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指非谓语动词短语和介词短语作状语时逻辑主语一致

指非谓语动词短语和介词短语作状语时逻辑主语一致
指非谓语动词短语和介词短语作状语时逻辑主语一致

所谓垂悬结构是指非谓语动词短语和介词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语保持一致,否则构成一种语病,称为垂悬结构或非附着结构(unattached structure)。这是大学生英语写作中常见的错误现象之一,严重影响对文章完整意思的准确理解。

一、英语写作中垂悬结构现象

1. 垂悬结构不定式。To make friends, honesty is important.句中不定式短语To make friends 的主语应该是人,而主句的主语是honesty,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有三种改正方法:(1) 将不定式短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:If onewants to make friends, honesty is important. (2) 对主句做必要改动,使句子的主语与不定式短语的逻辑主语一致,可更正为:To make friends, one must be honest. (3) 给不定式短语加上自己的逻辑主语,可更正为:For one to make friends, honestyis important.

2. 垂悬结构分词。Spreading to the left, he jumped downfrom the armchair. 根据此句话的意思,分词短语的隐含逻辑主语应该是the fire,而句子的主语是he,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有两种改正方法:(1)给分词短语带上一个自己的逻辑主语,使之成为一个独立主格结构,可更正为,The firespreading to the left, he jumped down from the armchair. (2)将分词短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:As/ When the firespread to the left, he jumped down from the armchair.

3. 垂悬结构动名词。In running down the stairs, the clockstruck twelve. 根据此句话的意思,句中“介词+动名词”这种介词词组在句中作状语,动名词短语running down the stairs 的逻辑主语应该是人,而句子的主语是the clock,两者不一致,构成了垂悬结构。有两种改正方法:(1)对主句做必要改动,使句子的主语与动名词短语的逻辑主语一致,可更正为:Inrunning down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve. (2) 给动名词短语加上自己的逻辑主语,可更正为:In my runningdown the stairs, the clock struck twelve.

4. 垂悬结构介词短语。A t the age of ten, my father beganto teach me Japanese.根据句子的正常意思,应该是我10岁的时候,而不是父亲10 岁的时候,故at the age of ten 的逻辑主语应该是I , 而主句的主语是my father, 构成了垂悬结构。需将介词短语改成相应的状语从句,可更正为:When Iwas ten years old, my father began to teach me Japanese.

英语非谓语动词固定搭配及动词词组大汇总

英语非谓语动词固定搭配及动词词组一. 接不定式(而不接动名词)作宾语的常用动词 afford to do sth. 负担得起做 某事agree to do sth. 同意做 某事arrange to do sth.安排做 某事 ask to do sth. 要求做某事 choose to do sth. 决定做某 事decide to do sth. 决定做 某事demand to do sth. 要求 做某事determine to do sth. 决心做某事expect to do sth. 期待做某事fail to do sth. 未能做某事happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事help to do sth. 帮助做某事hope to do sth. 希望做某事learn to do sth. 学习做某事manage to do sth. 设法做某事need to do sth. 需要做某事offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事plan to do sth. 计划做某事prepare to do sth. 准备做某事pretend to do sth. 假装做某事promise to do sth. 答应做某事refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事want to do sth. 想要做某事wish to do sth. 希望做某事

二、接不定式作宾补的常用动词 dvise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做 某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某 人做某事ask sb. to do sth.请(叫) 某人做某事beg sb. to do sth. 请 求某人做某事cause sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事drive sb. to do sth . 驱使某人做某事elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事 get sb. to do sth. 使(要)某人做某事hate sb. to do sth. 讨厌某人做某事help sb. to do sth. 帮助某 人做某事intend sb. to do sth. 打 算要某人做某事invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事persuade sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事

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* 过去分词本身就表示被动 * 现在分词的被动语态同样有两种形式 一般式:being done 完成式:having been done * 主动与被动的判断主要是要找到分词的逻辑主语,一般说来,用作状语的分词,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,它们之间有两种关系:逻辑主语是分词行为的支配者,即主谓关系——用现在分词主动形式表示; 逻辑主语是分词的行为对象,即动宾关系——用过去分词或现在分词的被动形式,分别表示: 过去分词——与主要动词先后发生,如: -- Inspired him, we decided to work harder. (被鼓励接下来决定更加努力) 现在分词一般式——与主要动词同时发生,如: -- Being surrounded, the enemy was forced to surrender.(被包围的同时被迫投降) 现在分词完成式——先于主要动词的动作,如: -- Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave. (先被要求留下,(考虑后)觉得不好离开。 * 独立主格结构:

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She did it out of sympathy. 她这样做是出于同情。 Most of the problems were owing/due to human errors. 大部分问题都是由于人为的错误造成的。 Thanks to your energy and intelligence, the development scheme has been finally realized. 多亏了你的精力和智慧,这项发展计划终于实现了。 2. 表示排除 1) with the exception of意义与except, except for相同,但比它们正式 2) apart from (=美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词,既可表示"除……之外",相当于except (for), 又可以表示"除……之外,(还,也)"相当于besides。例句: They all passed the physics examination with the exception of Tom. 除汤姆外他们物理考试都及格了。 We had a smooth journey apart from(= except for) a flat tyre. 我们一路上很顺利,只是车胎漏了一次气。 Apart from(= besides) a flat tyre, we had broken brakes. 我们不但车胎漏了气,而且刹车也出了毛病。

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