弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇

弹性力学elasticity

弹性理论theory of elasticity 均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant

应变不变量strain invariant

应变椭球strain ellipsoid 均匀应变状态homogeneous state of

strain 应变协调方程equation of strain

compatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants 各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity 旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge

开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem

艾里应力函数Airy stress function

克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维

Kolosoff-

利法

Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate

矩形板Rectangular plate

圆板Circular plate

环板Annular plate

波纹板Corrugated plate

加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced

Plate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell

扁壳Shallow shell

旋转壳Revolutionary shell

球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell

环壳Toroidal shell

封闭壳Closed shell

波纹壳Corrugated shell

扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function

半逆解法semi-inverse method

瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method

莱维法Levy method

松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis

自相似[性] self-similarity 影响面Influence surface

接触应力Contact stress

赫兹理论Hertz theory

协调接触Conforming contact

滑动接触Sliding contact

滚动接触Rolling contact

压入Indentation

各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material

散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity

超弹性Hyperelasticity

粘弹性Viscoelasticity

对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle

塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding

微滑Microslip

粗糙度Roughness

非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection

突弹跳变snap-through

有限变形Finite deformation

格林应变Green strain

阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain

弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity

运动方程Equation of motion

准静态的Quasi-static

气动弹性Aeroelasticity

水弹性Hydroelasticity

颤振Flutter

弹性波Elastic wave

简单波Simple wave

柱面波Cylindrical wave

水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave

竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave

无旋波Irrotational wave

畸变波Distortion wave

膨胀波Dilatation wave

瑞利波Rayleigh wave

等容波Equivoluminal wave

勒夫波Love wave

界面波Interfacial wave

边缘效应edge effect

塑性力学Plasticity

可成形性Formability

金属成形Metal forming

耐撞性Crashworthiness

结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing 破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback

挤压Extrusion

冲压Stamping

穿透Perforation

层裂Spalling 塑性理论Theory of plasticity

安定[性]理论Shake-down theory

运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem

静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor

加载准则Loading criterion

加载函数Loading function

加载面Loading surface

塑性加载Plastic loading

塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading

比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading

卸载波Unloading wave

冲击载荷Impulsive load

阶跃载荷step load

脉冲载荷pulse load

极限载荷limit load

中性变载nentral loading

拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave

本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution

名义应力nominal stress

过应力over-stress

真应力true stress

等效应力equivalent stress

流动应力flow stress

应力间断stress discontinuity

应力空间stress space

主应力空间principal stress space

静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain

工程应变engineering strain

等效应变equivalent strain

应变局部化strain localization 应变率strain rate

应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space

有限应变finite strain

塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation

内变量internal variable

应变软化strain-softening

理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic

Material

刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material

理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material

应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency

线性强化linear strain-hardening

应变强化strain-hardening

随动强化kinematic hardening

各向同性强化isotropic hardening 强化模量strain-hardening modulus

幂强化power hardening

塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending

Moment

塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque

弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending

弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion 粘塑性Viscoplasticity

非弹性Inelasticity

理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic

Material 极限分析limit analysis

极限设计limit design

极限面limit surface

上限定理upper bound theorem

上屈服点upper yield point

下限定理lower bound theorem

下屈服点lower yield point

界限定理bound theorem

初始屈服面initial yield surface

后继屈服面subsequent yield surface

屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section

沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition

屈服准则yield criterion

屈服函数yield function

屈服面yield surface

塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave 运动容许场kinematically admissible

Field 静力容许场statically admissible

Field 流动法则flow rule

速度间断velocity discontinuity

滑移线slip-lines

滑移线场slip-lines field

移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory of

Plasticity 米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion

洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter

莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation

亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation

赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空

Haigh-Westergaard 间

stress space

洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter

德鲁克公设Drucker postulate

盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity

Equation

结构力学structural mechanics

结构分析structural analysis

结构动力学structural dynamics

拱Arch

三铰拱three-hinged arch

抛物线拱parabolic arch

圆拱circular arch

穹顶Dome

空间结构space structure

空间桁架space truss

雪载[荷] snow load

风载[荷] wind load

土压力earth pressure

地震载荷earthquake loading

弹簧支座spring support

支座位移support displacement

支座沉降support settlement

超静定次数degree of indeterminacy

机动分析kinematic analysis

结点法method of joints

截面法method of sections

结点力joint forces

共轭位移conjugate displacement

影响线influence line 三弯矩方程three-moment equation

单位虚力unit virtual force

刚度系数stiffness coefficient

柔度系数flexibility coefficient

力矩分配moment distribution

力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution

分配系数distribution factor

矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix 总体坐标global coordinates

贝蒂定理Betti theorem

高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination

Method 屈曲模态buckling mode 复合材料力学mechanics of composites 复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite

单向复合材料unidirectional composite

泡沫复合材料foamed composite

颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate

夹层板sandwich panel

正交层板cross-ply laminate 斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply 多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion

压实Debulk

劣化Degradation

脱层Delamination

脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress

层应力ply stress

层应变ply strain

层间应力interlaminar stress

比强度specific strength

强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy

正交各向异Orthotropy

剪滞分析shear lag analysis

短纤维chopped fiber

长纤维continuous fiber

纤维方向fiber direction

纤维断裂fiber break

纤维拔脱fiber pull-out

纤维增强fiber reinforcement

致密化Densification

最小重量设计optimum weight design

网格分析法netting analysis 混合律rule of mixture

失效准则failure criterion

蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model 断裂力学fracture mechanics

概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture

Mechanics

格里菲思理论Griffith theory

线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture

mechanics, LEFM

弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture

mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture

解理断裂cleavage fracture

蠕变断裂creep fracture

延性断裂ductile fracture

晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack

裂缝Flaw

缺陷Defect

割缝Slit

微裂纹Microcrack

折裂Kink 椭圆裂纹elliptical crack

深埋裂纹embedded crack

[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack 预制裂纹Precrack

短裂纹short crack

表面裂纹surface crack

裂纹钝化crack blunting

裂纹分叉crack branching

裂纹闭合crack closure

裂纹前缘crack front

裂纹嘴crack mouth

裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,

COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance

裂纹面crack surface

裂纹尖端crack tip

裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,

CTOA

裂尖张开位移crack tip opening

displacement, CTOD

裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity

Field

裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate

稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth

定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth

亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness

断裂类型fracture mode

滑开型sliding mode

张开型opening mode

撕开型tearing mode

复合型mixed mode

撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus

断裂准则fracture criterion

J积分J-integral J阻力曲线J-resistance curve

断裂韧度fracture toughness

应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren

Field 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate 内聚区cohesive zone

塑性区plastic zone

张拉区stretched zone

热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition

tempe- rature 剪切带shear band

剪切唇shear lip

无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notched

specimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notched

specimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bending

specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension

specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel

specimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,

CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding

小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula 空穴化Cavitation

应力腐蚀stress corrosion

概率风险判定probabilistic risk

assessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage

连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage

脆性损伤brittle damage

延性损伤ductile damage

宏观损伤macroscopic damage

细观损伤microscopic damage

微观损伤microscopic damage

损伤准则damage criterion

损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening

损伤强化damage strengthening

损伤张量damage tensor

损伤阈值damage threshold

损伤变量damage variable

损伤矢量damage vector

损伤区damage zone

疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue

应力疲劳stress fatigue

随机疲劳random fatigue

蠕变疲劳creep fatigue

腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue

疲劳损伤fatigue damage

疲劳失效fatigue failure 疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack 疲劳寿命fatigue life

疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue 应力循环stress cycle

应力比stress ratio

安全寿命safe life

过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage

裂纹扩展crack growth, crack

Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio

实验应力分析experimental stress

Analysis

工作[应变]片active[strain] gage

基底材料backing material

应力计stress gage 零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement

应变计strain gage 应变指示器strain indicator 应变花strain rosette 应变灵敏度strain sensitivity

机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette 引伸仪Extensometer

应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge

粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage

粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage

粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing

电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge

电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperature

compensating gage

半导体应变计semiconductor strain

Gage 集流器slip ring

应变放大镜strain amplifier

疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage

电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics 光弹性Photoelasticity

光塑性Photoplasticity

杨氏条纹Young fringe

双折射效应birefrigent effect 等位移线contour of equal

Displacement 暗条纹dark fringe

条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic

等倾线Isoclinic

等和线isopachic

应力光学定律stress- optic law

主应力迹线Isostatic 亮条纹light fringe

光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating

Method

光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich

Method

动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering

空间频率spatial frequency

起偏镜Polarizer

反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope

残余双折射效应residual birefringent

Effect

应变条纹值strain fringe value

应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect

应力条纹值stress fringe value

应力光图stress-optic pattern

暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent

Effect

脉冲全息法pulsed holography

透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographic

interfero - metry 网格法grid method

全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram

全息照相Holograph

全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography

全场分析法whole-field analysis

法律英语翻译

Legal English (revised version for the students) Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English 一、法律英语的英译： David Mellinkoff（加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授）：《The Language of the Law》1963 1.legal English---Lawful English Legal parlance（说法、用语）/legal lingo（行话、隐语）/legal jargon（行话、黑话）/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言) 2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law” 3. 法律英语与法学英语 二、法律英语的范围： 是否凡是涉及法律的英语（词汇、表达方法、句子结构……）都是法律英语？ 英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家（common-law countries）的法律人所用的习惯语言（customary language），包括某些词汇、短语，或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。 三、法律英语的主要特点： I. precise or exact (准确) 正常情况下，起草法律文件时，用词造句务必十分精准（with great exactness），因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字，即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据，因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism)，尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent)，但其不占主导地位，书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。 实务中鉴于对法律文件中文字的理解不一，也是常有纠纷出现： e.g. The Charter required that directors “shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outstanding capital st ock of the corporation.” 甲方理解成：被选上董事的人需三分之二的股东投票赞成(a candidate to be elected needs the votes of two-thirds of the stockholders ) 乙方则认为：选董事时须有三分之二的股东出席(two-thirds of the stockholders must be present at the meeting at which the election is held) What’s the judge’s opinion? e.g. 一个阿肯色州的美国人临终前写了一个遗嘱，遗嘱写道： The remainder of the testator’s property should be “divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.” 问题出在对“between”一词的理解上。立遗嘱人妻子一边的外甥和外甥女加在一起共有22个。这句话是指立遗嘱人的遗产的一半归其妻子方的22个外甥和外甥女，另一半归其本人一方的外甥女？还是指将遗产在双方的外甥外甥女中平均分配呢？ 为达准确之目的，常使用下列招法： 1. 使用专门术语（下文有述） 2. 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇，如all , none, perpetuity, never, unavoidable; 3. 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语：

考博英语翻译英汉互译方法汇总

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Given these assumptions, shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run. 没有竞争措施，能提供由于全面的一个措施的一个公司的站。给这些臆说，股东'财富最大化一贯不比任何人差项目干系人项目利益相关者的利益，社会从长远说来。 In reality, managers may ignore the interests of shareholders, and choose instead to make investment and financing decisions that benefit themselves. 在现实中，经理可能忽视股东的利益，而是选择利于自身的投资和融资决策。 Financial statements are probably the important source of information from which these various stakeholders(other than management) can assess a firm’s financial health. 财务报表可能是最重要的信息来源，除管理者以外的各种利益相关者可以利用这些报表来评估一个公司的财务状况。 The stockholders’ equity section lists preferred stock, common stock and capital surplus and accumulated retained earnings. 股东权益列示有优先股，普通股，资本盈余和累积留存收益。 The assets, which are the “things” the company owns, are listed in the order of decreasing liquidity, or length of time it typically takes to convert them to cash at fair market values, beginning with the firm’s current assets. 资产，也就是公司拥有的东西，是按照流动性递减的顺序或将它们转换为公允市场价值所需要的时间来排列的，通常从流动资产开始。The market value of a firm’s equity is equal to the number of shares of common stock outstanding times the price per share, while the amoun t reported on the firm’s balance sheet is basically the cumulative amount the firm raised when issuing common stock and any reinvested net income(retained earnings). 公司权益的市场价值等于其发行在外的普通股份数乘以每股价格，而资产负债表上的总额则主要是公司在发行普通股以及分配任何再投资净收益（留存收益）时累积的数额。 When compared to accelerated methods, straight-line depreciation has lower depreciation expense in the early years of asset life, which tends to a higher tax expense but higher net income. 与加速折旧法相比,直线折旧法在资产使用年限的早期折旧费用较低，这也会趋向于较高的税金费用和较高的净收入。 The statement of cash flows consists of three sections:(1)operating cash flows,(2)investing cash flows, and(3)financing cash flows. Activities in each area that bring in cash represent sources of cash while activities that involve spending cash are uses of cash. 该声明现金流量表包含三个部分:(1)经营现金流,(2)投资的现金流,(3)融资现金流。在每个地区活动带来现金来源的现金而代表活动涉及到花钱是使用现金 Financing activities include new debt issuances, debt repayments or retirements, stock sales and repurchases, and cash dividend payments. 筹资活动,包括发行新债券，偿还债务，股票销售和回购，以及现金股利支付。 Not surprisingly, Enron’s executives had realized some $750 million in salaries, bonuses and profits from stock options in the 12 months before the company went bankrupt. 毫不奇怪, 公司破产前的十二个月里，安然的高管们实现了7.5亿美金的工资、奖金和股票期权利润。First, financial ratios are not standardized. A perusal of the many financial textbooks and other sources that are available will often show differences in how to calculate some ratios. 首先,财务比率不规范。一个参考的许多金融教科书及来源,可将经常表现出差异如何计算一些率。 Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay its obligations in the short run. 流动性比率表明公司的支付能力在短期内它的义务。 Excessively high current ratios, however, may indicate a firm may have too much of its long-term investor-supplied capital invested in short-term low-earning current assets. 当前的比率过高,然而,可能表明,一个公司可能有太多的长期 investor-supplied资本投资于短期low-earning流动资产 In an inflationary environment, firms that use last-in, first-out(LIFO)inventory valuation will likely have lower current ratios than firms that use first-in, first-out(FIFO). 在一个通货膨胀的环境下,企业选择使用后进先出法对存货计价的公 司比采用先进先出法的公司有一个低的流动比率。 The cash ratio is too conservative to accurately reflect a firm’s liquidity position because it assumes that firms can fund their current liabilities with only cash and marketable securities. 流动比率太稳健不能正确反映一个公司的流动性状况，因为在这一比率假定公司仅仅用现金和有价证券就可以偿还流动负债。 Debt management ratios characterize a firm in terms of the relative mix of debt and equity financing and provide measures of the long-term debt paying ability of the firm. 描述一个公司债务管理比率从相对的混合的债务和股权融资的措施, 提供长期偿债能力的公司。 Total capital includes all non-current liabilities plus equity, and thus excludes short-term debt. 资本总额包括所有非流动负债加上股本,从而排除短期贷款。 Net profit margins vary widely by the type of industry. 有着很大的不同,其净利润为典型的产业。 Note that earnings before interest and taxes, rather than net income, Is used in the numerator because interest is paid with pre-tax dollars, and the firm’s ability to pay current interest is not affected by taxes. 注意,分子中用的是息税前利润而不是净收入，这是因为利息是税前支付的，公司支付现金利息的能力不受税收的影响。 Managers should analyze the tradeoff between any increased sales from a more lenient credit policy and the associated costs of longer collection periods and more uncollected receivables to determine whether changing the firm’s credit sales policy could increase shareholder’s we alth. 管理者应该分析权衡增加的销售从一个更为宽松的信贷政策和相关费用较长的周期和更多的应收账款收集来决定是否改变公司的信用销售的政策可能会增加股东的财富。 If the receivables collection period exceeds a firm’s credit terms this may indicate that a firm is ineffective in collecting its credit sales or is granting credit to marginal customers. 如果应收账款采集时间超过公司的信用条款这也许说明了企业信用销售收集它无效或给予客户信用边缘。 A low, declining ratio may suggest the firm has continued to build up inventory in the face of weakening demand or may be carrying and reporting outdated or obsolete inventory that could only be sold at reduced prices, if at all. 一个低税率、下降率可能显示这个公司已经持续不断地加强库存面对需求不断减弱或可能携带和报告过期或过时的库存,只能减价出售。Thus, the operating profit margin, which indicates the operating profit generated per dollar of net sales, measures t he firm’s operating profitability before financing costs. 因此,经营利润,预示着美元营业利润产生的净销售额,公司的经营利润措施在融资成本。 If the firm’s fixed assets are old and have been depreciated to a low book value, and the assets have not lost their productive ability, the low figure in the denominator will inflate ROA. 如果公司固定资产比较旧,分母的减少会是ROA折旧到低的账面价值，但是资产并没有失去生产能力。 Return on common equity(ROCE) focuses on just the return to common shareholders and is computed by removing the dividends to preferred shareholders from net income and dividing by the capital provided by common shareholders. 普通股权益报酬率仅仅关注普通股股东的报酬率，用净收入扣除优先股股利除以普通股股东提供的资本计算得到。 Dividend yield represents parts of a stock’s total return; another part of a st ock’s total return is price appreciation. 代表部分股息率的股票总回报;另一部分是一个股票的总回报价格上涨。 In fact, of all the concepts used in finance, none is more important than the time value of money, also called discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis. 事实上,财务上所有的概念中，货币时间价值是最重要的，也称作是折现调整现金流量折价分析。

专业英语翻译1

专业英语翻译1

Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素

常用专业术语翻译

1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering

法律英语翻译

法律英语翻译：法律翻译常用词汇注释（A-Z） A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文，其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”，可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中，ab initio 的使用频率较高，比较常见。如：ab initio mundi（有史以来），void ad initio（自始无效）等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合，一致，在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议，指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。 Acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得，获取，而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Acquittal 罪名不成立。刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal 是名词。详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动，行为，在法律英语中通常理解为作为，与不作为forbear相对应。如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动，在法律英语中则理解为诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn