英语语法汇总

第一章名词

一、名词的分类：

名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations

个体名词：man, expert, factory

可数名词

集合名词：audience（观众），class, family

普通名词：

物质名词：water, coal, rice

不可数名词

抽象名词：surprise, honour, help

二、可数名词的复数形式

1．一般情况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques

2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es

bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes

branch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）

3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es university—universities

y前为元音字母，直接加-s boy—boys

4．以O结尾加-es hero—heroes

O前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-s

zoo—zoos radio—radio piano—pianos photo—photos

5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es leaf—leaves wife—wives

※以下f结尾单词直接加-s belief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）

proof—proofs（证据）safe—safes（保险柜）

chief—chiefs（首领）gulf—gulfs（海湾）

6．不规则名词

man—men, woman—women, foot—feet, tooth—teeth,

goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen

注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：

sheep 羊fish 鱼deer 鹿

means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列

注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

如：cattle 牛people 人民police 警察

注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。例如：audience （观众）class（班级）family（家庭）group（小组）

Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。

His family are quarrelling severely about the property.

她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。

改错：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.

A B C D

2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.

A B C D

3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?

A B C D

三、不可数名词

物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a / an，词尾也不能加—s。

请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。

news 消息information 信息advice 忠告，建议progress 进步，进展

knowledge 知识weather天气fun 乐趣equipment 设备

English 英语furniture 家具wealth 财富damage 损坏

traffic 交通，车辆及行人baggage / luggage 行clothing 衣服，衣着

※word 消息，信息work 工作homework 家庭作业housework 家务

改错：

1．What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer.

A B C D

2．At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of joy

A B C D

3．What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !

A B C D

4．I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers.

A B C D

5．Word of his sudden death came as shock to us.

A B C D

说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。

当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a

/ an。

说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。

四、名词的所有格

名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：

1）表示有生命的名词

my brother’s car children’s books（儿童读物）students’ rooms 2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词

C hina’s population Beijing’s weather

3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词

the moon’s surface ten years’ hard work十年的辛劳

today’s newspapers 20 dollars’ worth of a stamp 一价值20美元的邮票

其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。

the object of the sentence 句子的宾语

the title of the film 影片的名字

五、名词的作用

1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。

Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.

主语宾语

We elected him monitor of our class.

宾语宾补

2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。

a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥

※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。

a man teacher 一个男教师ten women doctors 十个女医生

a sport（s）shirt 运动衫the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）

选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isn’t it ?

A．bird hit cost B．birds hit costs C．bird hits cost D．bird hit costs 本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。

六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题

1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析

选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年高考题）

A．sight B．scene C．view D．look

辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景

scene 1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面; 情景3.景色4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置view 1.眺望2.视野3.风景，景色。

look 1.看 2.神色,表情looks =appearance外貌

本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。

近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。

2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则

选：1. Summer in ________ south of France are for ________ most part dry and sunny.

A. /; a

B. the, /

C. /, /

D. the, the

2．Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.

A．the ；a B．不填；a C．the ；the D．不填；the

名词练习

1.He is a man of ________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in his life.

A. much experience; a lot of; experiences

B. many experiences; much;

experience

C. many experience; much; experience

D. many experiences; a lot of;

experience

2.Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _______ for our new

students.

A. place

B. area

C. room

D. space

3.If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _______?

A. hand

B. seat

C. drive

D. lift

4.Being able to speak another language fluently is a great ______ when you are

looking for a job.

A. chance

B. importance

C. assistant

D. advantage

5.The _______ of building the Great Theater ______ only one year.

A. job; spent

B. work; spent

C. position, took

D. works, took

6.He had run away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16 years old.

A. the sea

B. a sea

C. seas

D. sea

7.Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _________ the new

rules.

A. in favour of

B. in agreement of

C. in for

D. wit the side of

8.Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no ______ of it being tried out in

the film festival.

A. sign

B. use

C. possibility

D. doubt

9.Can your ________ with you---- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.

A. gifts

B. suitcase

C. bags

D. valuables

10.Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_______.

A. of themselves

B. of their own

C. for their own

D. on their own

11.When he is angry, his _______ stands up on end.

A. head

B. uniform

C. hair

D. skin

12.His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.

A. explanation

B. meaning

C. sense

D. guess

13.---Is Mr Smith in? --- No, he’s asked for _______ leave.

A. a two week’s

B. a two-week

C. a two-week’s

D. a two weeks

14.-----______ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too

fast.

---- Every boy and every girl _____ to drive that fast.

A. Tom and Jane’s; wish

B. Tom’s and Jane’s ;wishes

C. Tom and Jane’s ; likes

D. Tom’s and Jane’s ; want

15.________ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys.

A. What a poor memory

B. What poor memory

C. How good a memory

D. How poor memory

16.The _____ change of weather may have some _____ his health.

A. sudden; caused

B. sudden; effect on

C. suddenly; bad results to

D. suddenly; effect on

17.Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country

have steadily gone up the buying _______ of the dollar has gone down.

A. energy

B. force

C. power

D. strength

18._______ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______ English literature.

A. A good knowledge; study

B. A good knowledge ; studying

C. Good knowledge; study

D. Good knowledge; studying

19.---Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.

--- It’s no _______ that he always gets the first place in any examination.

A. doubt

B. problem

C. question

D. wonder

20.Mary’s handwriting is better than_______ in her class.

A. anyone else

B. anyone else’s

C. anyone’s else

D. other students

21.It really doesn’t make any _____ whether to buy a laptop computer or a

desktop computer.

A. choice

B. decision

C. difference

D. sense

22.Many students signed up for the _____ race in the sports meeting to be held next

week.

A. 800-meter-long

B. 800-meters-long

C. 800 meter length

D. 800 meters

length

23.His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather______. Many of us were quite

surprised.

A. out of practice

B. out of place

C. out of politeness

D. out of pity

24.These football players had no strict ______ until they joined our club.

A. practice

B. education

C. training

D. exercise

25.If it was not an accident, he must have done it ________.

A. on purpose

B. in common

C. on occasion

D. in time

26.We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _______.

A. from time to time

B. hand in hand

C. step by step

D. one after another

27._____ is known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses on grain.

A. It , cattle

B. This; cattles

C. What ; cattles

D. As; cattle

28.______ everyone can hear the speaker there is no______ in turning up the radio.

A. Now that; point

B. Even if; point

C. Now that, need

D. Even if; need

29.Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be

sure of passing it on her first _______.

A. intention

B. attempt

C. purpose

D. desire

30.No one has yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life began.

A. cause

B. problem

C. reason

D. puzzle

31.Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no

______.

A. luck

B. time

C. fate

D. entrance

32.The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _______.

A. after all

B. by chance

C. on purpose

D. in particular

33.I should like to try that coat on, for I don’t know if it is my _______.

A. shape

B. model

C. design

D. size

34.It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _______ in language

studies.

A. situation

B. expression

C. condition

D. translation

35.Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _______.

A. Gate 21

B. 21st Gate

C. the Gate 21

D. 21 Gate

36.----Shall we take a walk before dinner?

----- Oh, yes, ______ is my favourite time of a day.

A. the early evenings

B. in the early evening

C. the early of the evening

D. early evening

37.Being poor, she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend the party.

A. cloth

B. clothes

C. clothing

D. dress

38.Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyone’s _______.

A. manners

B. smell

C. taste

D. thought

39.Such good ______ should be made of one’s spare time to study another foreign

language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use

40.She thought the painting was of little ______ , so she let him have it for only $15.

A. cost

B. important

C. price

D. value

41.There are three _______ in our clinic.

A. woman doctor

B. woman doctors

C. women doctor

D. women doctors

42.I tried every ______ to make him give up smoking.

A. mean

B. ways

C. meaning

D. means

43.______ will conquer nature.

A. The man

B. Man

C. Any man

D. The men

44.Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _______.

A. Turners

B. the Turners

C. Turners’

D. the Turners’

45.Jess went to a _______ for some shoes.

A. shoes’ store

B. shoe store

C. shoe’s store

D. shoes store

46.Standing on top of the mountain, you’ll get a wonderful _______.

A. joy

B. seeing

C. view

D. nature