搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Section II A SA-182_SA-182M

Section II A SA-182_SA-182M

Section II A SA-182_SA-182M
Section II A SA-182_SA-182M

SPECIFICATION FOR FORGED OR ROLLED ALLOY-STEEL PIPE FLANGES,FORGED FITTINGS,AND VALVES AND PARTS

FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SERVICE

SA-182/SA-182M

(Identical with ASTM Speci?cation A 182/A 182M-99except for the inclusion of Grades S33228and S30815in the parenthetical section of 5.3.1disallowing direct heat treatment.Editorial changes have been made in 1.2and 2.1.)

1.Scope

1.1This speci?cation covers forged low alloy and stainless steel piping components for use in pressure systems.Included are ?anges,?ttings,valves,and simi-lar parts to speci?ed dimensions or to dimensional standards such as the ASME speci?cations that are referenced in Section

2.

1.2For bars and products machined directly from bar,refer to Speci?cations A 479/A 479M and A 739for the similar grades available in those speci?cations.Products made to this speci?cation are limited to a maximum weight of 10,000lb [4540kg].For larger products and products for other applications,refer to Speci?cation A 336/A 336M and A 965/A 965M for the similar grades available in these speci?cations.1.3Several grades of low alloy steels and ferritic,martensitic,austenitic,and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels are included in this speci?cation.Selection will depend upon design and service requirements.1.4Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired.These shall apply only when speci?ed individually by the purchaser in the order.

1.5This speci?cation is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units.However,unless the order speci?es the applicable “M”speci?cation designation (SI units),the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

1.6The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard.

253

Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca475842.html,bining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the speci?cation.

2.Referenced Documents

2.1ASTM Standards:

A 234/A 234M Speci?cation for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures

A 262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergran-ular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels

A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exam-ination of Steel Forgings

A 336/A 336M Speci?cation for Steel Forgings,Alloy,for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

A 370Test Methods and De?nitions for Mechanical Test-ing of Steel Products

A 403/A 403M Speci?cation for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings

A 479/A 479M Speci?cation for Stainless and Heat-Re-sisting Steel Bars and Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels

A 484/A 484M Speci?cation for General Requirements for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Bars,Billets,and Forgings

A 739Speci?cation for Steel Bars,Alloy,Hot-Wrought,for Elevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts,or Both

A 751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products

A02

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

A763Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergran-ular Attack in Ferritic Stainless Steels

A788Speci?cation for Steel Forgings,General Require-ments

A965/A965M Speci?cation for Steel Forgings,Austen-itic,for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

E112Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain Size

E165Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method

E340Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys

2.2MSS Standard:

SP25Standard Marking System for Valves,Fittings, Flanges,and Unions

2.3ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes:

Section IX Welding Quali?cations

SFA-5.4Speci?cation for Corrosion-Resisting Chro-mium and Chromium-Nickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes

SFA-5.5Speci?cation for Low-Alloy Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes

SFA-5.9Speci?cation for Corrosion-Resisting Chro-mium and Chromium-Nickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes

SFA-5.11Speci?cation for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Cov-ered Welding Electrodes

2.4ANSI Standards:

B16.5Dimensional Standards for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

B16.10Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Fer-rous Valves

B16.11Forged Steel Fittings,Socket Weld,and Threaded

3.Ordering Information

3.1It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in

the purchase order all ordering information necessary

to purchase the needed material.Examples of such information include but are not limited to the following:

3.1.1Quantity,

3.1.2Size and pressure class or dimensions(toler-ances and surface?nishes should be included),

3.1.3Speci?cation number,grade,and class if applicable(the year date should be included),

3.1.4Supplementary requirements,

3.1.5Additional requirements(see5.2.2,Table2 footnotes,7.3,15.1,and18.2),and

3.1.6Requirement,if any,that manufacturer shall submit drawings for approval showing the shape of

254the rough forging before machining and the exact location of test specimen material(see7.3.1).

4.Manufacture

4.1The low-alloy ferritic steels may be made by the open-hearth,electric-furnace,or basic-oxygen pro-cess with separate degassing and re?ning optional.The basic-oxygen process shall be limited to steels con-taining not over6%chromium.

4.2The stainless steels shall be melted by one of the following processes:(a)electric-furnace(with separate degassing and re?ning optional);(b)vacuum-furnace;or(c)one of the former followed by vacuum or electroslag-consumable remelting.Grade F XM-27Cb may be produced by electron-beam melting.Because of dif?culties that may be met in retaining nitrogen, vacuum melting or remelting processes should not be speci?ed for Grades F XM-11,F304LN,F316LN, F304N,F316N,F XM-19,F44,F45,F48,F49,F50, F51,F52,F53,F54,F55,F58,F59,or F60. 4.3A suf?cient discard shall be made to secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.

4.4The material shall be forged as close as practicable to the speci?ed shape and size.Except for?anges of any type,forged or rolled bar may be used without additional hot working for small cylindrically shaped parts within the limits de?ned by Speci?cation A234/A234M for low alloy steels and martensitic stainless steels and Speci?cation A403/A403M for austenitic and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels.Elbows, return bends,tees,and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock.

4.5Except as provided for in4.4,the?nished product shall be a forging as de?ned in the Terminology section of Speci?cation A788.

5.Heat Treatment

5.1After hot working,forgings shall be cooled to

a temperature below1000°F[538°C]prior to heat treating in accordance with the requirements of Table1.

5.2Low Alloy Steels and Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels—The low alloy steels and ferritic and martensitic stainless steels shall be heat treated in accordance with the requirements of5.1and Table1.

5.2.1Grade F22V shall be furnished in the normal-ized and tempered,or liquid quenched and tempered condition.The minimum austenitizing temperature shall

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

be1650°F[900°C],and the minimum tempering temper-ature shall be1250°F[677°C].

5.2.2Liquid Quenching—When agreed to by

the purchaser,liquid quenching followed by tempering shall be permitted provided the temperatures in Table

1for each grade are utilized.

5.2.2.1Marking—Parts that are liquid quenched and tempered shall be marked“QT.”

5.2.3Alternatively,Grades F1,F2,and F12, Classes1and2may be given a heat treatment of1200°F [650°C]minimum after?nal hot or cold forming.

5.3Austenitic and Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels—The austenitic and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels shall be heat treated in accordance with the requirements of5.1and Table1.

5.3.1Alternatively,immediately following hot working,while the temperature of the forging is not less than the minimum solutioning temperature speci?ed

in Table1,forgings made from austenitic grades(except grades S33228,S30815,F304H,F316H,F321,

F321H,F347,F347H,F348,and F348H)may be individually rapidly quenched in accordance with the requirements of Table1.

5.3.2See Supplementary Requirement S14if a particular heat treatment method is to be employed.

5.4Time of Heat Treatment—Heat treatment of forgings may be performed before machining.

5.5Forged or Rolled Bar—Forged or rolled austen-

itic stainless bar from which small cylindrically shaped parts are to be machined,as permitted by4.4,and the parts machined from such bar,without heat treatment after machining,shall be furnished to the annealing requirements of Speci?cation A479or this speci?cation, with subsequent light cold drawing and straightening permitted(see Supplementary Requirement S9if anneal-

ing must be the?nal operation).

NOTE1—A solution annealing temperature above1950°F[1065°C] may impair the resistance to intergranular corrosion after subsequent exposure to sensitizing conditions in F321,F321H,F347,F347H,

F348,F348H.When speci?ed by the purchaser,a lower temperature stabilization or resolution annealing shall be used subsequent to the initial high temperature solution anneal(see Supplementary Require-ment S16).

6.Chemical Composition

6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as

to chemical composition for the grade ordered as listed

255in Table2.Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751shall apply.

6.2Grades to which lead,selenium,or other elements are added for the purpose of rendering the material free-machining shall not be used.

6.3Starting material produced to a speci?cation that speci?cally requires the addition of any element beyond those listed in Table2for the applicable grade of material,is not permitted.

7.Mechanical Properties

7.1The material shall conform to the requirements as to mechanical properties for the grade ordered as listed in Table3.

7.2Mechanical test specimens shall be obtained from production forgings,or from separately forged test blanks prepared from the stock used to make the?nished product.In either case,mechanical test specimens shall not be removed until after all heat treatment is complete. If repair welding is required,test specimens shall not be removed until after post-weld heat treatment is complete,except for ferritic grades when the post-weld heat treatment is conducted at least50°F[30°C]below the actual tempering temperature.When test blanks are used,they shall receive approximately the same working as the?nished product.The test blanks shall be heat treated with the?nished product and shall approximate the maximum cross-section of the forgings they rep-resent.

7.3For normalized and tempered,or quenched and tempered forgings,the central axis of the test specimen shall correspond to the1?4T plane or deeper position where T is the maximum heat-treated thickness of the represented forging.In addition,for quenched and tempered forgings,the midlength of the test specimen shall be at least T from any second heat-treated surface. When the section thickness does not permit this position-ing,the test specimen shall be positioned as near as possible to the prescribed location,as agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier.

7.3.1With prior purchase approval,the test speci-men for ferritic steel forgings may be taken at a depth (t)corresponding to the distance from the area of signi?cant stress to the nearest heat-treated surface and at least twice this distance(2t)from any second surface. However,the test depth shall not be nearer to one treated surface than3?4in.[19mm]and to the second treated surface than11?2in.[38mm].This method of test specimen location would normally apply to contour-

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

forged parts,or parts with thick cross-sectional areas where1?4T?T testing(7.3)is not practical.Sketches showing the exact test locations shall be approved by

the purchaser when this method is used.

7.4For annealed low alloy steel,ferritic stainless steels,and martensitic stainless steels,and also for austenitic and ferritic-austenitic stainless steels,the test specimen may be taken from any convenient location.

7.5Tension Tests:

7.5.1Low Alloy Steels and Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steels—One tension test shall be made for each heat in each heat treatment charge.

7.5.1.1When the heat-treating cycles are the same and the furnaces(either batch or continuous type)

are controlled within±25°F[±14°C]and equipped with recording pyrometers so that complete records of heat treatment are available,then only one tension test from each heat of each forging type(Note1)and section size is required instead of one test from each heat in each heat-treatment charge.

NOTE2—“Type”in this case is used to describe the forging shape such as a?ange,ell,tee,etc.

7.5.2Austenitic and Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Grades—One tension test shall be made for each heat.

7.5.2.1When heat treated in accordance with

5.1,the test blank or forging used to provide the test specimen shall be heat treated with a?nished forged product.

7.5.2.2When the alternative method in5.3.1is used,the test blank or forging used to provide the test specimen shall be forged and quenched under the same processing conditions as the forgings they represent.

7.5.3Testing shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods and De?nitions A370using the largest feasible of the round specimens.The gage length

for measuring elongation shall be four times the diameter

of the test section.

7.6Hardness Tests:

7.6.1Except when only one forging is produced,

a minimum of two pieces per batch or continuous run

as de?ned in7.6.2shall be hardness tested in accordance with Test Methods and De?nitions A370to ensure that the forgings are within the hardness limits given

for each grade in Table3.The purchaser may verify that the requirement has been met by testing at any

256location on the forging provided such testing does not render the forging useless.

7.6.2When the reduced number of tension tests permitted by7.5.1.1is applied,additional hardness tests shall be made on forgings or samples as de?ned in 7.2scattered throughout the load(Note2).At least eight samples shall be checked from each batch load and at least one check per hour shall be made from a continuous run.When the furnace batch is less than eight forgings,each forging shall be checked.If any check falls outside the prescribed limits,the entire lot of forgings shall be reheat treated and the requirements of7.5.1shall apply.

NOTE3—The tension test required in7.5.1is used to determine material capability and conformance in addition to verifying the adequacy of the heat-treatment cycle.Additional hardness tests in accordance with7.6.2are required when7.5.1.1is applied to enssure the prescribed heat-treating cycle and uniformity throughout the load.

7.7Notch Toughness Requirements—Grades F3V, F3VCb,and F22V.

7.7.1Impact test specimens shall be Charpy V-notch type,as shown in Fig.11a of Test Methods and De?nitions A370.The usage of subsize specimens due to material limitations must have prior purchaser approval.

7.7.2The Charpy V-notch test specimens shall be obtained as required for tension tests in7.2,7.3,and 7.5.One set of three Charpy V-notch specimens shall be taken from each tensile specimen location.

7.7.3The longitudinal axis and mid-length of impact specimen shall be located similarly to the longitu-dinal axis of the tension test specimens.The axis of the notch shall be normal to the nearest heat-treated surface of the forging.

7.7.4The Charpy V-notch tests shall meet a mini-mum energy absorption value of40ft-lbf[54J]average of three specimens.One specimen only in one set may be below40ft-lbf[54J],and it shall meet a minimum value of35ft-lbf[48J].

7.7.5The impact test temperature shall be0°F [?18°C].

8.Grain Size for Austenitic Grades

8.1All H grades shall be tested for average grain size by Test Methods E112.

8.1.1Grades F304H,F309H,F310H,and F316H shall have a grain size of ASTM No.6or coarser.

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

8.1.2Grades F321H,F347H,and F348H shall have a grain size of ASTM No.7or coarser.

9.Corrosion Testing for Austenitic Grades

9.1Corrosion testing is not required by this speci?-cation.

9.2Austenitic grades shall be capable of meeting

the intergranular corrosion test requirements described

in Supplementary Requirement S10.

10.Cast or Heat(formerly Ladle)Analysis

10.1Each heat or furnace ladle of steel shall be analyzed by the manufacturer to determine the percent-age of elements prescribed in Table2.This analysis shall be made from a test specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the steel.For multiple-heat ingots, either individual heat analyses or a weighted average analysis may be reported.The steel shall conform to

the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table2.

10.1.1If the test sample is lost or declared inade-quate for chemical determinations,the manufacturer may take alternative samples from appropriate locations near the surface of the ingot or forging as necessary

to establish the analysis of the heat in question.

10.1.2If consumable remelting processes are em-ployed,a chemical analysis made on one remelted ingot (or the product of one remelted ingot)per heat shall

be taken as the heat analysis,and shall conform to

the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table2.For this purpose,a heat is de?ned as all of

the ingots remelted from a single primary melt.

11.Product Analysis

11.1The purchaser may make a product analysis on forgings supplied to this speci?cation.Samples for analysis shall be taken from midway between the center and surface of solid forgings,midway between the inner and outer surfaces of hollow forgings,midway between the center and surface of full-size prolongations,

or from broken mechanical test specimens.The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to Table2 with the tolerances as stated in Table4or Table5.

25712.Retreatment

12.1If the results of the mechanical tests do not conform to the requirements speci?ed,the manufacturer may reheat treat the forgings and repeat the tests speci?ed in Section7.

13.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance

13.1The forgings shall be free of scale,machining burrs which might hinder?t-up,and other injurious imperfections as de?ned herein.The forgings shall have a workmanlike?nish and machined surfaces(other than surfaces having special requirements)shall have a surface?nish not to exceed250AA(arithmetic average)roughness height.

13.2At the discretion of the inspector representing the purchaser,?nished forgings shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under13.4 are not scattered but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered to be a workmanlike?nish. 13.3Depth of Injurious Imperfections—Linear imperfections shall be explored for depth.When the depth encroaches on the minimum wall thickness of the ?nished forging,such imperfections shall be considered injurious.

13.4Machining or Grinding Imperfections Not Classi-?ed as Injurious—Surface imperfections not classi?ed as injurious shall be treated as follows:

13.4.1Seams,laps,tears,or slivers not deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness or1?16in.[1.6 mm],whichever is less,need not be removed.If these imperfections are removed,they shall be removed by machining or grinding.

13.4.2Mechanical marks or abrasions and pits shall be acceptable without grinding or machining pro-vided the depth does not exceed the limitations set forth in13.4.1.Imperfections that are deeper than1?16 in.[1.6mm],but which do not encroach on the minimum wall thickness of the forging shall be removed by grinding to sound metal.

13.4.3When imperfections have been removed by grinding or machining,the outside dimension at the point of grinding or machining may be reduced by the amount removed.Should it be impracticable to secure a direct measurement,the wall thickness at the point of grinding,or at an imperfection not required to be removed,shall be determined by deducting the amount removed by grinding from the nominal?nished wall thickness of the forging,and the remainder shall be

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

not less than the minimum speci?ed or required wall thickness.

14.Repair by Welding

14.1Weld repairs shall be permitted(see Supplemen-tary Requirement S7)at the discretion of the manufac-turer with the following limitations and requirements:

14.1.1The welding procedure and welders shall

be quali?ed in accordance with Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

14.1.2The weld metal shall be deposited using

the electrodes speci?ed in Table6except as otherwise provided in Supplementary Requirement S11.The elec-trodes shall be purchased in accordance with ASME Speci?cation SFA-5.4,SFA-5.5,SFA-5.9,or SFA-5.11. The submerged arc process with neutral?ux,the gas metal-arc process,the gas tungsten-arc process,and gas shielded processes using?ux-core consumables, may be used.

14.1.3Defects shall be completely removed prior

to welding by chipping or grinding to sound metal as veri?ed by magnetic particle inspection in accordance with Test Method A275/A275M for the low alloy steels and ferritic,martensitic,or ferritic-austenitic stain-less steels,or by liquid penetrant inspection in accord-ance with Practice E165for all grades.

14.1.4After repair welding,the welded area shall

be ground smooth to the original contour and shall be completely free of defects as veri?ed by magnetic-particle or liquid-penetrant inspection,as applicable.

14.1.5The preheat,interpass temperature and post-weld heat treatment requirements given in Table6shall

be met.Austenitic stainless steel forgings may be repair-welded without the post-weld heat treatment of Table 6,provided purchaser approval is obtained prior to repair.

14.1.6Repair by welding shall not exceed10%

of the surface area of the forging nor331?3%of the wall thickness of the?nished forging or3?8in.[9.5 mm],whichever is less,without prior approval of the purchaser.

14.1.7When approval of the purchaser is obtained,

the limitations set forth in14.1.6may be exceeded,

but all other requirements of Section14shall apply.

14.1.8No weld repairs are permitted for F6a Classes3and4.

25815.Inspection

15.1The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with the purchase order.Inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations.All tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture unless otherwise agreed upon.

16.Rejection

16.1Each forging that develops injurious defects during shop working operations or in service shall be rejected and the manufacturer noti?ed.

16.2Samples representing material rejected by the purchaser shall be preserved until disposition of the claim has been agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

17.Certi?cation

17.1For forgings made to speci?ed dimensions,when agreed upon by the purchaser,and for forgings made to dimensional standards,the application of identi?cation marks as required in18.1shall be the certi?cation that the forgings have been furnished in accordance with the requirements of this speci?cation.

17.2Test reports,when required,shall include certi?-cation that all requirements of this speci?cation have been met.The speci?cation designation included on test reports shall include year of issue and revision letter,if any.The manufacturer shall provide the follow-ing where applicable:

17.2.1Type heat treatment,Section5;

17.2.2Product analysis results,Section11(Tables 2,4,and5);

17.2.3Tensile property results,Section7(Table 3),report the yield strength and ultimate strength,in ksi[MPa],elongation and reduction in area,in percent;

17.2.4Chemical analysis results,Section6 (Table2);

17.2.5Hardness results,Section7(Table3);

17.2.6Grain size results,Section8,and

17.2.7Any supplementary testing required by the purchase order.

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

18.Product Marking

18.1Identi?cation marks consisting of the manufac-turer’s symbol or name(Note3),the heat number or manufacturer’s heat identi?cation,designation of service rating,the speci?cation number,the designation,F1,

F2,etc.,showing the grade of material,and the size shall be legibly stamped on each forging or the forgings may be marked in accordance with Standard SP25of

the Manufacturer’s Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry,and in such position so as not

to injure the usefulness of the forging.The speci?cation number marked on the forgings need not include speci-

?cation year of issue and revision letter.

NOTE4—For purposes of identi?cation marking,the manufacturer

is considered the organization that certi?es the piping component

was manufactured,sampled,and tested in accordance with this speci?cation and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this speci?cation.

18.1.1Quenched and tempered low alloy or marten-sitic stainless forgings shall be stamped with the letters “QT”following the speci?cation designation.

18.1.2Forgings repaired by welding shall be marked with the letter“W”following the Speci?cation designation.When repair-welded austenitic stainless steel forgings have not been postweld heat treated in accordance with Table6,the letters“WNS”shall be marked following the speci?cation designation.

259

18.1.3When test reports are required,the markings shall consist of the manufacturer’s symbol or name, the grade symbol,and such other markings as necessary to identify the part with the test report(18.1.1and 18.1.2shall apply).

18.1.4Parts meeting all requirements for more than one class or grade may be marked with more than one class or grade designation such as F304/ F304H,F304/F304L,etc.

18.2Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in18.1,bar coding is acceptable as a supplemental identi?cation method.The purchaser may specify in the order a speci?c bar coding system to be used.The bar coding system,if applied at the discretion of the supplier,should be consistent with one of the published industry standards for bar coding.If used on small parts,the bar code may be applied to the box or a substantially applied tag.

19.Keywords

19.1austenitic stainless steel;chromium alloy steel; chromium-molybdenum steel;ferritic/austenitic stainless steel;ferritic stainless steel;martensitic stainless steel; nickel alloy steel;notch toughness requirements;pipe ?ttings,steel;piping applications;pressure containing parts;stainless steel?ttings;stainless steel forgings;steel ?anges;steel forgings,alloy;steel valves;temperature service applications,elevated;temperature service appli-cation,high;wrought material

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

TABLE1

HEAT TREATING REQUIREMENTS

Austenitizing/Solutioning Quenching Tempering

Temperature,Min.Cooling Cool Below Temperature, Grade Heat Treat Type°F(°C)A Media°F(°C)Min.°F(°C)

Low Alloy Steels

F1anneal1650[900]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1650[900]air cool B1150[620] F2anneal1650[900]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1650[900]air cool B1150[620] F5,F5a anneal1750[955]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1750[955]air cool B1250[675] F9anneal1750[955]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1750[955]air cool B1250[675] F91normalize and temper1900–2000air cool B1350[730]

[1040–1095]

F92normalize and temper1900[1040]air cool B1350[730] F911normalize and temper1900–2000air cool or liquid B1350[730]

[1040–1095]

F11,Classes1,2,and3anneal1650[900]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1650[900]air cool B1150[620] F12,Classes1and2anneal1650[900]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1650[900]air cool B1150[620] F21,F3V,and F3VCb anneal1750[955]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1750[955]air cool B1250[675] F22,Classes1and3anneal1650[900]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1650[900]air cool B1250[675] FR anneal1750[955]furnace cool B B

normalize1750[955]air cool B B

normalize and temper1750[955]air cool B1250[675]

Martensitic Stainless Steels

F6a Class1anneal not speci?ed furnace cool B B

normalize and temper not speci?ed air cool400[205]1325[725]

temper not required B B1325[725] F6a Class2anneal not speci?ed furnace cool B B

normalize and temper not speci?ed air cool400[205]1250[675]

temper not required B B1250[675] F6a Class3anneal not speci?ed furnace cool B B

normalize and temper not speci?ed air cool400[205]1100[595] F6a Class4anneal not speci?ed furnace cool B B

normalize and temper not speci?ed air cool400[205]1000[540] F6b anneal1750[955]furnace cool B B

normalize and temper1750[955]air cool400[205]1150[620] F6NM normalize and temper1850[1010]air cool200[95]1040–1120

[560–600]

Ferritic Stainless Steels

F XM-27Cb anneal1850[1010]furnace cool B B

F429anneal1850[1010]furnace cool B B

F430anneal not speci?ed furnace cool B B

260

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

TABLE1

HEAT TREATING REQUIREMENTS(CONT’D)

Austenitizing/Solutioning Quenching Tempering

Temperature,Min.Cooling Cool Below Temperature, Grade Heat Treat Type°F(°C)A Media°F(°C)Min.°F(°C)

Austenitic Stainless Steels

F304solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F304H solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F304L solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F304N solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F304LN solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F309H solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F310solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F310H solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F310MoLn solution treat and quench1900–2010liquid500[260]B

[1050–1100]

F316solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F316H solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F316L solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F316N solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F316LN solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F317solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F317L solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F347solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F347H solution treat and quench2000[1095]liquid500[260]B

F348solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F348H solution treat and quench2000[1095]liquid500[260]B

F321solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F321H solution treat and quench2000[1095]liquid500[260]B

F XM-11solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F XM-19solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F10solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F20solution treat and quench1700–1850liquid500[260]B

[925–1010]

F44solution treat and quench2100[1150]liquid500[260]B

F45solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F46solution treat and quench2010–2140liquid500[260]B

[1100–1140]

F47solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F48solution treat and quench1900[1040]liquid500[260]B

F49solution treat and quench2050[1120]liquid500[260]B

F56solution treat and quench2050–2160liquid500[260]B

[1120–1180]

F58solution treat and quench2025[1105]liquid500[260]B

Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels

F50solution treat and quench1925[1050]liquid500[260]B

F51solution treat and quench1870[1020]liquid500[260]B

F52C......liquid500[260]B

F53solution treat and quench1880[1025]liquid500[260]B

F54solution treat and quench1920–2060liquid500[260]B

[1050–1125]

F55solution treat and quench2010–2085liquid500[260]B

[1100–1140]

F57solution treat and quench1940[1060]liquid175[80]B

F59solution treat and quench1975–2050liquid500[260]B

[1080–1120]

F60solution treat and quench1870[1020]liquid500[260]B

F61solution treat and quench1920–2060liquid500[260]B

[1050–1125]

A Minimum unless temperature range is listed.

B Not applicable.

C Grade F52shall be solution treated at1825to1875°F[995to1025°C]30min/in.of thickness and water quenched.

261

SA-182/SA-182M

2001SECTION II

T A B L E 2C H E M I C A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

C o m p o s i t i o n ,%

P h o s -U N S p h o -T a n -I d e n t i f i c a -D e s i g n a -M a n -r u s ,S u l f u r ,M o l y b -C o l u m -t a l u m ,T i t a -t i o n S y m b o l t i o n

G r a d e

C a r b o n g a n e s e M a x .M a x .S i l i c o n N i c k e l C h r o m i u m d e n u m b i u m

M a x .

n i u m

L o w A l l o y S t e e l s

F 1K 12822c a r b o n -m o l y b d e n u m 0.28m a x .0.60–0.900.0450.0450.15–0.35......0.44–0.65.........F 2A K 121220.5%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%0.05–0.21

0.30–0.800.0400.0400.10–0.60...0.50–0.810.44–0.65......

...

m o l y b d e n u m F 5B

K 415454t o 6%c h r o m i u m 0.15m a x .0.30–0.600.0300.0300.50m a x .0.50m a x .4.0–6.00.44–0.65.........F 5a B

K 425444t o 6%c h r o m i u m 0.25m a x .0.60m a x .0.0400.0300.50m a x .0.50m a x .4.0–6.00.44–0.65.........F 9K 909419%c h r o m i u m 0.15m a x .0.30–0.600.0300.0300.50–1.00...8.0–10.00.90–1.10.........

F

91

...

9%c h r o m i u m ,1%m o l y b -0.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.500.40m a x .8.0–9.50.85–1.05

O t h e r e l e m e n t s d e n u m ,0.2%v a n a d i u m C b 0.06–0.10p l u s c o l u m b i u m a n d n i -N 0.03–0.07t r o g e n

A l 0.04m a x .V 0.18–0.25

F 92...

9%c h r o m i u m ,1.8%t u n g -0.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50m a x .0.40m a x .8.50–9.500.30–0.60

O t h e r e l e m e n t s s t e n ,0.2%v a n a d i u m C b 0.04–0.09p l u s c o l u m b i u m

V 0.15–0.25N 0.030–0.070A l 0.04m a x .W 1.50–2.00B 0.001–0.006

F 911...

9%c h r o m i u m ,1%m o l y b -0.09–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.10–0.500.40m a x .8.5–10.50.90–1.10

O t h e r e l e m e n t s d e n u m ,0.2%v a n a d i u m W 0.90–1.10p l u s c o l u m b i u m a n d n i -C b 0.060–0.01t r o g e n

A l 0.04m a x .N 0.04–0.09V 0.18–0.25

B 0.0003–0.006

F 11C l a s s 1K 11597

1.25%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%0.05–0.15

0.30–0.600.0300.0300.50–1.00

...

1.00–1.50

0.44–0.65

...

...

...

m o l y b d e n u m F 11C l a s s 2K 11572

1.25%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%0.10–0.20

0.30–0.800.0400.040

0.50–1.00

...

1.00–1.50

0.44–0.65

...

...

...

m o l y b d e n u m F 11C l a s s 3K 11572

1.25%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%0.10–0.20

0.30–0.800.040

0.040

0.50–1.00

...

1.00–1.50

0.44–0.65

...

...

...

m o l y b d e n u m F 12C l a s s 1K 11562

1%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%m o -0.05–0.15

0.30–0.600.045

0.045

0.50m a x .

...

0.80–1.25

0.44–0.65

...

...

...

l y b d e n u m F 12C l a s s 2K 11564

1%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%m o -0.10–0.20

0.30–0.80

0.040

0.040

0.10–0.60

...

0.80–1.25

0.44–0.65

...

...

...

l y b d e n u m F 21K 31545c h r o m i u m -m o l y b d e n u m 0.05–0.150.30–0.600.0400.0400.50m a x ....2.7–3.30.80–1.06.........F 3V K 31830

3%c h r o m i u m ,1%m o l y b -0.05–0.180.30–0.60

0.020

0.020

0.10m a x .

...

2.8–

3.2

0.90–1.10

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 0.015–d e n u m ,0.25%v a n a -V 0.20–0.300.035

d i u m p l u s b o r o n a n d t i -B 0.001–0.003

t a n i u m

(c o n t i n u e d )

262

PART A —FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

SA-182/SA-182M

T A B L E 2C H E M I C A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S (C O N T ’D )

C o m p o s i t i o n ,%

P h o s -U N S p h o -T a n -I d e n t i f i c a -D e s i g n a -M a n -r u s ,S u l f u r ,M o l y b -C o l u m -t a l u m ,T i t a -t i o n S y m b o l t i o n

G r a d e

C a r b o n g a n e s e M a x .M a x .S i l i c o n N i c k e l C h r o m i u m d e n u m b i u m

M a x .

n i u m

L o w A l l o y S t e e l s (C o n t ’d )

F 3V C b ......

0.10–0.150.30–0.600.0200.0100.10m a x .0.25m a x .2.7–3.30.90–1.10

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 0.015V 0.20–0.30m a x .

C b 0.015–0.070C u 0.25m a x .C a 0.0005–0.0150

F 22C l a s s 1K 21590c h r o m i u m -m o l y b d e n u m 0.05–0.150.30–0.600.0400.0400.50m a x ....2.00–2.500.87–1.13.........F 22C l a s s 3K 21590c h r o m i u m -m o l y b d e n u m 0.05–0.150.30–0.600.0400.0400.50m a x ....2.00–2.500.87–1.13.........F 22V K 31835

2.25%c h r o m i u m ,1%m o -0.11–0.150.30–0.600.0150.0100.10m a x .0.25m a x .2.00–2.500.90–1.10

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 0.030l y b d e n u m ,0.25%v a -C u 0.20m a x .m a x .

n a d i u m

V 0.25–0.35C b 0.07m a x .B 0.002m a x .C a 0.015m a x .C

F R K 220352%n i c k e l ,1%c o p p e r 0.20m a x .0.40–1.060.0450.050...1.60–2.24......

O t h e r e l e m e n t s C u 0.75–1.25

M a r t e n s i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s

F 6a S 4100013%c h r o m i u m 0.15m a x .1.00m a x .0.0400.0301.00m a x .0.50m a x .11.5–13.5............

F 6b S 41026

13%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%m o -0.15m a x .

1.00m a x .0.0200.0201.00m a x .1.00–

2.00

11.5–13.5

0.40–0.60

O t h e r e l e m e n t s l y b d e n u m C u 0.50m a x .F 6N M S 41500

13%c h r o m i u m ,4%0.05m a x .0.50–1.000.0300.0300.60m a x .

3.5–5.5

11.5–14.0

0.50–1.00

......

...

n i c k e l

F e r r i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s

F X M -27C b

D

S 44627

27c h r o m i u m ,1m o l y b -0.010m a x .0.40m a x .0.0200.0200.40m a x .0.50m a x .25.0–27.50.75–1.50

O t h e r e l e m e n t s d e n u m

N 0.015m a x .C u 0.20m a x .C b 0.05–0.20F 429S 4290015c h r o m i u m 0.12m a x .1.00m a x .0.0400.0300.75m a x .0.50m a x .14.0–16.0............F 430S 4300017c h r o m i u m 0.12m a x .1.00m a x .0.0400.0300.75m a x .

0.50m a x .16.0–18.0...

......

...

A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s

F 304E

S 3040018c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l 0.08m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .8.0–11.018.0–20.0............F 304H S 3040918c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l 0.04–0.102.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .8.0–11.018.0–20.0............F 304L E

S 3040318c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .

0.045

0.030

1.00m a x .

8.0–13.0

18.0–20.0

...

...

...

...

l o w c a r b o n F 304N F

S 30451

18c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.08m a x .

2.00m a x .

0.045

0.030

1.0m a x .

8.0–10.5

18.0–20.0

...

...

...

...

m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n F 304L N F

S 30453

18c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .

0.045

0.030

1.0m a x .

8.0–10.5

18.0–20.0

...

...

...

...

m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n F 309H S 30909

23c h r o m i u m ,13.5n i c k e l

0.04–0.10

2.00m a x .

0.045

0.030

1.00m a x .

12.0–15.0

22.0–24.0

...

...

...

...

(c o n t i n u e d )

263

SA-182/SA-182M

2001SECTION II

T A B L E 2C H E M I C A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S (C O N T ’D )

C o m p o s i t i o n ,%

P h o s -U N S p h o -T a n -I d e n t i f i c a t i o n D e s i g n a -M a n -r u s ,S u l f u r ,M o l y b d e -C o l u m -t a l u m ,T i t a -S y m b o l t i o n

G r a d e

C a r b o n g a n e s e M a x .M a x .S i l i c o n N i c k e l C h r o m i u m n u m b i u m

M a x .

n i u m

A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s (C o n t ’d )

F 310S 3100025c h r o m i u m ,20n i c k e l 0.25m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .19.0–22.024.0–26.0............F 310H F

S 3100925c h r o m i u m ,20n i c k e l 0.04–0.102.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .19.0–22.024.0–26.0............F 310M o L N

F

S 3105025c h r o m i u m ,22n i c k e l ,0.020m a x .2.00m a x .0.0300.010

0.05020.5–23.524.0–26.01.60–2.60...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b d e -m a x .

N 0.09–0.15

n u m a n d n i t r o g e n ,l o w c a r b o n F 316E S 3160018c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.08m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .10.0–14.016.0–18.0

2.00–

3.00.........

m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b -d e n u m F 316H S 3160918c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.04–0.102.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .10.0–14.016.0–18.02.00–3.00.........

m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b -d e n u m F 316L E S 3160318c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .10.0–15.0

16.0–18.02.00–3.00.........

m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b d e -n u m ,l o w c a r b o n F 316N F S 3165118c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.08m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .11.0–14.0

16.0–18.02.00–3.00.........

m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b d e -n u m a n d n i t r o g e n F 316L N F

S 3165318c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .11.0–14.0

16.0–18.02.00–3.00.........

m o d i f i e d w i t h m o l y b d e -n u m a n d n i t r o g e n F 317S 3170019c h r o m i u m ,13n i c k e l ,0.08m a x .

2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .11.0–15.0

18.0–20.0

3.0–

4.0

...

...

...

3.5m o l y b d e n u m F 317L S 31703

19c h r o m i u m ,13n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .

11.0–15.0

18.0–20.0

3.0–

4.0

...

...

...

3.5m o l y b d e n u m F 321S 32100

18c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l 0.08m a x .

2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .

9.0–12.0

17.0–19.0

...

...

...

G

m o d i f i e d w i t h t i t a n i u m F 321H S 32109

18c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.04–0.10

2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .

9.0–12.0

17.0–19.0

...

...

...

H

m o d i f i e d w i t h t i t a n i u m F 347S 3470018c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l 0.08m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .

9.0–13.0

17.0–20.0

...

I

...

...

m o d i f i e d w i t h c o -l u m b i u m F 347H S 3470918c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.04–0.102.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .9.0–13.0

17.0–20.0...J

...

...

m o d i f i e d w i t h c o -l u m b i u m F 348S 3480018c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l 0.08m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .9.0–13.0

17.0–20.0...

I

0.10...m o d i f i e d w i t h c o -O t h e r e l e m e n t s l u m b i u m C o 0.20m a x .F 348H S 3480918c h r o m i u m ,8n i c k e l ,0.04–0.102.00m a x .0.0450.0301.00m a x .9.0–13.0

17.0–20.0...

J

0.10m o d i f i e d w i t h c o -O t h e r e l e m e n t s l u m b i u m C o 0.20m a x .F X M -11S 21904

20c h r o m i u m ,6n i c k e l ,90.040m a x .8.0–10.00.0600.0301.00m a x .5.5–7.5

19.0–21.5......

O t h e r E l e m e n t s m a n g a n e s e

N 0.15–0.40

(c o n t i n u e d )

264

PART A —FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

SA-182/SA-182M

T A B L E 2C H E M I C A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S (C O N T ’D )

C o m p o s i t i o n ,%

P h o s -U N S p h o -T a n -I d e n t i f i c a -D e s i g n a -M a n -r u s ,S u l f u r ,M o l y b d e -C o l u m -t a l u m ,T i t a -t i o n S y m b o l t i o n

G r a d e

C a r b o n g a n e s e M a x .M a x .S i l i c o n N i c k e l C h r o m i u m n u m b i u m

M a x .

n i u m

A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s (C o n t ’d )

F X M -19S 20910

22c h r o m i u m ,13n i c k e l ,0.06m a x .4.0–6.00.0400.0301.00m a x .11.5–13.520.5–23.51.50–3.000.10–0.30

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 5m a n g a n e s e

N 0.20–0.40V 0.10–0.30F 10S 3310020n i c k e l ,8c h r o m i u m 0.10–0.200.50–0.800.0400.0301.00–1.4019.0–22.07.0–9.0............F 20N 08020

35n i c k e l ,20c h r o m i u m ,0.07m a x .2.00m a x .0.0450.0351.00m a x .32.0–38.019.0–21.02.00–3.00

8x C m i n .O t h e r e l e m e n t s 3.5c o p p e r ,2.5m o l y b -?1.00C u 3.0–4.0

d e n u m m a x .F 44S 3125420c h r o m i u m ,18n i c k e l ,0.020m a x .1.00m a x .0.0300.0100.80m a x .17.5–18.519.5–20.56.0–6.5

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 6m o l y b d e n u m ,l o w C u 0.50–1.00c a r b o n N 0.18–0.22F 45S 3081521c h r o m i u m ,11n i c k e l 0.05–0.100.80m a x .0.0400.0301.40–2.0010.0–12.020.0–22.0......

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n N 0.14–0.20a n d c e r i u m C e 0.03–0.08F 46S 30600

18c h r o m i u m ,15n i c k e l ,0.018m a x .2.00m a x .0.0200.0203.7–4.314.0–15.517.0–18.5

0.20m a x ....

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 4s i l i c o n

C u 0.50m a x .

F 47S 31725

19c h r o m i u m ,15n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .0.0450.0300.75m a x .1

3.0–17.5

18.0–20.0

4.0–

5.0

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 4m o l y b d e n u m

N 0.10m a x .

F 48S 31726

19c h r o m i u m ,15n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .0.0450.0300.75m a x .1

3.5–17.5

17.0–20.0

4.0–

5.0

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 4m o l y b d e n u m N 0.10–0.20F 49S 34565

24c h r o m i u m ,17n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .5.0–7.00.0300.0101.00m a x .16.0–18.0

23.0–25.0

4.0–

5.0

0.10

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 6m a n g a n e s e ,5m o l y b -N 0.40–0.60

d e n u m F 56S 33228

32n i c k e l ,27c h r o m i u m ,0.04–0.081.00m a x .0.0200.0150.30m a x .31.0–33.0

26.0–28.0...0.6–1.0

O t h e r e l e m e n t s w i t h c o l u m b i u m

C e 0.05–0.10A l 0.025F 58N 08367

21c h r o m i u m ,25n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .2.0m a x .0.0400.0301.00m a x .

23.50–25.5020.00–22.006.00–7.00...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 6.5m o l y b d e n u m

N 0.18–0.25C u 0.75m a x .

F e r r i t i c -A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s

F 50S 3120025c h r o m i u m ,6n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .0.045

0.030

1.00m a x .

5.5–

6.5

24.0–26.0

1.2–

2.0

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n N 0.14–0.20F 51S 31803

22c h r o m i u m ,5.5n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .

0.030

0.020

1.00m a x .

4.5–6.5

21.0–23.0

2.5–

3.5

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n N 0.08–0.20F 52S 32950

26c h r o m i u m ,3.5n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .

2.00m a x .

0.035

0.010

0.60m a x .

3.5–5.2

26.0–29.0

1.00–

2.50

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 1.0m o l y b d e n u m N 0.15–0.35F 53S 32750

25c h r o m i u m ,7n i c k e l ,40.030m a x .

1.20m a x .

0.035

0.020

0.80m a x .

6.0–8.0

24.0–26.0

3.0–5.0

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o l y b d e n u m ,m o d i f i e d N 0.24–0.32w i t h n i t r o g e n C u 0.50m a x .

(c o n t i n u e d )

265

SA-182/SA-182M

2001SECTION II

T A B L E 2C H E M I C A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S (C O N T ’D )

C o m p o s i t i o n ,%

P h o s -U N S p h o -T a n -I d e n t i f i c a -D e s i g n a -M a n -r u s ,S u l f u r ,M o l y b d e -C o l u m -t a l u m ,T i t a -t i o n S y m b o l t i o n G r a d e

C a r b o n g a n e s e M a x .

M a x .S i l i c o n N i c k e l C h r o m i u m

n u m b i u m

M a x .

n i u m

F e r r i t i c -A u s t e n i t i c S t a i n l e s s S t e e l s (C o n t ’d )

F 54S 39274

25c h r o m i u m ,7n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .1.00m a x .0.0300.0200.80m a x .6.0–8.024.0–26.02.5–3.5...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s m o d i f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n N 0.24–0.32a n d t u n g s t e n

C u 0.20–0.80W 1.50–2.50

F 55S 32760

25c h r o m i u m ,7n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .1.00m a x .0.0300.0101.00m a x .6.0–8.024.0–26.03.0–4.0

...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 3.5m o l y b d e n u m ,m o d i -N 0.20–0.30f i e d w i t h n i t r o g e n a n d C u 0.50–1.00t u n g s t e n W 0.50–1.00K

F 57S 39277

26c h r o m i u m ,7n i c k e l ,0.025m a x .0.80m a x .0.0250.0020.80m a x .6.5–8.024.0–26.0

3.0–

4.0...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 3.7m o l y b d e n u m

C u 1.20–2.00W 0.80–1.20N 0.23–0.33F 59S 3252025c h r o m i u m ,6.5n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .1.50m a x .0.0350.0200.80m a x .5.5–8.0

24.0–26.0

3.0–5.0...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 4m o l y b d e n u m w i t h n i -N 0.20–0.35t r o g e n C u 0.50–3.00F 60S 3220522c h r o m i u m ,5.5n i c k e l ,0.030m a x .2.000.0300.0201.00m a x .4.5–6.5

22.0–23.0

3.0–3.5...

O t h e r e l e m e n t s 3m o l y b d e n u m ,m o d i f i e d N 0.14–0.20

w i t h n i t r o g e n F 61S 32550

26c h r o m i u m ,6n i c k e l ,0.04m a x .1.5m a x .0.0400.0301.00m a x .4.5–6.5

24.0–27.0

2.9–

3.9...O t h e r e l e m e n t s 3.5m o l y b d e n u m w i t h C u 1.50–2.50n i t r o g e n a n d c o p p e r

N 0.10–0.25

N O T E S :A G r a d e F 2w a s f o r m e r l y a s s i g n e d t o t h e 1%c h r o m i u m ,0.5%m o l y b d e n u m g r a d e w h i c h i s n o w G r a d e F 12.B T h e p r e s e n t g r a d e F 5a (0.25m a x .c a r b o n )p r e v i o u s t o 1955w a s a s s i g n e d t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y m b o l F 5.I d e n t i f i c a t i o n s y m b o l F 5i n 1955w a s a s s i g n e d t o t h e 0.15m a x .c a r b o n g r a d e t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h A S T M s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r o t h e r p r o d u c t s s u c h a s p i p e ,t u b i n g ,b o l t i n g ,w e l d i n g f i t t i n g s ,e t c .C F o r G r a d e F 22V ,r a r e e a r t h m e t a l s (R E M )m a y b e a d d e d i n p l a c e o f c a l c i u m ,s u b j e c t t o a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e p r o d u c e r a n d t h e p u r c h a s e r .I n t h a t c a s e t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f R E M s h a l l b e d e t e r m i n e d a n d r e p o r t e d .D G r a d e F X M -27C b s h a l l h a v e a n i c k e l p l u s c o p p e r c o n t e n t o f 0.50m a x %.P r o d u c t a n a l y s i s t o l e r a n c e o v e r t h e m a x i m u m s p e c i f i e d l i m i t f o r c a r b o n a n d n i t r o g e n s h a l l b e 0.002%.E G r a d e s F 304,F 304L ,F 316,a n d F 316L s h a l l h a v e a m a x i m u m n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 0.10%.F G r a d e s F 304N ,F 316N ,F 304L N ,a n d F 316L N s h a l l h a v e a n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 0.10t o 0.16%.G G r a d e F 321s h a l l h a v e a t i t a n i u m c o n t e n t o f n o t l e s s t h a n f i v e t i m e s t h e c a r b o n c o n t e n t a n d n o t m o r e t h a n 0.70%.H G r a d e F 321H s h a l l h a v e a t i t a n i u m c o n t e n t o f n o t l e s s t h a n 4t i m e s t h e c a r b o n c o n t e n t a n d n o t m o r e t h a n 0.70%.I G r a d e s F 347a n d F 348s h a l l h a v e a c o l u m b i u m c o n t e n t o f n o t l e s s t h a n t e n t i m e s t h e c a r b o n c o n t e n t a n d n o t m o r e t h a n 1.10%.J G r a d e s F 347H a n d F 348H s h a l l h a v e a c o l u m b i u m c o n t e n t o f n o t l e s s t h a n 8t i m e s t h e c a r b o n c o n t e n t a n d n o t m o r e t h a n 1.10%.K %C r +3.3?%M o +16?%N p 40m i n .

266

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

TABLE3

TENSILE AND HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS

Yield Strength,Elongation in

Tensile Strength,Min.,ksi2in.[50mm]Reduction of Brinell Hardness Grade Symbol Min.,ksi[MPa][MPa]A or4D,Min.,%Area,Min.,%Number

Low Alloy Steels

F170[485]40[275]20.030.0143–192

F270[485]40[275]20.030.0143–192

F570[485]40[275]20.035.0143–217

F5a90[620]65[450]22.050.0187–248

F985[585]55[380]20.040.0179–217

F9185[585]60[415]20.040.0248max.

F9290[620]64[440]20.045.0269max.

F91190[620]64[440]18.040.0187–248

F11Class160[415]30[205]20.045.0121–174

F11Class270[485]40[275]20.030.0143–207

F11Class375[515]45[310]20.030.0156–207

F12Class160[415]32[220]20.045.0121–174

F12Class270[485]40[275]20.030.0143–207

F2175[515]45[310]20.030.0156–207

F3V and F3VCb85–110[585–760]60[415]18.045.0174–237

F22Class160[415]30[205]20.035.0170max.

F22Class375[515]45[310]20.030.0156–207

F22V85–110[585–780]60[415]18.045.0174–237

FR63[435]46[315]25.038.0197max.

Martensitic Stainless Steels

F6a Class170[485]40[275]18.035.0143–207

F6a Class285[585]55[380]18.035.0167–229

F6a Class3110[760]85[585]15.035.0235–302

F6a Class4130[895]110[760]12.035.0263–321

F6b110–135[760–930]90[620]16.045.0235–285

F6NM115[790]90[620]15.045.0295max.

Ferritic Stainless Steels

F XM-27Cb60[415]35[240]20.045.0190max.

F42960[415]35[240]20.045.0190max.

F43060[415]35[240]20.045.0190max.

Austenitic Stainless Steels

F30475[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F304H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F304L70[485]C25[170]30.050.0...

F304N80[550]35[240]30.0D50.0E...

F304LN75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F309H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F31075[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F310MoLN78[540]37[255]25.040.0...

F310H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F31675[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F316H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F316L70[485]C25[170]30.050.0...

F316N80[550]35[240]30.0D50.0E...

F316LN75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

(continued)

267

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

TABLE3

TENSILE AND HARDNESS REQUIREMENTS(CONT’D)

Yield Strength,Elongation in

Tensile Strength,Min.,ksi2in.[50mm]Reduction of Brinell Hardness Grade Symbol Min.,ksi[MPa][MPa]A or4D,Min.,%Area,Min.,%Number

Austenitic Stainless Steels(Cont’d)

F31775[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F317L70[485]C25[170]30.050.0...

F34775[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F347H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F34875[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F348H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F32175[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F321H75[515]B30[205]30.050.0...

F XM-1190[620]50[345]45.060.0...

F XM-19100[690]55[380]35.055.0...

F1080[550]30[205]30.050.0...

F2080[550]35[240]30.050.0...

F4494[650]44[300]35.050.0...

F4587[600]45[310]40.050.0...

F4678[540]35[240]40.050.0...

F4775[525]30[205]40.050.0...

F4880[550]35[240]40.050.0...

F49115[795]60[415]35.040.0...

F5673[500]27[185]30.035.0...

F5895[655]45[310]30.050.0...

Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels

F50100–130[690–900]65[450]25.050.0...

F5190[620]65[450]25.045.0...

F52100[690]70[485]15.0......

F53116[800]F80[550]F15.0...310max.

F54116[800]80[550]15.030.0310max.

F55109–130[750–895]80[550]25.045.0...

F57118[820]85[585]25.050.0...

F59112[770]80[550]25.040.0...

F6090[620]65[450]25.045.0...

F61109[750]80[550]25.050.0...

NOTES:

A Determined by the0.2%offset method.For ferritic steels only,the0.5%extension-under-load method may also be used.

B For sections over5in.[130mm]in thickness,the minimum tensile strength shall be70ksi[485MPa].

C For sections over5in.[130mm]in thickness,the minimum tensile strength shall be65ksi[450MPa].

D Longitudinal.The transverse elongation shall be25%in2in.or50mm,min.

E Longitudinal.The transverse reduction of area shall be45%min.

F For sections over2in.[50mm]in thickness,the minimum tensile strength shall be106ksi[730MPa];the minimum yield strength shall be 75ksi[515MPa].

268

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

TABLE4

PRODUCT ANALYSIS TOLERANCES FOR LOW ALLOY

STEELS WITH A MAXIMUM CHROMIUM LIMIT OF

4%OR MORE AND STAINLESS STEELS A

Tolerance Over

the Maximum

Limit or Under

Limit or Maximum of the Minimum

Elements Speci?ed Range,%Limit

Carbon0.030,incl.0.005

over0.030to0.20,incl.0.01

Manganese to1.00,incl.0.03

over1.00to3.00,incl.0.04

over3.00to6.000.05

over6.00to10.000.06

Phosphorus to0.040,incl.0.005

Sulfur to0.030,incl.0.005

Silicon to1.00,incl.0.05

over1.00to5.00,incl.0.10

Chromium over4.00to10.00,incl.0.10

over10.00to15.00,incl.0.15

over15.00to20.00,incl.0.20

over20.00to27.50,incl.0.25

Nickel to1.00,incl.0.03

over1.00to5.00,incl.0.07

over5.00to10.00,incl.0.10

over10.00to20.00,incl.0.15

over20.00to22.00,incl.0.20

Molybdenum to0.20,incl.0.01

over0.20to0.60,incl.0.03

over0.60to2.00,incl.0.05

over2.00to7.00,incl.0.10

Titanium all ranges0.05

Columbium-all ranges0.05

tantalum

Tantalum to0.10,incl.0.02

Cobalt0.05to0.20,incl.0.01B

Nitrogen to0.19,incl.0.01

over0.19to0.250.02

over0.25to0.350.03

over0.35to0.450.04

over0.45to0.600.05

Columbium0.05to0.20,incl.0.01

Aluminum to0.05,incl.0.01

Vanadium to0.10,incl.0.01

over0.10to0.25,incl.0.02

Cerium0.03to0.08?0.005

+0.01

Tungsten to1.00,incl.0.04

Copper to1.00,incl.0.03

A This table does not apply to heat analysis.

B Product analysis limits for cobalt under0.05%have not been estab-

lished and the producer should be consulted for those limits.

269

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

TABLE5

PRODUCT ANALYSIS TOLERANCES FOR LOW-ALLOY STEELS WITH MAXIMUM

CHROMIUM LIMIT LESS THAN4%

Tolerance Over Maximum Limit or Under Minimum

Limit for Size Ranges Shown,%B

Over100Over200

100in.2to200in.2to400in.2

(6.45?(1.290?(2.581?Over

Limit or Maximum of104mm2),105mm2),105mm2),400 Element A Speci?ed Range,%or Less Incl.Incl.in.2

Manganese to0.90,incl.0.030.040.050.06

over0.90to1.00,incl.0.040.050.060.07 Phosphorus to0.045,incl.0.0050.0100.0100.010

Sulfur to0.045,incl.0.0050.0100.0100.010

Silicon to0.40,incl.0.020.020.030.04

over0.40to1.00,incl.0.050.060.060.07 Nickel to0.500.030.030.030.03

Chromium to0.90,incl.0.030.040.040.05

over0.90to2.10,incl.0.050.060.060.07

over2.10to3.99,incl.0.100.100.120.14 Molybdenum to0.20,incl.0.010.010.020.03

over0.20to0.40,incl.0.020.030.030.04

over0.40to1.15,incl.0.030.040.050.06 Copper to1.00,incl.0.030.030.030.03

over1.00to2.00,incl.0.050.050.050.05 Titanium to0.100.010.010.010.01

Vanadium to0.10,incl.0.010.010.010.01

0.11to0.25,incl.0.020.020.020.02

0.26to0.50,incl.0.030.030.030.03

A Product analysis for carbon,boron,columbium,and calcium shall conform to Table2.

B Cross-sectional area.

270

PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-182/SA-182M

TABLE6

REPAIR WELDING REQUIREMENTS

Minimum Post-Weld Heat-

Recommended Preheat and Interpass Treatment Temperature Grade Symbol Electrodes A Temperature Range,°F[°C]°F[°C]

Low Alloy Steels

F1E7018-A1200–400[95–205]1150[620]

F2E8018-B1300–600[150–315]1150[620]

F5E502-15or16400–700[205–370]1250[675]

F5a E502-15or16400–700[205–370]1250[675]

F9E505-15or16400–700[205–370]1250[675]

F919%Cr,1%Mo,VCbN400–700[205–370]1300[705]

F929%Cr,0.5%Mo,1.5%W,

VCbNiN400–700[205–370]1300[705]

F9119%Cr,1%Mo,1%W,VCbN400–700[205–370]1300[705]

F11,Classes1,2,and3E8018-B2300–600[150–315]1150[620]

F12,Classes1and2E8018-B2300–600[150–315]1150[620]

F21E9018-B3300–600[150–315]1250[675]

F3V and F3VCb3%Cr,1%Mo,1?4%V-Ti300–600[150–315]1250[675]

F22Class1E9018-B3300–600[150–315]1250[675]

F22Class3E9018-B3300–600[150–315]1250[675]

F22V 2.25%Cr,1%Mo,0.25%V-Cb300–600[150–315]1250[675]

Martensitic Stainless Steels

F6a,Class1E410-15or16400–700[205–370]1250[675]

F6a,Class2E410-15or16400–700[205–370]1250[675]

F6b13%Cr,11?2%Ni,1?2%Mo400–700[205–370]1150[620]

F6NM13%Cr,4%Ni300–700[150–370]1050[565]

Ferritic Stainless Steels

F XM-27Cb26%Cr,1%Mo NR B NR

F429E430-16400–700[205–370]1400[760]

F430E430-16NR1400[760]

FR E8018-C2NR NR

Austenitic Stainless Steels

F304E308-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ C

F304L E308L-15to16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F304H E308-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F304N E308-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F304LN E308L-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F309H E309-15or16D NR1900[1040]+WQ

F310E310-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F310H E310-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F310MoLN E310Mo-15or16NR1920–2010[1050–

1100]+WQ

F316E316-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F316L E316L-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F316H E316-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F316N E316-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F316LN E316L-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F317E317-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F317L E317L-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F321E E347-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F321H E E347-15or16NR1925[1050]+WQ

F347E347-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F347H E347-15or16NR1925[1050]+WQ

F348E347-15or16NR1900[1040]+WQ

F348H E347-15or16NR1925[1050]+WQ

F XM-11XM-10W NR NR

F XM-19XM-19W NR NR

(continued)

271

SA-182/SA-182M2001SECTION II

TABLE6

REPAIR WELDING REQUIREMENTS(CONT’D)

Minimum Post-Weld Heat-

Recommended Preheat and Interpass Treatment Temperature Grade Symbol Electrodes A Temperature Range,°F[°C]°F[°C]

Austenitic Stainless Steels(Cont’d)

F10E.........

1700–1850[925–

F20E/ER-320,320LR NR1010]+WQ

F44ENiCrMo-3NR2100[1150]+WQ

F45E.........

F46.........

F47...F...2100[1150]+WQ

F48...F...2100[1150]+WQ

F49...F...2100[1150]+WQ

F58ENiCrMo-3NR2025[1105]+WQ

Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steels

F5025%Cr,6%Ni,1.7%Mo NR NR

F5122%Cr,5.5%Ni,3%Mo NR NR

F5226%Cr,8%Ni,2%Mo NR NR

F5325%Cr,7%Ni,4%Mo NR NR

F5425%Cr,7%Ni,3%Mo,W NR NR

F5525%Cr,7%Ni,3.5%Mo NR NR

F5725%Cr,7%Ni,3%Mo,1.5%NR NR

Cu,1%W

F59ENi CrMo-10NR NR

F6022%Cr,5.5%Ni,3%Mo NR NR

F6126%Cr,9%Ni,3.5%Mo NR NR

A Electrodes shall comply with ASME SFA-5.4,SFA-5.5,and corresponding ER grades of SFA-5.9or SFA-5.11.

B NR p not required.

C WQ p water quench.

D Filler metal shall additionally have0.04%minimum carbon.

E Purchaser approval required.

F Match?ller metal is available.Fabricators have also used AWS A5.14,Class ER,NiCrMo-3,and AWS A5.11,Class E,NiCrMo-3?ller metals.

272

信息技术 - 第八册计算机教育学习学案及教案(全册)-四年级

信息技术-第八册计算机教案(全册) -四年级 教学计划 一、教学大纲对本年级本学科的基本要求: 掌握文件和文件夹的删除、还原方法;认识常用的图片文件格式;掌握用AcDSee软件浏览图片的操作方法;认识电子邮箱的作用;学会申请电子邮箱;学会收发电子邮件;认识电子邮件的格式;掌握在“outlookExpress”软件中设置电子邮件帐号的操作;学会用“outlookExpress”发送电子邮件;掌握在邮件中插入附件的操作方法;学会绘制简单的图形;掌握自选图形格式的设置;掌握表格的插入方法;会在表格中输入文字;掌握在表格中插入和删除行列的方法;会简单修饰表格的方法;了解分栏的方法;了解打印预览的功能;学习制作贺年片。 二、对教材体系和内容的简要分析: 本学期学习内容主要包括:学习收发电子邮件;学习用woRD制作表格;页面设置和制作贺卡。 1、文件的删除; 2、图片的浏览; 3、申请电子邮箱; 4、收发电子邮件; 5、学做邮票; 6、制作课程表; 7、表格的修改; 8、页面设置; 9、学做贺卡。 三、对本年级学生学习情况的基本分析: 四年级学生在以前学习的基础上,对计算机的功能及简单操作已经有了较全面的认识,也已经学会用woRD处理文字的简单操作,对网络有了初步的了解,知道如何上网;最重要的是学生对学习计算机这门课程兴趣浓厚,对于进一步的教学有一个良好的基础。 四、教学进度 略 第一课文件的删除

教学目标: 掌握文件和文件夹的删除和还原方法 教学重点: 文件和文件夹的删除和还原方法 教学过程: 一、删除文件 1、删除硬盘中的文件 如删除“画1”这个文件的方法是: 选定“画1”这个文件, 单击工具栏中的删除按钮, 弹出“确认删除文件”对话框; 单击“是”。 2、删除软盘上的文件 如删除软盘上图像文件“房子”的方法是: 将软盘插入软盘驱动器中, 打开“我的电脑”窗口,双击软驱图标,打开软盘窗口;右击需要删除的文件“房子”,再单击菜单中的“删除”命令; 在弹出的“确认文件删除”对话框中单击“是”。 二、回收站的操作 1、还原文件

高中数学平面解析几何知识点总结

平面解析几何 一、直线与圆 1.斜率公式 2121 y y k x x -=-(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ). 2.直线的五种方程 (1)点斜式 11()y y k x x -=- (直线l 过点111(,)P x y ,且斜率为k ). (2)斜截式 y kx b =+(b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式 112121 y y x x y y x x --=--(12y y ≠)(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y (12x x ≠)). < (4)截距式 1x y a b +=(a b 、分别为直线的横、纵截距,0a b ≠、). (5)一般式 0Ax By C ++=(其中A 、B 不同时为0). 3.两条直线的平行和垂直 (1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+ ①121212||,l l k k b b ?=≠; ②12121l l k k ⊥?=-. (2)若1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=,且A 1、A 2、B 1、B 2都不为零, ①11112222 ||A B C l l A B C ? =≠; < ②1212120l l A A B B ⊥?+=; 4.点到直线的距离 d =(点00(,)P x y ,直线l :0Ax By C ++=). 5.圆的四种方程 (1)圆的标准方程 222()()x a y b r -+-=. (2)圆的一般方程 220x y Dx Ey F ++++=(224D E F +->0).圆心??? ??--2,2E D ,半径r=2 422F E D -+. 6.点与圆的位置关系 点00(,)P x y 与圆2 22)()(r b y a x =-+-的位置关系有三种: . 若d =d r >?点P 在圆外;d r =?点P 在圆上;d r 相离r d ; 0=???=相切r d ; 0>???<相交r d . 其中22B A C Bb Aa d +++=. 8.两圆位置关系的判定方法 # 设两圆圆心分别为O 1,O 2,半径分别为r 1,r 2,d O O =21 条公切线外离421??+>r r d ; 条公切线外切321??+=r r d ;

蒙昧中的觉醒教学设计(上课)

专题六西方人文精神的起源与发展 一、教材分析 1.本专题是一个难度大,理论性强又具有重大现实意义的专题。学习时首先要明确人文精神的内涵和价值,应先将本专题四节课的内容综合概括介绍,使学生对人文精神起源、复兴和成熟的三个阶段及其所对应的三次思想解放运动(公元前5世纪中叶产生于希腊的智者运动;公元14世纪至17世纪的文艺复兴;17、18世纪的启蒙运动),有一较完整的认识和较全面的理解。同时,可注意本专题与高中历史必修课第一册第六、第七专题,第二册第五专题和本册第七专题知识内容之间的联系。即要把西方人文精神的发展演变与同时期西方的政治、经济的发展历程结合起来,以辨明思想文化与政治层面和经济层面之间的辩证关系。在学习本专题的时候,要结合现代教育所提出的人文素质的培养要求,加强、加深对人文素质的理解。教师可引导学生反思一下中国历史上的人文精神与西方相比有何特点。 2.本专题是“西方人文精神的起源与发展”,首先应将人文精神和人文主义的含义给学生解释清楚。人文主义是一种思想态度,它认为人及人的价值具有首要意义。人文主义以人为衡量一切事物的标准,它重视人、肯定人,强调个人的价值和人对自然界的优越性。 二、教学对象分析 1.本课属世界古代史部分的内容,学生在初中阶段没有接触过,从知识的衔接上有一定的困难,因此,需要加强对教材背景知识的了解。可让学生复习高中历史必修课第一册第六专题的内容,并根据导学案进行预习。 2.本课的内容理论性很强,高中学生理解起来有一定的困难,课前可指导学生上网查阅相关资料,以增强对人文主义、智者学派、美德即知识等重要概念的理解。 三、教学目标分析 1.知识与能力 (1)了解古希腊智者学派和苏格拉底等人对人的价值的阐述; (2)理解“人是万物的尺度”是古希腊人文精神的基本内涵,提高辩证思考的能力;理解苏格拉底“美德即知识”这一观点 (3)发挥历史借鉴作用,利用人文智慧解决问题或拓宽解决问题的思路; 2.过程与方法 (1)阅读课文所提供的历史材料,学会从材料中获得有效信息。 (2)从图书资料或网上收集整理苏格拉底和我国春秋战国时期的先哲们(孔子等)的道德说教,掌握搜集历史资料的方法,培养语言表达能力。 (3)编演历史剧,加深对历史概念的理解,培养语言表达能力。 (4)将教材中的重要人物、重要概念、需要探究的主要问题分为若干个问题包,将全班同学分成几个学习小组,每个学习小组负责在课前搜集本小组所需解决问题的答案,并与其他学习小组互相交流,培养学生团结、协作、交流精神。 3.情感态度与价值观 (1)理解“人是万物的尺度”这句话的深刻含义,认识它对人类精神觉醒所起的重要作用,认识人文精神是以往人类文明所创造的最为宝贵的精神财富,是衡量社会文明程度的重要指标。 (2)理解人之为人的可贵理性,人要反思、审视自己的思想和行为,以促进社会的良性发展; (3)引导学生感受古希腊先哲勇于否定权威,坚持独立思考,坚持真理的人文精神;引导学生关注现实中人文精神缺失的现状; (4)教育学生追求真、善、美,批判地继承古典文化,树立尊重别人,善待生命,平等与人相处的价值观。 教学重点和难点: 重点:1.古希腊“智者”运动产生的历史背景,代表人物及其思想主张; 2.苏格拉底的思想主张。 难点:1.对普罗塔戈拉“人是万物尺度”所孕育的人文精神的内涵的分析和理解;

高中信息技术基础教案全集

教科版高中信息技术基础教案全集(必修) 1.1信息及其特征 一、教学内容分析和设计: “信息及其特征”是教育科学出版社的高一《信息技术基础》第一章第一节的内容。由于这个内容理论性较强,如果只是由教师来讲,学生可能会觉得枯燥,所以我准备在教师的引导下,举出现象,让学生进行探讨,然后归纳获得知识。有不足之处由教师或学生来补充。这样能让学生积极参与,活跃课堂气氛,既让学生学到知识,又培养了学生将学习与生活联系的习惯和自主学习的习惯。 二、教学对象分析: 知识的获取者是刚刚升入高中的学生,按照人的成长认知规律,学生对知识的获取开始由感性认识提升到理性认识。对于“信息”这一事物的认识,可以让他们从大量存在的现象中,发现并归纳出他们应该获得的知识。老师在此过程中起着引导的作用。 三、教学目标: 1、知识、技能目标:学生能够列举学习与生活中的各种信息,感受信息的丰富多彩性;举例说明信息的一般特征;培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。 2、过程、方法目标:培养学生从日常生活、学习中发现或归纳出新知识的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观目标:让学生理解信息技术对日常生活和学习的重要作用,激发对信息技术强烈的求知欲,养成积极主动地学习和使用信息技术、参与信息活动的态度。 四、教学重点: 1、信息特征的认识。 五、教学难点: 信息的含义。 六、教学方法 本节概念性强,实践性弱。采用讲授法,讨论法。 教学过程 谈话引入:同学们,信息技术这门课程,我们在初中阶段就已经学习。那么下面请同学们说一说,什么是信息?在我们日常生活中,你认为哪些属于信息?(举例) 生1:校园里铃声响,可以告诉我们信息:上课或下课。 生2:观看校运会,可以获得很多运动会赛场上的信息。 生3:从网上可以获得很多信息,如:学习资料、娱乐、新闻报导等。

高中平面解析几何知识点总结

高中平面解析几何知识点总结 一.直线部分 1.直线的倾斜角与斜率: (1)直线的倾斜角:在平面直角坐标系中,对于一条与x 轴相交的直线,如果把x 轴绕着交点按逆时针方向旋转到和直线重合时所转的最小正角记为α叫做直线的倾斜角. 倾斜角)180,0[?∈α,?=90α斜率不存在. (2)直线的斜率: αtan ),(21121 2=≠--= k x x x x y y k .两点坐标为111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y . 2.直线方程的五种形式: (1)点斜式:)(11x x k y y -=- (直线l 过点),(111y x P ,且斜率为k ). 注:当直线斜率不存在时,不能用点斜式表示,此时方程为0x x =. (2)斜截式:b kx y += (b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式:121121x x x x y y y y --= -- (12y y ≠,12x x ≠). 注:① 不能表示与x 轴和y 轴垂直的直线; ② 方程形式为:0))(())((112112=-----x x y y y y x x 时,方程可以表示任意直线. (4)截距式:1 =+b y a x (b a ,分别为x 轴y 轴上的截距,且0,0≠≠b a ). 注:不能表示与x 轴垂直的直线,也不能表示与y 轴垂直的直线,特别是不能表示过原点的直线. (5)一般式:0=++C By Ax (其中A 、B 不同时为0). 一般式化为斜截式: B C x B A y - - =,即,直线的斜率: B A k -=. 注:(1)已知直线纵截距b ,常设其方程为y kx b =+或0x =. 已知直线横截距0x ,常设其方程为0x my x =+(直线斜率k 存在时,m 为k 的倒数)或0y =. 已知直线过点00(,)x y ,常设其方程为00()y k x x y =-+或0x x =. (2)解析几何中研究两条直线位置关系时,两条直线有可能重合;立体几何中两条直 线一般不重合.

信息技术基础的学案6.1.2

第六章信息集成与信息交流 6.1 信息集成(上机实践) 一、学习目标 1.通过信息集成实践更好的理解信息集成的过程的含义,体验信息集成四个阶段 2.了解常见的信息集成工具的分类及代表性的信息集成工具的工作环境 3.掌握网站制作的过程,并能熟练使用FrontPage2000进行网页制作 4.培养团队协作的能力,养成良好的思想、感情交流习惯 二、知识要点 FrontPage软件知识介绍:FrontPage是Microsoft公司制作的,很受欢迎的网页制作工具。 1.“FrontPage2000”界面主要有“标题栏”、“菜单栏”、“常用工具栏”、“格式工具栏”、“视图工具栏”、“编辑区”、“状态栏”等组成。 2. FrontPage2000 中的“编辑区”是我们制作网页的舞台。在这里,网页以三种状态显示: (1)普通视图——显示网页的编辑状态,可以设置文本、插入表格和图像、插入各种网页元素。(2)HTML视图——显示自动生成的HTML语句,此时可以用HTML语言来编辑和修改网页(3)预览视图——模拟显示编辑完的网页,供编写者查看。 3.“菜单栏”——“查看”命令——“视图栏” 视图栏提供了浏览、组织或编辑网页的几种方式: (1)“网页”视图提供编辑网页的方式 (2)“文件夹”视图提供显示和组织站点中文件和文件夹的功能 (3)“报表”视图提供了统计和分析站点中文件和超链接的功能 (4)“导航”视图显示站点中的导航结构,即网页间的链接情况 (5)“超链接”视图显示了各个网页的超链接情况 (6)“任务”视图列出站点中要完成的任务 三、网站制作知识介绍 1.网站也叫做站点,是网页等一组网络资源的集合,我们把制作的所有素材和网页集合成一个网 站,便于维护和管理。新建站点:文件——新建一个站点——只有一个网页的站点 2.利用表格布局网页:表格在网页中有定位和设置网页布局的作用,利用表格可将各块内容分类 列出,使网页清晰美观、富有条理。用表格布局时,表格边框粗细应设置为0。菜单

最新第1课 蒙昧中的觉醒 [人民版] [说课稿]

蒙昧中的觉醒(说课稿) 尊敬的各位老师及评委大家好: 今天我为大家说的是高中历史人民版必修三专题六“西方人文精神的起源与发展”的第一课《蒙昧中的觉醒》。我将从说教学目标、说教法、说学法、说教学过程四个方面说课。 一、教学目标 (一)教材分析: 本专题内容是一个有一定难度,理论性强又具有重大现实意义的专题。学习本专题时首先要明确人文精神的内涵和价值,应先将本专题四节课的内容综合概括介绍,使学生对人文精神起源、复兴和成熟的三个阶段及其所对应的三次思想解放运动(公元前5世纪中叶产生于希腊的智者运动;公元14世纪至17世纪的文艺复兴;17、18世纪的启蒙运动),有一个大概的认识和理解。 (二)课标要求: 了解古代希腊智者学派和苏格拉底等人对人的价值阐释,理解人文精神的内涵。 (三)学情分析: 1.本课属世界古代史部分的内容,学生在初中阶段没有接触过,从知识的衔接上有一定的困难,因此,需要加强对教材背景知识的了解。 2.本课的内容理论性很强,高中学生理解起来有一定的困难,课前可指导学生查阅相关资料,以增强对人文主义、智者学派、美德即知识等重要概念的理解。 (四)教学目标: 1.知识与能力: (1)了解古代希腊智者学派的普罗塔哥拉的主张。 (2)理解雅典的苏格拉底的思想主张以及产生这种思想倾向的时代背景。 (3)理解斯多亚学派的“人生而平等”的主张。 2.过程与方法: (1)阅读课文所提供的历史材料,学会从材料中获得有效信息。 (2)从图书资料或网上收集整理苏格拉底和我国春秋战国时期的先哲们(孔子等)的道德说教,掌握搜集历史资料的方法,培养语言表达能力。 (3)如果有能力编演一幕历史剧,加深对历史概念的理解,培养语言表达能力。 (4)将教材中的重要人物、重要概念、需要探究的主要问题分为若干个问题,让全班每位同学解决一个问题的答案,培养学生独立自主的精神。

教科版的《信息技术基础》教案全套

1.1信息及其特征 一、教学内容分析和设计: “信息及其特征”是教育科学出版社的高一《信息技术基础》第一章第一节的内容。由于这个内容理论性较强,如果只是由教师来讲,学生可能会觉得枯燥,所以我准备在教师的引导下,举出现象,让学生进行探讨,然后归纳获得知识。有不足之处由教师或学生来补充。这样能让学生积极参与,活跃课堂气氛,既让学生学到知识,又培养了学生将学习与生活联系的习惯和自主学习的习惯。 二、教学对象分析: 知识的获取者是刚刚升入高中的学生,按照人的成长认知规律,学生对知识的获取开始由感性认识提升到理性认识。对于“信息”这一事物的认识,可以让他们从大量存在的现象中,发现并归纳出他们应该获得的知识。老师在此过程中起着引导的作用。 三、教学目标: 1、知识、技能目标:学生能够列举学习与生活中的各种信息,感受信息的丰富多彩性;举例说明信息的一般特征;培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。 2、过程、方法目标:培养学生从日常生活、学习中发现或归纳出新知识的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观目标:让学生理解信息技术对日常生活和学习的重要作用,激发对信息技术强烈的求知欲,养成积极主动地学习和使用信息技术、参与信息活动的态度。 四、教学重点: 1、信息特征的认识。 五、教学难点: 信息的含义。 六、教学方法 本节概念性强,实践性弱。采用讲授法,讨论法。 教学过程 谈话引入:同学们,信息技术这门课程,我们在初中阶段就已经学习。那么下面请同学们说一说,什么是信息?在我们日常生活中,你认为哪些属于信息?(举例)

生1:校园里铃声响,可以告诉我们信息:上课或下课。 生2:观看校运会,可以获得很多运动会赛场上的信息。 生3:从网上可以获得很多信息,如:学习资料、娱乐、新闻报导等。 生4:在报纸上可以了解国内外的信息。 ……师:同学们举的例子非常好。 其实信息在我们日常生活周围无时不在,无处不有,当然,信息不仅存在于我们的周围,同样可以在我们身体内部找到它的影子,如,医生通过听诊器来感知我们的身体内部的变化以确定病因,因此我们可以说信息是用文字、数字、符号、图像、图形、声音、情景、状态等方式传播的内容。 师:信息无处不在,无时不有。信息的存在多种多样,作为万物中的一种,它们同样有着其固有的特性,也就相同的本质。下面我们通过所获取到的信息,找出它们共同的特性。 师:在我们周围存在的信息中,书刊上的文字依附于纸张,颜色依附于物体的表面,老师讲课的声音依附于空气。还有很多的信息,同学们能举出其他的现象吗? 生:(讨论)我们的体重依附于身体,CD音乐依附于光盘,…… 师:有没有信息是不依附于任何载体而存在呢? 生:(讨论)找不到。 师:这说明了什么? 生:(齐)信息必须依附于载体而存在,信息依附的物体多种多样。 师:通过前面的学习知道信息是必须依附某一媒体进行传播的,所以不能独立存在;文字既可以印刷在书本上,也可以存储到电脑中;信息可以转换成不同的载体形式而被存储下来和传播出去,供更多的人分享,而“分享”的同时也说明信息可传递、可存储。 师:(课件演示) 1、载体依附性 (1)信息不能独立存在,需要依附于一定的载体; (2)同一个信息可以依附于不同的媒体。 (3)载体的依附性具有可存储、可传递、可转换特点。

信息技术基础的学案3.1

第三章信息的编程加工和智能化加工 第一节信息加工概述 制作人:马庆辉 学习目标: 1.了解信息加工的基本知识; 2.理解手工加工信息和计算机信息加工方式的异同; 3.理解计算机信息加工的三种形态的特征。 知识要点: 一、信息加工的过程和方式 1.信息加工的概念:信息加工是指通过判别、筛选、分类、排序、分析和 研究等一系列过程,使收集到的信息(原始信息)成为能够满足我们需要的信息。 2.信息加工的目的:发掘信息的价值、方便用户使用。 3.为什么要对收集到的信息(原始信息)进行加工呢? 信息加工是信息利用的基础,也是信息成为有用资源的重要条件:(1)在大量的原始信息中,不可避免的存在着一些假信息、伪信息,只有通过认真的筛选和判别,才能避免真假混杂; (2)我们收集来的信息是一种初始的、零乱的、孤立的信息,只有对这些信息进行分类和排序,才能有效的使用; (3)通过信息的加工,可以创造出新的信息,使信息具有更高的使用价值。 4.信息加工的一般过程: (1)记录信息; (2)加工信息; (3)发布信息; (4)存储信息。 5.信息加工方式的变化: (1)人工加工的方式 特点:所需工具较少,方法灵活,使用方便。 不足:有时不但繁琐、容易出错,而且费时不能满足现代生活的需要。

(2)计算机加工方式 二、计算机信息加工的过程和类型 1、计算机信息加工的一般过程 (1)根据信息类型和加工要求选择合适的计算机软件或者自编程序; (2)信息录入; (3)信息加工; (4)信息输出; (5)信息存储。 2、计算机信息加工的类型 利用计算机加工信息有三种形态 第一种是基于程序设计的自动化信息加工(信息的编程加工); 第二种是基于大众信息技术工具的人性化信息加工; 第三种是基于人工智能技术的智能化信息加工。 自我评价: 1.信息加工的一般过程:,,,。 2.计算机信息加工的一般过程:,,, ,。 3.利用计算机加工信息有三种形态:第一种, 第二种,第三种。 4.信息加工的目的:。 5.信息加工有以下几个环节:A. 加工信息、B.记录信息、C. 存储信息、D. 发布信息; 请你分析以下资料,指出各工作流程分别属于信息加工的哪一个环节。 2006年9月28日下午,我校举行了校教职工男女混合4*400接力赛,参加小组有:高一年级组、高二年级组、高三年级组。裁判员将各小组的比赛成绩记录于规定的参赛项目成绩记录表中,这是信息加工的_____环节;然后裁判员再对这些比赛成绩进行分析、排序等工作,排出名次,这又是信息加工的_____环节;裁判员将这比赛的结果抄了一份送到广播员处,广播员播出成绩,这属于信息加工的_____环节;另将各参赛小组比赛成绩的原材料整理成册送到体卫处存根,这又属于信息加工的_____环节。 6、信息加工是指通过判别、()、()、()、分析和研究等一系列过程,使收集到的信息成为能够满足我们需要的信息。 7、比较人工方式和计算机加工方式的异同。

蒙昧中的觉醒-教案

导入 播放视频歌曲《爱琴海》,并在大屏幕上展示图片:希腊宙斯神殿遗址,奥林匹亚遗址,宙斯、雅典娜、阿波罗的雕像。 这是一个美丽的地方,有着蔚蓝的天空,深蓝的海水,白色的小屋,这是一个神秘的地方,有许多美丽的神话,奥林匹克运动会在这里诞生,世界闻名的圣贤先哲就是生活在这片土地上,这里也是西方人文精神的源头。同学们说,这是哪啊?(希腊)好,今天就让我们一起学习下人文精神如何在古希腊滥觞。 首先请同学们阅读教材99页的导语回答下面的问题(屏幕显示问题) 1、什么是人文精神? 2、人文精神在西方经历了哪三次演进和变化? 3、人文精神的核心内涵是什么? 答:… 屏幕显示答案:1、人文精神是一种重视人与人性,肯定人的价值与尊严的思想意识, 2、人文精神的起源—BC5世纪智者运动,复兴--14至17世纪文艺复兴宗教改革,成熟—17、18世纪启蒙运动 3、核心内涵是人文主义 一、智者的启蒙 这种重视人、肯定人价值的人文精神起源于BC5世纪的智者运动,这在当时是一种创新与突破, 请同学们看下面的材料: 公元前8、9世纪的希腊神话时代,人们称宙斯是众神之王,人类之王,人们按神谕安排事情。 “万物皆源于水,又复归于水”——泰勒斯(公元前6世纪) 人是万物的尺度——公元前5世纪中叶——普罗塔戈拉(公元前5世纪) 我们能看出希腊人认识世界的角度发生了变化:神—自然—人,哲学家们放弃了对神、自然的探索,转而关心人类自身,这种反对旧的思想传统的运动就是智者运动。 通过阅读教材和屏幕上的打油诗,请同学们小组合作探讨以下问题:何为智者?智者运动的兴起背景?代表人物是谁?其思想主张是什么?有何历史影响? 我叫帕帕迪,雅典一公民,经商和参政,生活乐无比。 我的葡萄园,葡萄大又甜,酿成葡萄酒,卖了好价钱。

高中数学平面解析几何知识点

平面解析几何 1.直线的倾斜角与斜率: (1)直线的倾斜角:在平面直角坐标系中,对于一条与x 轴相交的直线,如果把x 轴绕着交点按逆时针 方向旋转到和直线重合时所转的最小正角记为α叫做直线的倾斜角. 倾斜角)180,0[?∈α,?=90α斜率不存在. (2)直线的斜率:αtan ),(211 212=≠--=k x x x x y y k .(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ). 2.直线方程的五种形式: (1)点斜式:)(11x x k y y -=- (直线l 过点),(111y x P ,且斜率为k ). 注:当直线斜率不存在时,不能用点斜式表示,此时方程为0x x =. (2)斜截式:b kx y += (b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式:1 21121x x x x y y y y --=-- (12y y ≠,12x x ≠). 注:① 不能表示与x 轴和y 轴垂直的直线; ② 方程形式为:0))(())((112112=-----x x y y y y x x 时,方程可以表示任意直线. (4)截距式:1=+b y a x (b a ,分别为x 轴y 轴上的截距,且0,0≠≠b a ). 注:不能表示与x 轴垂直的直线,也不能表示与y 轴垂直的直线,特别是不能表示过原点的直线. (5)一般式:0=++C By Ax (其中A 、B 不同时为0). 一般式化为斜截式:B C x B A y -- =,即,直线的斜率:B A k -=. 注:(1)已知直线纵截距b ,常设其方程为y kx b =+或0x =. 已知直线横截距0x ,常设其方程为0x my x =+(直线斜率k 存在时,m 为k 的倒数)或0y =. 已知直线过点00(,)x y ,常设其方程为00()y k x x y =-+或0x x =. (2)解析几何中研究两条直线位置关系时,两条直线有可能重合;立体几何中两条直线一般不重合. 3.直线在坐标轴上的截矩可正,可负,也可为0. (1)直线在两坐标轴上的截距相等....?直线的斜率为1-或直线过原点. (2)直线两截距互为相反数.......?直线的斜率为1或直线过原点. (3)直线两截距绝对值相等.......?直线的斜率为1±或直线过原点. 4.两条直线的平行和垂直: (1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+ ① 212121,//b b k k l l ≠=?; ② 12121l l k k ⊥?=-. (2)若0:1111=++C y B x A l ,0:2222=++C y B x A l ,有 ① 1221122121//C A C A B A B A l l ≠=?且.② 0212121=+?⊥B B A A l l . 5.平面两点距离公式: (111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ),22122121)()(y y x x P P -+-=.x 轴上两点间距离:A B x x AB -=. 线段21P P 的中点是),(00y x M ,则??? ????+=+=2221 0210y y y x x x .

人民版高中历史必修三6.1《蒙昧中的觉醒》教案完美版

专题六西方人文主义的起源与发展 一蒙昧中的觉醒 名师说课 本课课标 本课的课标要求是了解西方人文主义的起源,重点了解古代希腊智者学派和苏格拉底等人对人的价值的阐述,理解人精神的内涵。 通过学习,了解人文主义起源的重要原因,了解古代希腊智学派和苏格拉底等人对人的价值的阐述,理解人文精神的内涵。着重理解“人是万物的尺度”这一命题,提高辩证思考问题的能力。 在教学过程中,教师要在课前组织学生通过多种途径、网上资源等感受西方古典时期伟大哲人的丰富思想。课堂上通过创设问题情景,体会人文主义内涵,追溯其产生的历史背景,并合理评价其历史和现实意义。课后还可以依学生的兴趣程度和疑点继续探讨。在“一标多版”状况下,教学时可参照其他版本对此专题的论述及其采用的史料;人民版中与其他相关专题的联系(如必修一的第六、七专题,必修二的第五专题,必修三的第一、七专题等)。 本课地位 作为衡量文明程度重要指标并对社会发展起着独到作用人文精神,在西方历史上可谓源远流长,它是伴随着西方思想上的三次大的思想解放运动从而经历了由产生、复兴再到成的发展过程。西方的人文精神是西方文明的一个组成部分,全球化的今天,它应该成为我们汲取其他优秀文化营养的重来源。毛泽东就一贯主张学习西方文明,他说:“古为今用,洋中用。”他曾明确地指出:“我们决不可拒绝继承和借鉴古人和国人,哪怕是封建阶级和资产阶级的东西”,并特别强调:“还外国的古典文化,例如各资本主义国家启蒙时代的文化,凡属我们今天用得着的东西,都应该吸收。”显然,这里所指的启蒙时的文化,主要指的就是西方的人文精神。邓小平也指出:“社会主义要赢得与资本主义相比较的优势,就必须大胆吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果。”这些经典论述,成为我们积极汲取西方文化的精华、借鉴西方的人文精神以加速社会主义文明建设的指导思想。 教学目标

平面解析几何知识点归纳

平面解析几何知识点归纳 ◆知识点归纳 直线与方程 1.直线的倾斜角 规定:当直线l 与x 轴平行或重合时,它的倾斜角为0 范围:直线的倾斜角α的取值范围为),0[π 2.斜率:)2 (tan π α≠ =a k ,R k ∈ 斜率公式:经过两点),(111y x P ,),(222y x P )(21x x ≠的直线的斜率公式为1 21 22 1x x y y k P P --= 3.直线方程的几种形式

能力提升 斜率应用 例1.已知函数)1(log )(2+=x x f 且0>>>c b a ,则c c f b b f a a f ) (, )(,)(的大小关系 例2.已知实数y x ,满足)11(222 ≤≤-+-=x x x y ,试求 2 3 ++x y 的最大值和最小值 两直线位置关系 两条直线的位置关系 设两直线的方程分别为: 222111:b x k y l +=或0 :22221111=++C y B x A l ;当21k k ≠或1221B A B A ≠时它们 相交,交点坐标为方程组?? ?+=+=2211b x k y b x k y 或???=++=++00 222 111C y B x A C y B x A

直线间的夹角: ①若θ为1l 到2l 的角,12121tan k k k k +-= θ或2 1211 221tan B B A A B A B A +-=θ; ②若θ为1l 和2l 的夹角,则12121tan k k k k +-= θ或2 1211 221tan B B A A B A B A +-=θ; ③当0121=+k k 或02121=+B B A A 时,o 90=θ;直线1l 到2l 的角θ与1l 和2l 的夹角α:) 2 (π θθα≤ =或 )2 (π θθπα>-=; 距离问题 1.平面上两点间的距离公式),(),,(222111y x P y x P 则 )()(121221y y x x P P -+-= 2.点到直线距离公式 点),(00y x P 到直线0:=++C By Ax l 的距离为:2 2 00B A C By Ax d +++= 3.两平行线间的距离公式 已知两条平行线直线1l 和2l 的一般式方程为1l :01=++C By Ax , 2l :02=++C By Ax ,则1l 与2l 的距离为2 2 21B A C C d +-= 4.直线系方程:若两条直线1l :0111=++C y B x A ,2l :0222=++C y B x A 有交点,则过1l 与2l 交点的直线系方程为)(111C y B x A +++0)(222=++C y B x A λ或 )(222C y B x A +++0)(111=++C y B x A λ (λ为常数) 对称问题 1.中点坐标公式:已知点),(),,(2 211y x B y x A ,则B A ,中点),(y x H 的坐标公式为??? ???? +=+=222121y y y x x x 点),(00y x P 关于),(b a A 的对称点为)2,2(00y b x a Q --,直线关于点对称问题可以化为点关于点对称问

信息技术基础的学案7.1

7.1信息资源管理概述 制作人:马庆辉 审核人:高峰 【学习目标】 1. 了解信息资源管理的一般过程,理解信息资源管理活动的普遍性及其重要意义 2. 依据一定的标准对信息进行分类 3. 了解信息资源管理的标准化思想 【知识框架】 管理对象:信息活动中的各种要素(包括信息、人员、设备、资金等) 管理内容:对信息资源进行组织、控制、加工、协调 管理目的:有效的满足社会的各种信息需求 管理手段:借助现代信息技术以实现信息资源的最佳配置 二、信息资源管理过程 各种信息资源管理活动都是按照一定的方法和程序进行的:从具体需要出发,对信息资源按照一定的方法分类、组织和存储,继而提供方便的信息服务,与此同时还要不断进行更新与维护。 图书馆的工作流程,一般可以分为:采-分-编-藏-用-剔等几个阶段: 1.采,就是采购。 2.分,就是分类 3.编,就是编目。 4.藏,就是图书的上架管理。 身边的信息资源管理 信息资源管理过程 信息资源的分类组织 信息资源管理中的标准化思想和意义 信 息 资源 管理 概述 【知识要点】 一、 概念介绍 信息资源: 狭义来说,把信息资源等同于知识、资料和消息,即只指信息内容,指导信息本身或信息的集合。广义来说,信息资源是人类社会信息活动中积累起来的信息、信息生产者、信息技术等信息活动要素的集合。本章所述的“信息资源”,指我们在工作学习生活中积累的有具体载体存储的信息,包括文本、图象、音频、视频、动画等多种媒体表现印刷品、计算机文件、光盘产品、或者仅仅是其中的包含有相对完整内容的某个片段而已,也可以是数据库中特定结构的广义数据。 信息资源管理(IRM ):一方面是人类在漫长的发展历程中,对文献、知识和信息管理的延伸和拓展,另一方面则是在社会经济高度发展、信息已成为重要的经济资源这个背景下所发展起来的信息管理思想和管理模式。

蒙昧中的觉醒习题

1.柏拉图说“人是一种文明的动物,然而他需要适当的教育,或教育的不好,他就是最野蛮的动物”“每个人必须在国家里执行一种最适合他天性的职务”。据此你认为柏拉图①肯定、重视人的价值②赞同雅典直接民主制度③鼓励人们独立理性思考④重视教育,以挽救颓废的城邦制度 A.①③B.②④C.①③④D.①②③④ 2.智者学派指出:法律、正义只是人所约定的习俗。为了避免互相伤害,人们相互约定不伤害别人,这是政府创立的基础。正义的本质和起源在于人们实践了先前的约定。该观点被称之为“人类最早的社会契约论”。对此理解正确的是 A.智者学派重视永恒的正义B.智者学派重视法律的作用 C.启蒙运动萌发于古代希腊D.遵循人性是法律制定的依据 答案: 3.古希腊哲学家安提丰(公元前426年一公元前373年)说:“因为法律的规定是任意的(人为的),而自然的指示则是必然的。此外,法律的规定是人们约定的结果,并非产生于自身(自然的产物);而自然的指示则与生俱来(源于自身),并非人们之间约定的产物”。在他看来A.人应该无条件服从法律确B.法律制度与人性相违背 C.法律制度源于人的契约D.所有人都应当是平等的 4.以下是某一学派对法律本质的论述:“法律是人为的产物,具有多样性和变化性,不同的法律只不过是不同利益的体现,政府制定法律的目的就是为了保护它的利益,法律不可能为公道、正义等价值准则提供根据,因此法律对人的约束力也就是有限的。”这一学派是A.智者学派B.苏格拉底学派C.启蒙思想家D.自然哲学家 5.苏格拉底开创了哲学研究的新方向,指的是他() A.把研究对象从社会转向自然B.重视对人性本身的研究 C.重视对自然界的探讨D.反对迷信,强调自由 6.“古代世界的三个相隔很远的地区,在大约同一时候都开展着高度的哲学活动。当希腊人正在探讨物质世界的性质、印度思想家正在思考灵魂和神的关系时,中国的圣人正试图去发现人类社会和贤明政治的根本原则。”古代希腊和中国的哲学思想相通的是 A.以人为本,关注社会B.反对迷信,蔑视神权 C.民主权利,渊远流长D.思想一统,法律至上 7.某天上学路上下雨了,同学甲说:“今天真倒霉,偏偏这时候下雨!”同学乙说:“太好了,今天不会热了!”他们看法的差异与下列谁的观点相类似 A.亚里士多德B.普罗泰格拉 C.苏格拉底D.柏拉图 8.孔子说:“智者不惑,仁者不扰,勇者不惧。”把智仁勇这三种品质称为“君子道者三”。苏格拉底提出“知识即美德”。这说明二者都 A. 强调教化人民,改善人的灵魂 B. 希望建立一种平民政治 C. 主张通过对人的道德改造维护等级秩序 D. 主张道德行为必须以知识为基础 9.古希腊智者学派的出现,表明人类第一次意识到自己是自身所属社会的审判者,人有资格、有力量,也有权利重新规范自己的生活,这是原始宗教和自然统治之下人类自我意识的一次觉醒,是西方人文精神的起源,这种理论是: A.万物皆由水而生B.吾尤爱真理 C.人是万物的尺度D.知识即美德 10.善是人的内在灵魂,世界上没有人自愿作恶,人之所以作恶,做不正义的事是出于无知。这是古希腊一位哲人强调知识对人的道德的作用,这位哲人是() A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图

高中《信息技术基础》必修全套教案

信息必修(一) 课题:信息及其特征《信息技术基础》第一章第一节 课时:1课时 教学分析: 1、教学内容分析:“信息及其特征”是教育科学出版社的高一《信息技术基础》第一章第一节的内容。由于这个内容理论性较强,如果只是由教师来讲,学生可能会觉得枯燥,所以我准备在教师的引导下,举出现象,让学生进行探讨,然后归纳获得知识。有不足之处由教师或学生来补充。这样能让学生积极参与,活跃课堂气氛,既让学生学到知识,又培养了学生将学习与生活联系的习惯和自主学习的习惯。 2、学情分析:知识的获取者是刚刚升入高中的学生,按照人的成长认知规律,学生对知识的获取开始由感性认识提升到理性认识。对于“信息”这一事物的认识,可以让他们从大量存在的现象中,发现并归纳出他们应该获得的知识。老师在此过程中起着引导的作用。 教学目标: 1、知识、技能:能列举身边的各种信息,感受信息的丰富性;能列举说明信息的一般特征,对信息有较全面的认识。 2、过程、方法目标:培养学生从日常生活、学习中发现或归纳出新知识的能力。 3、情感态度与价值观目标:让学生理解信息技术对日常生活和学习的重要作用,激发对信息技术强烈的求知欲,养成积极主动地学习和使用信息技术、参与信息活动的态度。 教学重点与难点:信息与人类的关系;信息特征的认识。 教学过程: 一、教学导入:亲历感官剥夺——你能坚持多久? [游戏] 请几位同学和老师做实验。等学生上来以后,让他面向墙壁静止等我的指令才能回头和说话。让其他同学保持安静并出示一张纸板,上面写着:请大家保持安静,看看他能坚持多久? [提问]:为什么有的同学只能坚持几十秒钟,而有的同学坚持的时间稍长? [学生]:因为他耐力不行 [学生]:因为被孤立,无法得到信息 [总结]:由此可见,信息是人类生存的基本条件,今天我们来学习《信息技术这门课程》 二、丰富多彩的信息 观察下图,你能获得什么信息? [学生讨论]:2008年奥运会在北京举行;运动员比赛场景;奥林匹克运动会徽标;2008年奥运会口号。 [小结]:其实信息在我们日常生活周围无时不在,无处不有的。 信息的概念:信息是事物的运动状态及其状态变化的方式

重庆市开县中学高中历史 61蒙昧中的觉醒学案 人民版必修3(1)

导读—训练评价单——6.1蒙昧中的觉醒 【课标要求】了解古代希腊智者学派和苏格拉底等人对人的价值的阐述; 理解人文精神的内涵。 【基础构建】 一、智者的启蒙——“人是万物的尺度” (一)智者运动的兴起 1.产生时间:公元前。 经济:古希腊发展; 2.背景政治:希腊的提高。 思想:希腊的成长、解决的需要。 3.性质:是一场反对的运动。 4.探讨问题:探讨与密切相关的问题。 (二)智者及其言论特点 1.智者含义:教授和的教师。 2.言论特点:⑴言论从和出发,倾向于 和。 ⑵注重。 ⑶怀疑,否认。 (三)代表人物及其思想观点 1.代表人物:。 ⑴思想核心: ⑵评价:西方的先驱。 ⑶作用:启蒙作用 积极——把人置于世界和社会的中心;是人类的第一次觉醒; (四)评价它是西方人文精神的滥觞; 也是西方第一次思想解放运动。 局限性——过分强调个人的感觉,否定了客观真理,倾向于相对主义和主观主 义。 探究一: 为什么说希腊先哲的思想是西方人文精神的滥觞? 二、苏格拉底的智慧——“认识你自己”“美德即知识” 1.研究范围:。 2.重要主张:⑴反对智者、(与智者学派不同)。 ⑵强调人类的,否定(与智者学派相同)。 ⑶“ ”。(在哲学上重大贡献是第一次在哲学意义上发现“自我”) ⑷“ ”。 3.被判死刑:既遵守了城邦的法律,又捍卫了思想自由和人格的尊严。 4.评价:⑴马克思:“ ”,“ ”的化身。 ⑵德菲尔神谕:他是的人。 ⑶启蒙思想家:把他视为。

5.意义:苏格拉底开创了希腊哲学的新方向,使哲学真正成为一门研究“人”的学问,他的思想对后世西方哲学产生了深远影响。 认识1:“认识你自己”就是认识做人的道理,是苏格拉底对人的价值的思考,体现了对理性的尊崇、对思想自由的追求和道德的重视,丰富了人文主义的内涵。 认识2:“美德即知识”是苏格拉底对道德问题的思考,体现反对智者忽视道德,追求功利的主张。 探究二: 苏格拉底的思想与智者学派有哪些异同? 三、斯多亚学派的“人生而平等” 1.产生时间:公元前末至公元前初。 2.创始人:(因他在斯多亚画廊讲学而被称为斯多亚学派) 3.代表人物:芝诺、等 4.逻各斯思想:逻各斯即。人人与生俱来带有理性,所以得出的结论。 5.历史意义:第一次论证、西方人文主义的核心理论。 四归纳总结 【自主训练】 1.“热爱生命是幸福之本;同情生命是道德之本;敬畏生命是信仰之本。”人文精神强调人的价值要受到尊重即敬畏生命、尊重生命。下列观点与此相符的是() A.“人是会说话的工具” B.“存天理,灭人欲” C.“人是万物的尺度” D.“信奉圣经,献身上帝” 2.古希腊的圣贤先哲从客观实际出发,俯察人生,对人的价值提出了许多闪耀着人文主义光芒的阐述。其中苏格拉底的主要观点是() A.“自由是天赐的”B.“人是万物的尺度”

平面解析几何(圆的方程)

平面解析几何——圆的方程 圆的定义与方程 定义平面内到定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹叫做圆 方程标准(x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2(r>0) 圆心(a,b) 半径为r 一般x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0 充要条件:D2+E2-4F>0 圆心坐标:(- D 2,- E 2) 半径r= 1 2D 2+E2-4F 【知识拓展】 1.确定圆的方程的方法和步骤 确定圆的方程主要方法是待定系数法,大致步骤为 (1)根据题意,选择标准方程或一般方程; (2)根据条件列出关于a,b,r或D、E、F的方程组; (3)解出a、b、r或D、E、F代入标准方程或一般方程.2.点与圆的位置关系 点和圆的位置关系有三种. 圆的标准方程(x-a)2+(y-b)2=r2,点M(x0,y0) (1)点在圆上:(x0-a)2+(y0-b)2=r2; (2)点在圆外:(x0-a)2+(y0-b)2>r2; (3)点在圆内:(x0-a)2+(y0-b)20.(√) (4)方程x2+2ax+y2=0一定表示圆.(×) (5)若点M(x0,y0)在圆x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0外,则x20+y20+Dx0+Ey0+F>0.(√) 1.(教材改编)将圆x2+y2-2x-4y+1=0平分的直线是() A.x+y-1=0 B.x+y+3=0

相关主题