建”可以使用create，build up，establish和construct等，以体现考生对词汇多样性的积累。

从关注白色污染到关注博物馆免费开放，再到绿色校园构建，四级作文命题重点在侧重校园类话题的同时开始向与大学生生活有关的话题转移。由此也凸显了对历年真题分析的重要意义。更多地立足真题，总结规律，切实提高自己语言能力，始终是四级作文备考的根本。

Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

篇章结构

核心词汇

1. aid n. ①帮助，援助②助手v. 帮助，援助

【用】financial aid经济援助;merit aid/ Merit-based奖学金;need-based aid助学金或经济资助;foreign aid外援，对外援助;hearing aid助听器;aids and appliances用具，设备【搭】in aid to用来帮助，起……作用;lead one’s aid (to)援助，给予帮助;in aid of作为援助……之用【拓】aidance n. 协助，帮助;aidant a. 帮助的;aided a. 辅助的

2. project v. ①设计②发射n. 事业，计划，工程

【用】Project Hope希望工程;project manager项目经理;project plan项目规划;project budget项目预算，工程预算【拓】projection n. 突出，发射;projecting a. 突出的

3. selective a. 选择性的

4. 【用】selective analysis重点分析;selective breeding选择育种，选择性繁殖【拓】select v. 挑选，选拔

a. 精选的;selection n. 选择，挑选，选集

5. package n. 包裹;套装软件，程序包a. 一揽子的

【用】package design包装设计;package agreement一揽子安排，一揽子方案;package holiday(旅行社安排一切的)一揽子旅游;package tour包办旅行(路线、地点、时间和费用等均作统一规定和安排的旅游);package program 组装程序【拓】pack n.包装，背包v. 包装，压紧;packaged a. 袋装的;packager n. 打包机

6. ranking a. 头等的;n. 等级，地位

【用】ranking list排名;ranking method等级法，排序法

【拓】rank n. 等级;队列;v. 排列，列队

7. grant v. ①授予②承认;n. ①授予物②拨款

【用】grant of a patent授予专利权【搭】take…for granted认为……是理所当然; Granted/Granting that即使……(也)【拓】grants n. 补助金，津贴(grant的复数)

8. enrol v. 登记，入学，参军，注册

【搭】enrol in选课，参加【拓】enrollment n. 登记，入伍;enrollee n. 入学者，入伍者

9. eliminate v. 消除，排除

【用】eliminate illiteracy扫盲;eliminate poverty消除贫困;eliminate noise 消除噪声【拓】eliminate 是指把已进入者从中排除;exclude v. 指把想进入者拒之门外

10. qualify v. 使具有资格，证明……合格【用】qualifying examination资格考试，初试;qualifying competition 预选赛，资格赛【搭】qualify as 取得……资格，作为……合适;qualify for有……的资格，合格【拓】qualified

a. 有资格的，合格的

11. excel v. 胜过，优于，擅长n. [计算机] 软件名称

【搭】to excel in/at (在某方面)胜过(或超过)别人;to excel in music 擅长音乐

【拓】excellent a. 极好的，卓越的;excellence n. 优秀，长处

12. submit v. 使服从，提交【用】submit oneself to discipline遵守纪律;submit registration提交登记表，提交注册【搭】submit to 服从;submit…to 将……呈交给【拓】submission n. 服从，投降

试题详解

1. 【原题译文】随着越来越多的低收入学生追求高等教育，一些学院__。

B【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是more and more，low-income students和pursuing higher education。由此即可定位到原文第二段，全文的主旨段。

【篇章分析】原文第二段指出：“But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as merit aid, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.”原文中with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population和题干中with more and more low-income students pursuing higher education意思一致;原文中re-examining和B选项中revise意思相同。所以答案为B。

2. 【原题译文】位于米德维尔的阿勒格尼学院三年前做了什么?

D【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是大学名称Allegheny College in Meadville和do，由此定位到原文第三段。

【篇章分析】原文第三段指出：“George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients (接受者), pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.”题目中的D项It cut its merit-based aid help the needy students与原文cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid意思相同，所以答案为D。

3. 【原题译文】有排名意识的大学提供奖学金的主要目的是__。

C【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是rankings-conscious和purpose，由此可定位到原文第七段。

【篇章分析】原文第七段指出：“But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profiles.”原文中的recruit表示“招收”，和答案C中的attract意思相似，所以答案为C。

4. 【原题译文】汉密尔顿的入学和助学金办公室主任莫尼卡?英泽相信__。

D【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hanilton，由此可定位到原文第十段。

【篇章分析】原文第十段指出：“to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”原文与D项it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition意思相同，所以答案为D。

5. 【原题译文】近年来，奖学金的增长比助学金快得多，是因为__。

B【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是merit-based aid和increased，由此即可定位到原文第十二段第二句。

【篇章分析】原文第十二段第二句指出：“typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.”in a bid to 可以理解为“为了……，力求……”。enroll top students in the state’s public institutions 符合原题意思，所以答案为B

6. 【原题译文】依大卫?莱尔德来看，许多私立学院对奖学金的态度是什么?

A【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是David Laird，attitude，private colleges和merit aid，由此即可定位到原文第十四段。

【篇章分析】原文第十四段指出：“David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid”。原文和答案A项They would like to see it reduced意思一致，所以答案为A。

7. 【原题译文】为什么阿勒格尼学院不打算完全取消奖学金?

C【快速解题】本题的题干是Allegheny College和drop merit aid。由此即可定位到原文第十六段。

【篇章分析】原文第十六段指出：“A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have to depend on it.”。原文中depend on 和答案C选项中的rely on意思相同，所以答案为C。

8. qualified

【原题译文】每年是否可以继续享受学术奖学金取决于奖学金得主是否继续________。

【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是annual renewal，academic，merit scholarships和recipient，由此即可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分。

【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid部分第四句指出：“These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify”。这些奖学金通常帮助学生交纳学费，只要他们继续符合条件，每年都可以继续享受。原文中的each year在本题中被换成了annual，原文中的renewed在本题中被换成了名词renewal，原文中的continue被转换成了remain，所以本题应该填形容词qualified。

9. recognizes

【原题译文】体育奖学金申请者要求有______其在运动方面有杰出表现的教练或裁判的推荐。

【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是athletic和a coach or a referee，由此即可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第三段。

【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第三段：“Recommendation for this scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee (裁判).”本奖学金必须有人推荐，因为杰出的运动表现必须得到教练或裁判的认可。题目把原文的被动结构变成了主动，而a coach or

a referee是第三人称单数，所以本题应该填的答案是recognizes。

10. excellence

【原题译文】艺术奖学金要求申请者必须提交能表明其在某一领域______的证明。

【快速解题】本题的题干关键词是applicants，artistic merit scholarships，produce evidence和show，由此可定位到原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第四段。

【篇章分析】原文A few words about merit-based aid这一部分第四段指出：“Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area”。艺术奖学金要求申请者在一定艺术领域有突出表现。原文中的in a given artistic field和题目中的in a particular artistic field同义，题目中需要填的是动词show的宾语，即一个名词，而原句中对应的excel却是动词词性，需要变成名词形式，所以答案就是excel的名词形式excellence。

Part ⅢListening Comprehension

Section A

试题详解

11. A) Get some small change. A)换取零钱。

B) Find a shopping center. B)找一个购物中心。

C) Cash a check at a bank. C)在银行兑现支票。

D) Find a parking meter. D) 找一个停车计费器。

【听音指导】选项均缺少主语，属于细节题加转折题型，预读时无需关注句意，直接找相似场景即可，并且按照听力短对话规律，重点仍然在女士话语当中，典型的“转折”出答案题型。

【正确项分析】由but后的money changer可知男生需要换零钱，可快速排除选项B (购物中心)和选项D (停

车) 二个场景，答案应在选项A、C当中。C选项虽也和“钱”有关，但对话中对该选项中的银行只字未提，由此可知答案为选项A。

【原文及译文】

M: Excuse me. Do you have change for a ten-dollar note? I need to pay the parking meter.

W: I’m sorry, but I think you can get it through the money changer in the shopping center across the street.

Q: What is the man trying to do?

男士：打扰一下，你能给我换开一张10美元的钞票吗?我需要支付停车费。

女士：很抱歉，但我觉得你可以到马路对面的购物中心里的货币兑换中换取零钱。

问题：男士要干什么?

【词汇点拨】parking meter 停车计费器;cash a check 支票兑现;change n. 零钱

12. A) Shopping with his son. A) 与儿子一起购物。

B) Buying a gift for a child. B) 给孩子买礼物。

C) Promoting a new product. C) 促销新产品。

D) Bargaining with a salesgirl. D) 与女售货员讨价还价。

【听音指导】预览选项，可发现均缺少主语，与11题一样，属于细节题加建议题型，直接寻找相似场景即可，可快速排除选项C，因为只有C选项是关于“出售”(促销)，而其它选项都和“购买”有关;答案应在选项A、B、D中。

【正确项分析】女士话语仍具有绝对指导意义，非常简单的建议考点，竟然直接用到了suggest，其后必有答案，女生提到toy train和brand，加上男生说的school boy，可确定答案为选项B。

【干扰项分析】A选项中的son是无中生有，切忌主观猜测。选项D可在听时排除，原文中并无任何涉及关于“还价”或具体金额的内容。

【原文及译文】

M: Can you recommend something that a school boy of 7 or 8 will really like?

W: I’d suggest this toy train, sir. It’s an excellent brand. Very popular all over the world these days.

Q: What is the man doing?

男士：你能给我推荐一个七八岁学童真正喜欢的东西吗?

女士：我给你推荐这款玩具火车。这是一个优秀的品牌。在世界各地都非常受欢迎。

问题：男士正在做什么?

【词汇点拨】recommend v. 推荐;brand n. 品牌;promote v. 促销;bargain v. 讨价还价

13. A) Taking photographs. A) 拍照。

B) Enhancing images. B) 突显形象。

C) Mending cameras. C) 修理相机。

D) Painting pictures. D) 画画。

【听音指导】选项仍均缺少主语，属于细节考查题。选项D与其他三项明显不同，可初步排除。第一句由女士发出，需仔细聆听，原文提到taking pictures(拍照)，由此确定话题方向。

【正确项分析】女士说话中提到taking pictures，与选项A中的taking photographs一致，答案为A选项。

【原文及译文】

W: Do you let people know when you’re taking pictures of them?

M: I try not to. You know any picture of a person who poses for the camera would look dull and unnatural.

Q: What are the speakers talking about?

女士：你给人们拍照时，会让他们知道吗?

男士：尽量不让他们知道。你也知道一个人为拍照摆出的姿势看起来呆滞、不自然。

问题：讲话人在谈论什么?

【词汇点拨】pose v. 摆姿势n. 姿势，姿态;enhance v. 提高，加强;image n. 图像，形象

14. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young. A) 他年轻的时候搬到巴尔的摩。

B) He can provide little useful information. B) 他提供不了太多有用信息。

C) He will show the woman around Baltimore. C) 他将领女士参观巴尔的摩。

D) He will ask someone else to help the woman. D) 他将找其他人来帮助女士。

【听音指导】此题考查意义解释题加转折题型，此类题型答案多为“听见什么不选什么”。本题需要对考生有一定的实力要求，属于可“失分”的题目。关注动词move to，provide，show around和ask。

【正确项分析】经典转折考法，直接用but定位答案即可，男生说自己当时还很年轻，言下之意自己对当地情况不够了解。答案为B选项。

【干扰项分析】根据四级听力中短对话“尾词错误原则”，即结尾内容听得越清楚越不能选，可顺利排除A 选项。选项C没有提及。选项D与选项B为相似项，其中应有答案，男士并未主动提出找人帮忙，故排除选项D。

【原文及译文】

W: I need to talk to someone who knows Baltimore well. I’m told you lived there.

M: Oh, but I was really young at the time

Q: What does the man mean?

女士：我需要找个非常了解巴尔的摩的人。我听说你曾在那里居住过。

男士：哦，但是我那时候太年轻了。

问题：男士是什么意思?

【词汇点拨】show around 领……参观

15. A) He is rather disappointed. A) 他非常失望。

B) He is highly ambitious. B) 他很有抱负。

C) He can’t face up to the situation. C) 他不能面对处境。

D) He knows his own limitation. D) 他知道自己的不足。

【听音指导】预读四个选项时只有B提到了“正面、积极”的方向，可初步排除。选项预读较难，但本题属于经典转折题型，关注相应标志词即可。but出现表示“前否后肯”，直接用but定位答案，就可选出正确选项。

【正确项分析】原文是“承担责任前需要积累更多经验”，表明他知道自己的不足之处，与选项D同义。

【干扰项分析】A选项中是rather，与原文的a little 不一致，可排除。C选项原文中未曾提及。

【原文及译文】

W: Aren’t you disappointed that you didn’t get the promotion?

M: Maybe a little, but I know I need more experience before I’m ready for that kind of responsibility.

Q: What do we learn about the man from this conversation?

女士：你没有被提升，不觉得失望吗?

男士：可能有一点，但我觉得承担责任前需要积累更多经验。

问题：从此对话可以得知男士的什么信息?

【词汇点拨】disappointed a. 失望的;ambitious a. 有雄心的;promotion n. 晋升;responsibility n. 责任

16. A) She must have paid a lot for the gym. A) 她一定在健身房花了很多钱。

B) She is known to have a terrific figure. B) 她以身材好而闻名。

C) Her gym exercise has yielded good results. C) 她的健身锻炼取得了很好的效果。

D) Her effort to keep fit is really praiseworthy. D) 她努力健身的做法值得称赞。

【听音指导】预读四个选项，可知选项A与其他三项明显不同，可初步排除。选项B、C都是关于锻炼效果极佳的表达，按照惯例其中应该有答案。本题为意义解释题，同义替换是答案。

【正确项分析】男士提到your effort has paid off，这与选项C中的has yielded good results一致，故选择C 项。

【干扰项分析】男士赞扬女士身材好，但未曾提到她以此闻名，B选项可排除。男士也未称赞她的作法，故排除选项D。

【原文及译文】

W: I’ve been working out the gym since January. I was a bit out of shape.

M: You look terrific. It seems that your effort has paid off.

Q: What does the man imply about the woman?

女士：我从一月份一直在健身房锻炼。我之前都有些走形了。

男士：现在你看起来很棒。看来你的努力没有白费。

问题：男士暗示女士什么?

【词汇点拨】gym n. 健身房;yield v. 产生;keep fit 保持体型;work out 体育锻炼;out of shape 走形，走样;pay off 得到好结果

17. A) Female students are unfit for studying physics. A) 女学生不适合学习物理。

B) He can serve as the woman’s tutor. B) 他可以担当女士的家庭教师。

C) Physics is an important course at school. C) 在学校，物理是一门很重要的学科。

D) The professor’s suggestion is constructive. D) 教授的建议是有建设性的。

【听音指导】本题选项预读最难，找不出明显的相反或相似选项，听前可暂时确定两组方向。选项A、C

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