供应链管理 第三版 Unit7 习题与答案
Chapter 7
Demand Forecasting in a Supply Chain
True/False
1. The forecast of demand forms the basis for all strategic and planning decisions in
a supply chain.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
2. Throughout the supply chain, all pull processes are performed in anticipation of
customer demand, whereas all push processes are performed in response to
customer demand.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
3. For pull processes, a manager must forecast what customer demand will be in
order to plan the level of available capacity and inventory.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
4. For push processes, a manager must forecast what customer demand will be in
order to plan the level of available capacity and inventory.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Hard
The resulting forecast accuracy enables supply chains to be both more
responsive and more efficient in serving their customers.
5. The result when each stage in the supply chain makes its own separate forecast
is often a match between supply and demand, because these forecasts are often very different.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
6. When all stages of a supply chain produce a collaborative forecast, it tends to be
much more accurate.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
7. Leaders in many supply chains have started moving toward collaborative
forecasting to improve their ability to match supply and demand.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
8. Mature products with stable demand are usually the most difficult to forecast.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
9. Forecasting and the accompanying managerial decisions are extremely difficult
when either the supply of raw materials or the demand for the finished product is highly variable.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
10. Forecasts are always right.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
11. Forecasts should include both the expected value of the forecast and a measure
of forecast error.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
12. Long-term forecasts are usually more accurate than short-term forecasts.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
13. Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts, as
they tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to the mean.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
14. In general, the further up the supply chain a company is (or the further they are
from the consumer), the smaller the distortion of information they receive.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
15. Collaborative forecasting based on sales to the end customer can help
enterprises further up the supply chain reduce forecast error.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
16. Qualitative forecasting methods are most appropriate when there is good
historical data available or when experts do not have market intelligence that is
critical in making the forecast.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
17. Time series forecasting methods are based on the assumption that past demand
history is a good indicator of future demand.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
18. Time series forecasting methods are the most difficult methods to implement.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
19. Causal forecasting methods find a correlation between demand and
environmental factors and use estimates of what environmental factors will be to forecast future demand.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
20. Simulation forecasting methods imitate the consumer choices that give rise to
demand to arrive at a forecast.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
21. The objective of forecasting is to filter out the random component (noise) and
estimate the systematic component.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
22. The forecast error measures the difference between the forecast and the
estimate.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
23. The goal of any forecasting method is to predict the systematic component of
demand and estimate the random component.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
24. A static method of forecasting assumes that the estimates of level, trend, and
seasonality within the systematic component vary as new demand is observed.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
25. In adaptive forecasting, the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality are updated
after each demand observation.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Moderate
26. The moving average forecast method is used when demand has an observable
trend or seasonality.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Moderate
Multiple Choice
1. The basis for all strategic and planning decisions in a supply chain comes from
a. the forecast of demand.
b. sales targets.
c. profitability projections.
d. production efficiency goals.
e. all of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
2. For push processes, a manager must forecast what customer demand will be in
order to
a. plan the service level.
b. plan the level of available capacity and inventory.
c. plan the level of productivity.
d. plan the level of production.
e. none of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
3. For pull processes, a manager must forecast what customer demand will be in
order to
a. plan the service level.
b. plan the level of available capacity and inventory.
c. plan the level of productivity.
d. plan the level of production.
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
4. The result of each stage in the supply chain making its own separate forecast is
a. an accurate forecast.
b. a more accurate forecast.
c. a match between supply and deman
d.
d. a mismatch between supply and demand.
e. none of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
5. When all stages of a supply chain produce a collaborative forecast, it tends to be
a. much more detailed.
b. much more complex.
c. much more accurate.
d. much more flexibl
e.
e. all of the above
Answer: c
Difficulty: Moderate
6. The resulting accuracy of a collaborative forecast enables supply chains to be
a. more responsive but less efficient in serving their customers.
b. both more responsive and more efficient in serving their customers.
c. less responsive but less efficient in serving their customers.
d. both less responsive and less efficient in serving their customers.
e. None of the above are true.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
7. Leaders in many supply chains have started moving
a. toward independent forecasting to improve their ability to match supply
and demand.
b. toward consecutive forecasting to improve their ability to match supply
and demand.
c. toward sequential forecasting to improve their ability to match supply and
demand.
d. toward collaborative forecasting to improve their ability to match supply
and demand.
e. None of the above are true.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
8. Production can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning
a. scheduling.
b. sales-force allocation.
c. promotions.
d. new product introduction.
e. budgetary planning.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
9. Marketing can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning
a. scheduling.
b. promotions.
c. inventory control.
d. aggregate planning.
e. purchasing.
Answer: b
Difficulty: easy
10. Finance can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning
a. scheduling.
b. promotions.
c. plant/equipment investment.
d. aggregate planning.
e. purchasing.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
11. Personnel can utilize forecasts to make decisions concerning
a. scheduling.
b. promotions.
c. plant/equipment investment.
d. workforce planning.
e. purchasing.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
12. Mature products with stable demand
a. are usually easiest to forecast.
b. are usually hardest to forecast.
c. cannot be forecast.
d. do not need to be forecast.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
13. When either the supply of raw materials or the demand for the finished product is
highly variable, forecasting and the accompanying managerial decisions
a. are extremely simple.
b. are relatively straightforward.
c. are extremely difficult.
d. should not be attempted.
e. none of the above
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
14. One of the characteristics of forecasts is
a. forecasts are always right.
b. forecasts are always wrong.
c. short-term forecasts are usually less accurate than long-term forecasts.
d. long-term forecasts are usually more accurate than short-term forecasts.
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
15. One of the characteristics of forecasts is
a. aggregate forecasts are usually less accurate than disaggregate forecasts.
b. disaggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than aggregate forecasts.
c. short-term forecasts are usually less accurate than long-term forecasts.
d. long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short-term forecasts.
e. none of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
16. One of the characteristics of forecasts is
a. aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts.
b. disaggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than aggregate forecasts.
c. short-term forecasts are usually less accurate than long-term forecasts.
d. long-term forecasts are usually more accurate than short-term forecasts.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
17. Forecasts are always wrong and therefore
a. should include both the expected value of the forecast and a measure of
forecast error.
b. should not include both the expected value of the forecast and a measure
of forecast error.
c. should only be used when there are no accurate estimates.
d. should be missing the expected value of the forecast and a measure of
forecast error.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
18. Long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short-term forecasts because
a. short-term forecasts have a larger standard deviation of error relative to
the mean than long-term forecasts.
b. short-term forecasts have more standard deviation of error relative to the
mean than long-term forecasts.
c. long-term forecasts have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to
the mean than short-term forecasts.
d. long-term forecasts have a larger standard deviation of error relative to
the mean than short-term forecasts.
e. none of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
19. Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts
because
a. aggregate forecasts tend to have a larger standard deviation of error
relative to the mean.
b. aggregate forecasts tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error
relative to the mean.
c. disaggregate forecasts tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error
relative to the mean.
d. disaggregate forecasts tend to have less standard deviation of error
relative to the mean.
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
20. In general, the further up the supply chain a company is (or the further they are
from the consumer),
a. the greater the distortion of information they receive.
b. the smaller the distortion of information they receive.
c. the information they receive is more accurate.
d. the information they receive is more useful.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
21. Which of the following is not a forecasting method?
a. qualitative
b. time series
c. causal
d. simulation
e. All of the above are forecasting methods.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Moderate
22. Forecasting methods that are primarily subjective and rely on human judgment
are known as
a. qualitative forecasting methods.
b. time series forecasting methods.
c. causal forecasting methods.
d. simulation forecasting methods.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
23. Forecasting methods that use historical demand to make a forecast are known
as
a. qualitative forecasting methods.
b. time series forecasting methods.
c. causal forecasting methods.
d. simulation forecasting methods.
e. none of the above.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
24. Forecasting methods that assume that the demand forecast is highly correlated
with certain factors in the environment (e.g., the state of the economy, interest
rates, etc.) to make a forecast are known as
a. qualitative forecasting methods.
b. time series forecasting methods.
c. causal forecasting methods.
d. simulation forecasting methods.
e. none of the above
Answer: c
Difficulty: Moderate
25. Forecasting methods that imitate the consumer choices that give rise to demand
to arrive at a forecast are known as
a. qualitative forecasting methods.
b. time series forecasting methods.
c. causal forecasting methods.
d. simulation forecasting methods.
e. none of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
26. Qualitative forecasting methods are most appropriate when
a. there is good historical data available.
b. there is little historical data available.
c. experts do not have critical market intelligence.
d. forecasting demand into the near futur
e.
e. trying to achieve a high level of detail.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
27. Time series forecasting methods are most appropriate when
a. there is little historical data available.
b. the basic demand pattern varies significantly from one year to the next.
c. the basic demand pattern does not vary significantly from one year to the
next.
d. experts have critical market intelligenc
e.
e. forecasting demand several years into the future.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
28. Which forecasting methods are the simplest to implement and can serve as a
good starting point for a demand forecast?
a. qualitative forecasting methods
b. time series forecasting methods
c. causal forecasting methods
d. simulation forecasting methods
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
29. Which of the following is correct?
a. Observed demand (O) = Level component (L) + Random component (R)
b. Observed demand (O) = Seasonal component (S) + Random component
(R)
c. Observed demand (O) = Systematic component (S) + Trend component
(T)
d. Observed demand (O) = Systematic component (S) + Random
component (R)
e. Observed demand (O) = Trend component (T) + Random component (R)
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
30. Which of the following is not a step to help an organization perform effective
forecasting?
a. Understand the objective of forecasting.
b. Integrate demand planning and forecasting throughout the supply chain.
c. Understand and identify customer segments.
d. Identify and understand supplier requirements.
e. Determine the appropriate forecasting technique.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
31. The goal of any forecasting method is to
a. predict the random component of demand and estimate the systematic
component.
b. predict the systematic component of demand and estimate the random
component.
c. predict the seasonal component of demand and estimate the random
component.
d. predict the random component of demand and estimate the seasonal
component.
e. predict the trend component of demand and estimate the random
component.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
32. The multiplicative form of the systematic component of demand is shown as
a. level × trend × seasonal factor.
b. level + trend + seasonal factor.
c. (level + trend) × seasonal factor.
d. level × (trend + seasonal factor).
e. (level × trend) + seasonal factor.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
33. The additive form of the systematic component of demand is shown as
a. level × trend × seasonal factor.
b. level + trend + seasonal factor.
c. (level + trend) × seasonal factor.
d. level × (trend + seasonal factor).
e. (level × trend) + seasonal factor.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
34. The mixed form of the systematic component of demand is shown as
a. level × trend × seasonal factor.
b. level + trend + seasonal factor.
c. (level + trend) × seasonal factor.
d. level × (trend + seasonal factor).
e. (level × trend) + seasonal factor.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
35. Which of the following is not a necessary step to estimate the three parameters—
level, trend, and seasonal factors of the systematic component of demand?
a. Deseasonalize demand and run linear regression to estimate level and
trend.
b. Estimate seasonal factors.
c. Remove the trend factor of demand and run linear regression to estimate
seasonal factors.
d. All of the above are steps.
e. None of the above are steps.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Moderate
36. A static method of forecasting
a. assumes that the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality within the
systematic component do not vary as new demand is observed.
b. assumes that the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality within the
systematic component vary as new demand is observed.
c. the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality are updated after each
demand observation.
d. All of the above are tru
e.
e. None of the above are true.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
37. In adaptive forecasting
a. there is an assumption that the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality
within the systematic component do not vary as new demand is observed.
b. the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality within the systematic
component are not adjusted as new demand is observed.
c. the estimates of level, trend, and seasonality are updated after each demand
observation.
d. All of the above are tru
e.
e. None of the above are true.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
38. The moving average forecast method is used when
a. demand has observable trend or seasonality.
b. demand has no observable trend or seasonality.
c. demand has observable trend and seasonality.
d. demand has no observable level or seasonality.
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
39. The simple exponential smoothing forecast method is appropriate when
a. demand has observable trend or seasonality.
b. demand has no observable trend or seasonality.
c. demand has observable trend and seasonality.
d. demand has no observable level or seasonality.
e. none of the above
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
40. The trend corrected exponential smoothing (Holt’s Model) forecast method is
appropriate when
a. demand has observable trend or seasonality.
b. demand has no observable trend or seasonality.
c. demand has observable trend but no seasonality.
d. demand has no observable level or seasonality.
e. none of the above
Answer: c
Difficulty: Moderate
41. The tr end and seasonality corrected exponential smoothing (Winter’s Model)
forecast method is appropriate when
a. demand has observable trend, level, and seasonality.
b. demand has no observable trend or seasonality.
c. demand has observable trend but no seasonality.
d. demand has no observable level or seasonality.
e. none of the above
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
42. Managers perform a thorough error analysis on a forecast for which of the
following key reasons?
a. To establish a closely linked systematic forecasting method to accurately
predict the level season component of demand.
b. To determine whether the current forecasting method is accurately
predicting the systematic component of demand.
c. In order to develop contingency plans that account for forecast error.
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
Answer: e
Difficulty: Moderate
43. The measure of forecast error where the amount of error of each forecast is
squared and then an average is calculated is
a. mean squared error (MSE).
b. mean absolute deviation (MAD).
c. mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
d. bias.
e. the tracking signal.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Moderate
44. The measure of forecast error where the absolute amount of error of each
forecast is averaged is
a. mean squared error (MSE).
b. mean absolute deviation (MAD).
c. mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
d. bias.
e. the tracking signal.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Moderate
45. The measure of forecast error where the average absolute error of each forecast
is shown as a percentage of demand is
a. mean squared error (MSE).
b. mean absolute deviation (MAD).
c. mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
d. bias.
e. the tracking signal.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
46. The measure of whether a forecast method consistently over- or underestimates
demand is
a. mean squared error (MSE).
b. mean absolute deviation (MAD).
c. mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
d. bias.
e. the tracking signal.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Moderate
47. The measure of how significantly a forecast method consistently over- or
underestimates demand is
a. mean squared error (MSE).
b. mean absolute deviation (MAD).
c. mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).
d. bias.
e. the tracking signal.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
Essay/Problems
1. Explain the role of forecasting in a supply chain.
Answer: The forecast of demand forms the basis for all strategic and planning
decisions in a supply chain. Throughout the supply chain, all push processes are performed in anticipation of customer demand, whereas all pull processes are
performed in response to customer demand. For push processes, a manager
must plan the level of production. For pull processes, a manager must plan the
level of available capacity and inventory. In both instances, the first step a
manager must take is to forecast what customer demand will be. When each
stage in the supply chain makes its own separate forecast, these forecasts are
often very different. The result is a mismatch between supply and demand. When all stages of a supply chain produce a collaborative forecast, it tends to be much
more accurate. The resulting forecast accuracy enables supply chains to be both more responsive and more efficient in serving their customers. Leaders in many
supply chains, from PC manufacturers to packaged goods retailers, have started moving toward collaborative forecasting to improve their ability to match supply
and demand.
Difficulty: Moderate
2. Describe the basic characteristics of forecasts that managers should be aware of.
Answer: Companies and supply chain managers should be aware of the
following characteristics of forecasts:
1. Forecasts are always wrong and should thus include both the expected value
of the forecast and a measure of forecast error. Thus, the forecast error (or
demand uncertainty) must be a key input into most supply chain decisions. An
estimation of demand uncertainty is unfortunately often missing from forecasts,
resulting in estimates that vary widely among different stages of a supply chain
that is not forecasting collaboratively.
2. Long-term forecasts are usually less accurate than short-term forecasts; that is,
long-term forecasts have a larger standard deviation of error relative to the mean than short-term forecasts.
3. Aggregate forecasts are usually more accurate than disaggregate forecasts,
as they tend to have a smaller standard deviation of error relative to the mean.
The greater the degree of aggregation, the more accurate the forecast.
4. In general, the further up the supply chain a company is (or the further they are
from the consumer), the greater the distortion of information they receive. One
classic example of this is the bullwhip effect, where order variation is amplified as orders move further from the end customer. As a result, the further up the supply chain an enterprise exists, the higher the forecast error. Collaborative forecasting based on sales to the end customer can help enterprises further up the supply
chain reduce forecast error.
Difficulty: Moderate
3. Explain the four types of forecasting methods.
Answer: Forecasting methods are classified according to the following four types:
1. Qualitative: Qualitative forecasting methods are primarily subjective and rely
on human judgment. They are most appropriate when there is little historical data available or when experts have market intelligence that is critical in making the
forecast. Such methods may be necessary to forecast demand several years into the future in a new industry.
2. Time series: Time series forecasting methods use historical demand to make a
forecast. They are based on the assumption that past demand history is a good
indicator of future demand. These methods are most appropriate when the basic
demand pattern does not vary significantly from one year to the next. These are
the simplest methods to implement and can serve as a good starting point for a
demand forecast.
3. Causal: Causal forecasting methods assume that the demand forecast is
highly correlated with certain factors in the environment (e.g., the state of the
economy, interest rates, etc.). Causal forecasting methods find this correlation
between demand and environmental factors and use estimates of what
environmental factors will be to forecast future demand.
4. Simulation: Simulation forecasting methods imitate the consumer choices that
give rise to demand to arrive at a forecast. Using simulation, a firm can combine
time series and causal methods to answer such questions as: What will the
impact of a price promotion be? What will the impact be of a competitor opening
a store nearby?
Difficulty: Moderate
4. Explain the basic, six-step approach to help an organization perform effective
forecasting.
Answer: The following basic, six-step approach helps an organization perform effective forecasting:
1. Understand the objective of forecasting. The objective of every forecast is to support decisions that are based on the forecast, so an important first step is to clearly identify these decisions. Examples of such decisions include how much of a particular product to make, how much to inventory, and how much to order. All parties affected by a supply chain decision should be aware of the link between the decision and the forecast. Failure to make these decisions jointly may result
in either too much or too little product in various stages of the supply chain.
2. Integrate demand planning and forecasting throughout the supply chain. A company should link its forecast to all planning activities throughout the supply chain. These include capacity planning, production planning, promotion planning, and purchasing, among others. This link should exist at both the information system and the human resource management level. As a variety of functions are affected by the outcomes of the planning process, it is important that all of them are integrated into the forecasting process. To accomplish this integration, it is a good idea for a firm to have a cross-functional team, with members from each affected function responsible for forecasting demand—and an even better idea to have members of different companies in the supply chain working together to create a forecast.
3. Understand and identify customer segments. Here a firm must identify the customer segments the supply chain serves. Customers may be grouped by similarities in service requirements, demand volumes, order frequency, demand volatility, seasonality, and so forth. In general, companies may use different forecasting methods for different segments. A clear understanding of the customer segments facilitates an accurate and simplified approach to forecasting.
4. Identify the major factors that influence the demand forecast. A proper analysis of these factors is central to developing an appropriate forecasting technique. The main factors influencing forecasts are demand, supply, and product-related phenomena. On the demand side, a company must ascertain whether demand is growing, declining, or has a seasonal pattern. These estimates must be based on demand—not sales data. On the supply side, a company must consider the available supply sources to decide on the accuracy of the forecast desired. If alternate supply sources with short lead times are available, a highly accurate forecast may not be especially important. However, if only a single supplier with a long lead time is available, an accurate forecast will have great value. On the product side, a firm must know the number of variants of a product being sold
and whether these variants substitute for or complement each other. If demand for a product influences or is influenced by demand for another product, the two forecasts are best made jointly.
5. Determine the appropriate forecasting technique. In selecting an appropriate forecasting technique, a company should first understand the dimensions that will be relevant to the forecast. These dimensions include geographical area, product groups, and customer groups. The company should understand the differences
in demand along each dimension. A firm would be wise to have different forecasts and techniques for each dimension. At this stage, a firm selects an appropriate forecasting method from the four methods discussed earlier—qualitative, time series, causal, or simulation. Using a combination of these methods is often effective.
6. Establish performance and error measures for the forecast. Companies should establish clear performance measures to evaluate the accuracy and timeliness of
the forecast. These measures should correlate with the objectives of the
business decisions based on these forecasts.
Each organization must use all six steps to forecast effectively.
Difficulty: Moderate
5. Discuss key issues of forecasting in practice.
Answer: Collaborate in building forecasts. C ollaboration with supply chain
partners can often create a much more accurate forecast. However, most
forecasts are still made not just within one company, but within one function in a company. It takes an investment of time and effort to build the relationships with your partners to begin sharing information and creating collaborative forecasts.
The supply chain benefits of collaboration, however, are often an order of
magnitude greater than the cost.
The value of data depends on where you are in the supply chain. Although
collaboration is a hot topic, this does not mean that reams and reams of data
need to be shared across the supply chain. The value of data depends on where one sits in the supply chain. To avoid being overwhelmed with data when
collaborating and not being able to sort out what’s valuable, think about what
data is valuable to each member of the supply chain and share only that data.
Be sure to distinguish between demand and sales. Often, companies make the
mistake of looking at historical sales and assuming that this is what the historical demand was. To get true demand, adjustments need to be made for unmet
demand due to stockouts, competitor actions, pricing, promotions, and so forth.
In many cases, these adjustments are qualitative in nature but are crucial to
accurately reflect reality. Although it is not always easy, making an adjustment in
a forecast to move toward demand from just sales will increase accuracy and
therefore supply chain performance.
Difficulty: Moderate
6. Given the following data for demand at the XYZ Company, calculate the monthly
forecast for 2003 using a 3-month moving average. Calculate the MAD and the
tracking signal. Is this a good forecast?
140.63. The tracking signal indicates that this forecast method tends to under-forecast demand, but not to the extreme.
Difficulty: Moderate
7. Using data from the previous problem, calculate the monthly forecast for 2003
using simple e xponential smoothing with an α = .2. Calculate the MAD and the tracking signal. How does this forecast compare with the previous one?
standard deviation than the moving average. The tracking signal indicates that simple exponential smoothing over-forecasts a little, where the moving average under-forecasts a little.
Difficulty: Hard
《供应链管理》期末试卷A及答案
《供应链管理》课程期末试卷A 1．常见的供应链体系结构模型包括、和三种。2．供应链体系设计的内容包括、和。3．供应链合作伙伴关系的构建原则是、、。4．批发商在供应链结构中一般执行功能，其供应链结构一般取决于 的特征、生产商所选择的渠道、消费者的购买渠道以及它自身的。5．供应链环境下采购的新特点可以概括为、 、即“三个转变”。 6依据供应商分类矩阵，供应商类型有、、、商业型。7整合供应链总体绩效度量指标包括质量、、、资产四个方面。 二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分） 1.每一条供应链的目标是（）。 A.整体价值最大化 C.整体收益最大 2. 供应链管理的目标是（）。B.整体成本最小化D.整体资金规模大 A. 提高顾客的满意度 B.占领市场 C.集成化管理 D. 参与竞争 3.为了能使供应链具有灵活快速响应市场的能力，供应链在设计时应遵循（）原则。 A. 集优原则 B.简洁性原则 C.协调性原则 D. 动态性原则 4. 供应链合作伙伴关系的目的是（）。 A. 缩短采购提前期，提高供货的柔性 B. 加快资金周转 C.缩短供应链总周转期达到降低成本和提高质量的目的 D.减少供应商数目 5. 在供应链管理的模式下,采购活动是以（）方式进行的。 A. 订单驱动 B. 制造订单 C. 生产驱动 D.计划驱动 6. QR 是指在供应链中,为了实现共同的目标,至少在（）环节之间进行的紧密合作。 A. 三个 B. 所有节点 C. 两个 D. 四个 7. ECR的主要目标是( )。 A. 增加供应链各个环节的收益C. 缩短供应链各个环节的时间B. 降低供应链各个环节的成本D. 提高了供应链各个环节的服务 8. 供应商管理最主要的两个领域是供应商的选择和( ) A. 供应商的关系管理C. 供应商的成本管理 B. 供应商的目标管理D. 供应商的考核管理 9.供应链管理主要涉及四个领域：供应、生产计划、物流、需求，在这四个领域的基础上，我们可以将供应链管理细分为( )和辅助领域。 A.职能领域 B.服务领域 C.物流领域 D.管理领域
供应链管理的试题和答案
一、名词解释(每小题5分,共25分) 1.供应链 2.供应链管理 3.生产延迟 4.联合库存管理 5.ECR 二、填空题(每空3分,共30分) 1.供应链就是一个网链结构,由围绕核心企业的供应商、供应商的供应商与用户、用户的用户组成。其主要具有______、______、______与面向用户需求等特征。 2.在对供应链进行构建时应注意考虑________、________、________等方面的问题。 3.作业流程就是指进行一项或多项投入,以创造出顾客所认同的有价值产出的一系列活动。它可以分为________、________两部分。 4.所谓________,就就是向选定的若干个供应商发询价函,让它们报价,然后根据各个供应商的报价来选定供应商的方法。 5.从节点企业与节点企业之间关系的角度来考察,供应链网络结构主要包括链状结构、 ________、核心企业网状结构三种。 三、论述题(每小题12分,共24分) 1.请论述基于供应链的运输决策的要点有哪些？ 2、供应链中需求变异放大产生的原因就是什么？ 四、案例: 1、在快速响应用户需求的整个供应链上,产品分销环节的地位越来越重要。但就是,传统的分销与库存管理模式并不能满足这一要求。例如:在英国举办的98’供应链管理专题会议上,一位与会者提到,在她的欧洲日杂公司,从渔场码头得到原材料,经过加工、配送到产品的最终销售需要150天时间,而产品加工的整个过程仅仅需要45分钟。以美国食品业的麦片粥为例,产品从工厂到超级市场,途经一连串各有库房的批发商、分销商、集运人,居然要走上104天。 另有统计资料表明,在供应链的增值过程中,只有10%的活动时间就是产生增值的,其它90%的时间都就是浪费的。 请简述产生上述现象的原因并提供解决方案。(11分) 2、请阐述对供应链的理解。供应链有哪几种模式？U8与NC供应链分别就是在哪一个层次上工作？并描述二者的不同。(10分)
供应链管理习题答案
第一章供应链概述 一、单选题 1．供应链随目标的转变而转变，随服务方式的变化而变化，这属于供应链的（ D ）。 A．时代性 B．协调性 C．复杂性 D．动态性 2．将供应链划分为平衡的供应链和倾斜的供应链，是根据（ A ）划分的。 A.供应链容量与用户需求的关系 B. 供应链存在的稳定性 C. 供应链的发展进程 D. 供应链的功能 3．从供应链的结构模型可以看出，节点企业和节点企业之间是一种( A )关系。 A.需求与供应 B.支配 C.平等 D.利益4．对市场的响应速度而言，牛鞭效应表明，越是处于供应链后端，企业响应速度( B )。 A.越快 B.越慢 C.一般 D.无影响 5．英国著名物流管理专家马丁?克里斯托夫说：“21世纪的竞争不是企业和企业之间的竞争，而是（ C ）之间的竞争。” A.企业内部 B.供应链内部 C.供应链与供应链 D.供应链与企业 二、多选题 1．供应链的不确定性主要来源于（ABD ） A. 供应商的不确定性 B. 生产者的不确定性 C. 产品的不确定性 D. 顾客不确定性 E. 库存的不确定性 2. 供应链是一条连接供应商到用户的：（ABCD ） A. 物料链 B. 信息链 C. 资金链 D. 增值链 3．供应链中需求变异放大的原因是（ABCD ） A. 需求预测修正 B. 订货批量决策 C. 短缺博奕 D. 价格波动 E. 缺乏合作 4．供应链的结构模型主要有：（ AB ） A. 链状模型 B. 网状模型 C. 环状模型 D. 总线模型 E. 反馈模型5．供应链的特征包括（ABCE） A. 复杂性 B. 动态性 C. 面向用户需求 D. 竞争性 E. 交叉性 三、判断题 1．供应链由其中的节点所组成，这些节点是指供应链中的实体，包括法律实体、功能实体和物理实体。（√）
供应链管理模拟试题
供应链管理模拟试题一答案 答案： 一、名词解释 1、牛鞭效应：是由简述供应链采购的特点。于供应链的信息流从末端向源端传递时，信息扭曲会逐渐放大，导致需求信息的波动越来越大。这种信息扭曲的放大作用在图形显示上很像一条甩起的牛鞭，故称为牛鞭效应。 2、第三方物流：是指由与货物有关的发货人和收货人之外的专业企业,即第三方物流企业来承担企业物流活动的一种物流形态.。 3 、供应商管理库存(Vendor Managed Inventory,VMI)：是供应链管理实践的一种,它是指由供应商按照预期需求以及事先达成的最高和最低库存水平,代表买方组织对库存进行监督、规划和管理。 4 、客户关系管理：CRM的主要含义就是通过对客户详细资料的深入分析，来提高客户满意程度，从而提高企业的竞争力的一种手段。 5 、JI T：在精确测定生产各工艺环节作业效率的前提下按订单准确的计划，消除一切无效作业与浪费为目标的一种管理模式。 四、简答题 1、供应链管理的目标 供应链管理的短期目标为提高产能、减少库存、降低成本及减低产品销售循环所需之时间;而其长期目标主要为提高顾客满意度、市场占有率以及公司收益。 或这样答： 供应链管理就是指对整个供应链系统进行计划、协调、操作、控制和优化的各种活动和过程，其目标是要将顾客所需的正确的产品（Right Product）能够在正确的时间（Right Time）、按照正确的数量（Right Quantity）、正确的质量（Right Quality）和正确的状态（Right Status）送到正确的地点（Right Place）——即“6R”，并使总成本最小。 2、网络营销的特点 （1）．无限的运作时空; （2）．公平自由的竞争环境;（3）．便捷有效的沟通渠道;（4）．营销目标定位准确; （5）．经营成本降低; （6）．缩短供应链，提高经营效率;（7）．营销形式丰富多彩; （8）．高技术条件支撑的营销手段. 3、简述电子商务对物流的影响 电子商务时代的来临，给全球物流带来了新的发展，使物流具备了一系列的新特点： 信息化、自动化、网络化、智能化、柔性化。 4 、简述MRP的原理 MRP（物料需求计划）的基本原理有两条： （1）、从最终产品的生产计划（MPS）导出相关物料（原材料、零部件、组件等）的需求量和需求时间；（2）、根据物料的需求时间和生产（订货）周期来确定其开始生产（订货）的时间。 5、如何基于产品设计供应链? 5、对于功能性产品，企业的主要目标在于尽量减少成本，通常只需制定一个合理的最终产品的产出计划，协调顾客订单，生产和采购，使得链上的库存最小化，提高生产效率，缩短提前期，从而增强竞争力, 对于创新型产品，需要有高度灵活的供应链，对多变的市场做出迅速的反应，投资改善供应链的市场反应能力就成为必要之举。 五、计算题 永恒公司是制造工业产品的企业，每年需采购零件１０，０００只，购买价格为１６元，每次订购成本为１００元，每只零件保管费率为０.５元，求该零件经济订购批量，并求年订货次数和订货间隔期。 经济订购批量Ｑ＝５００（只） 年订购货物次数Ｎ＝Ｒ/Ｑ*＝１００００/５００＝２０（次）
供应链管理的试题和答案
一、名词解释（每小题5分，共25分） 1．供应链 2．供应链管理 3．生产延迟 4．联合库存管理 5．ECR 二、填空题（每空3分，共30分） 1．供应链是一个网链结构，由围绕核心企业的供应商、供应商的供应商和用户、用户的用户组成。其主要具有______、______、______和面向用户需求等特征。 2．在对供应链进行构建时应注意考虑________、________、________等方面的问题。3．作业流程是指进行一项或多项投入，以创造出顾客所认同的有价值产出的一系列活动。它可以分为________、________两部分。 4．所谓________，就是向选定的若干个供应商发询价函，让它们报价，然后根据各个供应商的报价来选定供应商的方法。 5．从节点企业与节点企业之间关系的角度来考察，供应链网络结构主要包括链状结构、 ________、核心企业网状结构三种。 三.论述题（每小题12分，共24分） 1．请论述基于供应链的运输决策的要点有哪些？ 2. 供应链中需求变异放大产生的原因是什么？ 四. 案例： 1. 在快速响应用户需求的整个供应链上，产品分销环节的地位越来越重要。但是，传统的分销与库存管理模式并不能满足这一要求。例如：在英国举办的98’供应链管理专题会议上，一位与会者提到，在他的欧洲日杂公司，从渔场码头得到原材料，经过加工、配送到产品的最终销售需要150天时间，而产品加工的整个过程仅仅需要45分钟。以美国食品业的麦片粥为例，产品从工厂到超级市场，途经一连串各有库房的批发商、分销商、集运人，居然要走上104天。 另有统计资料表明，在供应链的增值过程中，只有10%的活动时间是产生增值的，其它90%的时间都是浪费的。 请简述产生上述现象的原因并提供解决方案。（11分） 2.请阐述对供应链的理解。供应链有哪几种模式？U8和NC供应链分别是在哪一个层次上工作？并描述二者的不同。(10分)
供应链管理课后习题答案
供应链（SC）第一章 1、供应链：生产及流通过程中，设计将产品或服务提供给最终用户的上游和下游企业所形成的网链结构 2、供应链特征：复杂性动态性交叉性面向客户需求 3 、供应链类型：1）稳定SC的和动态的SC 2）平衡SC的和倾斜的 SC3）有效性SC和反应性SC 4、使用环节法分析供应链流程:1)顾客订购环节（顾客抵达，顾客订单递交，顾客订货接收，顾客订单完成） 2）补充库存环节（零售订货的发起，零售订单的递交，零售订单的完成，零售订货的接收）3）生产环节（订单到达，生产安排，生产和运输，订货 5、接收）4）原料获取环节 5、推拉法分析供应链流程：依据相对于顾客需求的执行顺序，供应链上的所有流程可以分为两类：推动流程和拉动流程。对顾客订单的反应启动拉动流程；对顾客订购预期的反应启动推动流程。在拉动流程执行过程中，需求是已知的、确定的；而在推动流程执行过程中，需求是未知的，因此必须进行预测。由于拉动流程是对顾客需求的反应，因而也可以被视为反应性流程；相应地，推动流程可以被视为推测性流程。供应链上的推/拉边界将推动流程和拉动流程区别开来。在戴尔公司，个人计算机组装线的起点就是推/拉边界。个人计算机组装前的所有流程是推动流程，而所有组装过程中和此后的所有流程均是对顾客需求的反应，因而是拉动流程。 6 、供应链管理（SCM）：利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流，并进行组织、协调与控制。 7 、SCM内涵：1）信息管理 2）客户管理 3）库存管理 4)关系管理 5)风险管理 8、 SCM特点：（一）与传统管理方法相比较的特点： 1）以客户为中心2)跨企业的贸易伙伴之间密切合作、共享利益和共担风险 3）集成化管理4)供应链管理是对物流的一体化管理（二）与物流管理相比较的特点1）供应链管理的互动特性2）供应链管理成为物流的高级形态 3 ）供应链管理决策的发展 4）供应链管理的协商机制 5）供应链管理强调组织外部一体化6)供应链管理对共同价值的依赖性7)供应链管理是“外源”整合组织 8）供应链管理是一个动态的响应系统 9 、SCM的目标： 1）总成本最低化 2）客户服务最优化 3)总库存成本最小化4)总周期最短化5)物流质量最优化 第二章 1 、建树价值链的九种价值活动分为哪两类，分别包含哪些内容 一）基本活动：内部物流生产作业外部物流市场和销售服务 二）辅助活动：采购技术开发人力资源管理企业基础设施 2 、价值分析的主要内容：1）识别价值活动 2）确定活动类型每种基本和辅助活动由三种类型：直接活动简介活动质量保证 3、核心竞争力形成过程：1）锁定目标。考虑自身资源状况和以往的知识储备、行业现状及特点、竞争对手的实力状态及对比情况、关联领域的影响、潜在竞争者及替代者的演变前景，明确自身努力的方向和目标。2）集中资源，将资源集中与企业选定的一项或某几项目标业务领域，以便在最大程度上发挥资源效用，增强特定的竞争优势，形成核心竞争力；3）动态学习。企业员工及组织所拥有的知识技能是重要的无形资产，要坚持动态持续的学习、提高知识技能的积累和储备。 4、价值链分析在构建企业供应链中的作用：企业可以更好的锁定目标，集中内外资源构建自己的核心竞争力，并通过不断的动态学习过程，将核心竞争力的刚性转为柔性，保持企业的核心竞争力。 5、企业进行业务外包时可能遇到的问题：1）通常将不产生核心能力的业务放在外包之列，而把主要精力和资源集中在核心能力的培育、保持和发展上2）增加企业责任外移的可能性3）员工问题4）信息滞后，跟不上那个时代发展步伐5）带来企业在交叉职能上的损失 6）企业丧失对供应商的控制 第三章 1、SCM战略的关注点：企业或服务在企业内部和整个供应链中运动的流程所创造的市场价
供应链管理习题库及参考答案(1)(DOC)
供应链运作管理部分习题库 一、单项选择题 1.（）是生产及流通过程中，为了将产品或服务交付给最终用户，由上游与下游企业共同建立的网链状组织。A A．供应链 B.合作伙伴 C.联盟组织 D.供应链管理 2. 供应链管理的英文简写为：（）。 C A. SST B. SC C. SCM D. CIMS 3. 供应链管理目的：（）。A A. 既提高服务水平又降低物流总成本 B. 在于提高服务水平 C. 在于降低物流总成本 D. 以上答案都不是 4. 供应链特征中不包含的因素有( C )。 A．动态性 B．面向用户需求C．静态性 D．交叉性 5. 供应链不仅是一条连接供应商到用户的物料链、信息链、资金链，而且是一条( )。D A．加工链 B．运输链C．分销链 D．增值链 6. 商流是货物所有权的转移过程，是在供货商与消费者之间进行的( )流动。 A A．双向 B．价值C．单向 D．信息 7. 供应链是一个网链结构，由围绕( )的供应商、供应商的供应商和用户、用户的用户组成。D A．主要 B．最终用户C．一级 D．核心企业 8. 以最低的成本将原材料转化成零部件和成品，并尽量控制供应链中的库 存和运输成本，这种供应链属（）。 C A. 平衡的供应链 B. 反应型供应链 C. 有效型供应链 D. 稳定的供应链 9. 选择恰当的供应链战略对企业发展非常重要，在客户市场需求稳定，且 生产的产品相对成熟的情况下，哪种供应链更能发挥竞争优势：（）。D A. 响应型供应链 B. 拉动式供应链 C. 动态的供应链 D. 效率型供应链 10. 基于相对稳定、单一的市场需求而形成的供应链，我们称为（）。A A. 稳定的供应链 B. 动态的供应链 C. 平衡的供应链 D. 倾斜的供应链
供应链管理试题与答案电子版本
供应链管理试题与答 案
供应链管理试题与答案 2009年05月12日星期二 21:51 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共25分） 1．供应链：生产及流通过程中，涉及将产品更新换代或服务提供给最终客户的上游或下游企业，所形成的网络结构 2．供应链管理：利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等，并进行组织、协调与控制。 3．生产延迟：主张根据订单安排生产产品，在获知客户的精确要求和购买意向之前，不做任何准备工作。 4．联合库存管理：是一种基于协调中心的库存管理方法，是为了解决供应链体系中的牛鞭效应、提高供应链的同步化程度而提出的，联合库存管理是一种风险共担的库存管理模式。 5．ECR：是由生产厂家、批发商和零售商等供应链节点企业组成的，更好、更快并以更低的价格满足消费者需要为目的的供应链管理系统 二、填空题（每空3分，共30分） 1．供应链是一个网链结构，由围绕核心企业的供应商、供应商的供应商和用户、用户的用户组成。其主要具有____复杂性__、_动态性_____、___交叉性___和面向用户需求等特征。 2．在对供应链进行构建时应注意考虑____客户优先____、___定位明确_____、___防范风险_____等方面的问题。 3．作业流程是指进行一项或多项投入，以创造出顾客所认同的有价值产出的一系列活动。它可以分为__核心流程______、__支持流程______两部分。 4．所谓询价采购________，就是向选定的若干个供应商发询价函，让它们报价，然后根据各个供应商的报价来选定供应商的方法。 5．从节点企业与节点企业之间关系的角度来考察，供应链网络结构主要包括链状结构、___网状结构_____、核心企业网状结构三种。 三.论述题（每小题12分，共24分） 1．请论述基于供应链的运输决策的要点有哪些？ 2. 供应链中需求变异放大产生的原因是什么？ 四. 案例： 1. 在快速响应用户需求的整个供应链上，产品分销环节的地位越来越重要。但是，传统的分销与库存管理模式并不能满足这一要求。例如：在英国举办的98’供应链管理专题会议上，一位与会者提到，在他的欧洲日杂公司，从渔场码头得到原材料，经过加工、配送到产品的最终销售需要150天时间，而产品加工的整个过程仅仅需要45分钟。以美国食品业的麦片粥为例，产品从工厂到超级市场，途经一连串各有库房的批发商、分销商、集运人，居然要走上104天。 另有统计资料表明，在供应链的增值过程中，只有10%的活动时间是产生增值的，其它90%的时间都是浪费的。 请简述产生上述现象的原因并提供解决方案。（11分）
供应链管理第三版unit8习题与答案
Chapter 8 Aggregate Planning in the Supply Chain True/False 1.The goal of aggregate planning is to satisfy demand in a way that minimizes profit. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy 2.Aggregate planning is a process by which a company determines levels of capacity, production, subcontracting, inventory, stockouts, and even pricing over a specified time horizon. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 3.Aggregate planning solves problems involving aggregate decisions rather than stock keeping unit (SKU) level decisions. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy 4.Traditionally, much of aggregate planning is focused within an enterprise and may not always be seen as a part of supply chain management. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 5.Aggregate planning is an important supply chain issue because, to be effective, it requires inputs from throughout the supply chain, but its results have little impact on the supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate 6.Short-term production serves as a broad blueprint for operations and establishes the parameters within which aggregate planning decisions are made. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy 7.The aggregate planning problem is concerned with determining the production level, inventory level, and capacity level (internal and outsourced) for each p eriod that maximizes the firm’s profit over the planning horizon.
供应商管理笔试试题
一、单选[共12题，每题3分，总计36分] 1、对原有的供应商的审核分为（D）两种。 A．一般审核和特殊情况下的审核 B．定期审核和不定期审核 C．定期审核和特殊情况下的审核 D．例行审核和特殊情况下的审核 2、在企业对供应商的选择过程中共有的基本步骤为（C）。 ①选定工作小组确定供应商候选名单，并对候选供应商提交的材料逐个进行审核 ②由选定小组派人到供应商现场考查，现场考查小组必须有质管部门人员参加，对现场考查和取样检查结束后应有综合分析意见的书面报告。必要时，应进行供应商审核 ③建立供应商选定工作小组，由质管量管理部门牵头，由产品开发、生产、供应、服务等部门派人参加，由企业主管质量部门领导担任组长，统筹评估与选择工作④对候选供应商所供应的原材料或零部件进行检验，应符合企业的质量要求和法定标准 ⑤选定工作小组对评价结果进行分析，选定供应商，将之纳入供应商管理系统A．③①④⑤② B．③①⑤④② C．③①④②⑤ D．③④①⑤② 3、（A）是目前对供应商进行控制的最有效的方法之一。 A．契约化控制 B．技术控制 C．质量控制 D．信息控制 4、下列各项不属于契约的有效性要求的是（D）。 A．契约内容与标准、法规和企业制度的统一性 B．契约的可操作性 C．契约的激励性 D．契约的科学性 5、（D）是一种定量与定性相结合的有效方法，特别适合于供应商的质量数据
不全、定量和定性指标都需评价的场合。 A．不合格评分法 B．合格评分法 C．综合评分法 D．模糊综合评价法 6、产品性能试验是按规定程序和要求对产品的（B）和各种使用条件下的适应性及其能力进行检查和测量，以评价产品性能满足规定要求的程度。 A．基本特性 B．基本功能 C．基本原理 D．使用方法 7、以下对于质量检验计划的表述中有误的一项是（C）。 A．检验计划是产品生产者对整个检验和试验工作进行的系统策划和总体安排的结果 B．编制质量检验计划的目的是指导检验人员完成检验工作，保证检验工作的质量 C．质量检验计划必须由质量管理部门或质量检验的主管部门负责，由检验技术人员编制 D．编制检验计划要充分体现检验的目的并要综合考虑检验成本 8、检验站是根据生产作业分布(工艺布置)及检验流程设计确定的作业过程中（A）的检验实体。 A．最小 B．最基本 C．最大 D．最多 9、对产品的基本功能和使用性能通过试验取得资料，属于机械产品的（B）。A．负载试验 B．功能试验 C．结构力学试验 D．可靠性试验 10、为控制测量过程的实施，不仅需要确定该测量过程预期用途下所要求的特性，还需对这些特性进行（D）。
供应链管理课程考试试题和答案解析
试卷A 课程名称：供应链管理考试方式：完成时限： 班级名称：学号：姓名： 一、不定项选择题（多选、少选或错选均不给分，每题1分，共20分） 1.供应链管理中有两个理念吸引许多跨国企业的青睐：（） A. 轻资产运作 B. 快速响应 C. 协同运作 D. 运作高效率 2.供应链管理时代面临的市场竞争情况：（） A. 产品生命周期日渐缩短 B. 产品种数飞速膨胀 C. 交货期变得越来越严格 D. 客户对产品和服务与日俱增 3.除了质量、成本和柔性，以下还有哪些是供应链管理可以实现的客户价值：（） A. 交付能力 B. 交付数量 C. 创新 D. 服务质量 4.供应链管理关注的三个焦点是什么？（） A. 库存 B. 信息 C. 不确定 D. 物流 5.库存在供应链中不同环节的表现形式大致可以分为生产库存和（）。 A. 循环库存 B. 安全库存 C. 季节性库存 D. 投机库存的 6.供应链上的不确定性从根本上讲是由以下3个方面的原因所造成：（） A. 外部环境的不可预测 B. 决策信息的可靠性 C. 需求预测能力的偏差 D. 管理者的决策质量
7.横向集成的供应链联盟具有以下4个特征：行为的战略性和（） A. 合作的平等性 B. 范围的广泛性 C. 竞争的根本性 D. 联合的充分性 8.优秀供应链的4A特质：（）和构建价值的能力。 A. 敏捷力 B. 适应力 C. 持续力 D. 协同力 9.收益管理的核心在于（）。 A. 价格一致 B. 价格细分 C. 利润 D. 供应链 10.与功能性产品相匹配的供应链运作战略是（）。 A. 响应型供应链 B. 柔性供应链 C. 有效型供应链 D. 功能性供应链 11.供应链管理中的信息作用主要有（） A. 协调供应链运作 B. 降低供应链运作成本 C. 提高供应链市场反应能力 D. 增强企业的运作柔性和战略优势 12.供应链中的两大信息陷阱是（） A. 信息拥有不完美 B. 信息拥有不对称 C. 信息传递不完美 D. 信息传递不对称 13.牛鞭效应产生的原因有（） A. 需求预测偏差 B. 订货批量决策 C. 价格波动 D. 短缺博弈 14.以下哪几点是外包业务的风险？（） A. 供应链权力转移 B. 服务水平下降 C. 竞争隐患 D. 技术外溢 15.假设B公司的利润率为5%，在其他条件不变的情况下，B公司节省1元钱的采购成本， 公司若想考增加销售收入来获得同样的利润，则需要增加多少销售额？（） A. 5元 B. 10元 C. 15元 D. 20元
供应链管理试题一及答案
供应链管理试题一及答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共10 小题，每小题 2 分，共20 分） 1. 供应链网络是什么结构？（） A. 树形结构 B. 直线结构 C. 网状结构 D. 线性结构 2. 供应商对下游客户的库存进行管理和控制的供应链管理方法为（）。 A. 联合管理库存 B. 联合采购 C. 连续补货 D. 联合运输 3. 以下不能反应供应链特点的是（）。 A. 快速响应 B. 信息共享 C. 各自为政 D. 利益分享 4. 企业利用信息技术（IT）和互联网技术实现对客户的整合营销，以客户为核心的企业营销的技术实现和管理实现的供应链管理方法是（）。 A. JIT B. CRM C. QR D. CPFR 5. 为防止因实际需求量超过预测值时所发生的缺货现象，应（）。 A. 提高基本库存 B. 在基本库存中增加安全库存 C. 在缺货现象发生时再采取措施 D. 缩短提前期 6. 物流管理信息系统的实现必须建立的基础是（）。 A. 利润最大化为中心 B. 先进的信息技术 C. 成本最小化为中心 D. 先进的管理方法 7. 闭环MRP计划的源头是（）。 A.MPR B.MPS C.MRPⅡ D.ERP 8. 供应链的成本管理应体现供应链的（）。 A. 成本降低水平 B. 价值增值水平 C. 人员业务素质提高程度 D. 效益增值水平 9. 实施快速响应的“联合产品开发”这一步骤时，重点是（）。 A. 新产品 B. 季节性商品 C. 生命周期较短的产品 D. 生命周期很长的产品 10. 能力需求计划的计划对象为（）。 A. 独立需求件 B. 生产计划 C. 相关需求件 D. 资源需求计划
(完整版)供应链管理第三版Unit1习题与答案
Chapter 1 Understanding the Supply Chain True/False 1. A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components needed for manufacturing. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate 2. A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 3. A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 4.The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy 5.The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for the manufacturing component of the supply chain. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate 6.Every supply chain must include all 5 stages. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy 7.The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate 8.The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders. Answer: False Difficulty: Moderate
供应链管理期末试卷及答案
供应链管理期末试卷及 答案 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
物流管理班《供应链管理》期末试卷A 一、单项选择（2×10=20） 1、每一条供应链的目标是（） A. 整体价值最大化 B. 整体成本最小化 C. 整体收益最大 D、整体资金规模大 2、为了能使供应链具有灵活快速响应市场的能力，供应链在设计时应遵循（） 原则 A、集优原则 B、简洁性原则 C、协调性原则 D、动态性原则 3、供应链管理的最终目标是（） A. 竞争力 B.客户服务 C.营运能力 D、设计能力 4. 供应链合作伙伴关系的目的是（） A. 缩短采购提前期，提高供货的柔性 B. 加快资金周转 C. 缩短供应链总周转期达到降低成本和提高质量的目的 D. 减少供应商数目 5. 在供应链管理的模式下,采购活动是以（）方式进行的. A. 订单驱动 B. 制造订单 C. 生产驱动 D.计划驱动 6. QR是指在供应链中,为了实现共同的目标,至少在（）环节之间进行的紧密合作. A. 三个 B. 所有节点 C. 两个 D. 四个 7. 不属于物流的作用的是（） A. 保障信息交流 B. 保障商流 C. 保障生产 D. 保障生活 8. 不属于库存物流管理优点的是（） A.有利于资金周转 B. 有利于缩短物流管理 C.促进生产管理更为合理 D.有利于顺便进行运输管理，也有助于有效应地开展仓库管 理工作。 9. ECR的主要目标是( ) A. 增加供应链各个环节的收益 B. 降低供应链各个环节的成本 C. 缩短供应链各个环节的时间 D. 提高了供应链各个环节的服务 10. 供应商管理最主要的两个领域就是供应商的选择和( ) A. 供应商的关系管理 B. 供应商的目标管理 C. 供应商的成本管理 D. 供应商的考核管理 二、多项选择题（10×3=30） 1、供应链的网链结构主要包括( ) A. 供应链的长度 B. 各层面供应商或客户的数量 C. 各层面之间的联系方式 D. 供应链数量 2、供应链按研究对象分（）
供应链管理试卷A(含答案)
2009-2010学年第一学期期末试卷（A ） 课程名称：供应链管理 课程类别：必修■、限选□、任选□ 专业名称：物流管理 班级名称：20071、2班 学时：54 出卷日期：20100616 人数：66 印刷份数：72 教考分离：是□ 否■ 一、名词解释 （每题3分，共15分） 1、SC 2、ECR 3、VMI 4、JIT 5、ERP 二、选择题 （每题1分，共15分） 1、体现市场中介功能的供应链是 （ ）
A、稳定供应链 B、平衡供应链 C、倾斜供应链 D、有效性供应链 E、反应性供应链 2、供应链管理研究的内容主要涉及( ） A、供应 B、生产计划 C、物流 D、需求 E、服务 3、供应链管理涉及的主要问题（） A、随机性问题 B、资金流问题 C、全球化问题 D、结构性问题 E、协调机制问题 4、预先发货清单简写为（） A、SCM B、EOS C、ASN D、CRP E、EFT 5、侧重于减少成本的供应链管理方法是（） A、QR B、ECR C、VCA D、ABC E、VAN 6、供应链的结构模型有（） A、推动式模型 B、链状模型 C、拉动式模型 D、静态模型 E、网状模型 7、与反应性供应链相匹配的产品是（） A、创新型产品 B、功能型产品 C、科技型产品 D、专业型产品 E、基本型产品 8、供应链合作关系是哪几者之间的关系( ) A、供应商 B、制造商 C、用户 D、经销商 E、投资商 9、企业对现有顾客推销其他产品被称为是（） A、激励顾客反馈 B、扩大推销 C、事前服务 D、交叉推销 E、直接推销 10、供应链企业计划的方法工具有（） A、MRP B、LRP C、JIT D、DRP E、ERP 11、供应链绩效评价的内容（） A、核心企业竞争力 B、内部绩效衡量 C、外部绩效衡量 D、供应链综合绩效衡量 E、核心企业的核心能力 12、标杆管理的实施过程分（）
最新供应链管理课后习题答案
供应链管理课后习题答案 第一早 1. 纵向一体化的企业拥有、管理并运作所有相关的业务职能。横向一体化的企业由一些独立运营的企业组成，公 司总部提供品牌、指导和一般战略。比较并对比这两种类型企业的供应链战略。 答：纵向一体化企业旨在使公司各业务成分之间的互动更紧密，而且经常集中地管理它们。这样的结构，可以更 容易地通过中央决策除去供应链中的不同部分之间的冲突来实现系统的整体目标。 在横向一体化公司，协调公司内部各业务的供应链通常是没有效益的。事实上，如果横向一体化中的每个企业都 专注于它的核心功能，并以最佳状态运行，就可能达到总体的全局最优效果。 2?考虑一个企业重新设计其物流网络。为数不多的几个集中仓库的优点是什么？大量靠近最终用户的仓库的优点 是什么？ 答：少数位于市中心的仓库，允许公司利用风险分担，以提高服务水平并降低库存水平和成本。不过，对外运输 成本通常较高，交货间隔期较长。另一方面，企业可以通过建立更多的靠近最终用户的仓库，以减少对外运输成 本和交货间隔期。然而，这种类型的系统将会使总库存水平和成本增加、规模经济下降、仓储费用增加，并且可能增加对内运输费用。 3?考虑一个企业选择运输服务提供商。使用卡车承运商的优点是什么？使用诸如UPS这样的包裹速递公司的优 点是什么？ 答：企业对运输服务的选择在很大程度上取决于公司要运输的产品的类型和大小，库存和交付的策略，和对灵活 性的需求： 1?如果是大量而稳定的运送大件物品或小件物品从仓库到需求点（店），货车运输会更好。一个很好的例子就是 仓库到超市之间的杂货送货。要注意，在本例中，我们希望的是卡车满载时货物达到卡车装载量。
2019年采购与供应链管理题库
采购与供应链管理题目答案 一、判断题（每题2分，共5题） 1、广义的采购是指除了以购买的方式占有物品以外，还可以通过租赁、借贷和 交换等途径取得的使用权来达到满足的目的。（对） 2、采购是一种经济活动，是企业经济活动的主要组成部分。（对） 3、对于战略采购物品采取的采购策略是建立长期伙伴关系。（对） 4、对于正常采购物品采取的采购策略是集中竞价。（错） 5、期货采购是指商品交换中即期实现货币转换为商品的购买行为。（错） 6、期货采购是采购者在交易所买入标准化的、受法律约束的期货合约，在未来 的某时刻、某地点，按期货合约规定购入货物的采购方式。（对） 7、分散采购是指企业在核心管理层建立专门的采购机构，统一组织和实施企业 所需物品的采购业务。（错） 8、政府采购又称公共采购。（对） 9、JIT采购又叫做供应链采购。（错） 10、企业采购机构的大小与企业自身的规模成正比关系。（对） 11、企业经营品种多，采购业务量大，设置的采购机构应该小些。（错） 12、采购人员的素质与采购机制的设置没有关系。（错） 13、隶属与生产部门的采购机构，比较适合“生产导向”的企业。（对） 14、隶属于行政部门的采购机构，主要是为了获得较优惠的价格和付款方式， 以达到财务上的目标。（对） 15、编制采购计划是确保生产所需资源供应、规避价格风险、降低采购成本的 重要环节。（对） 16、一般而言，生产计划根源于销售计划。（对） 17、采购环境不是编制采购计划时应考虑的因素。（错） 18、编制采购计划时应考虑存量管制卡这个因素。（对） 19、安全库存量是制定订单计划时期初的库存量。（错） 20、企业制定采购预算是为了促进企业计划工作的开展与完善，减小企业的经 营风险与财务风险。（对）
供应链管理期末试卷及答案89228
物流管理班《供应链管理》期末试卷A 一、单项选择（2×10=20） 1、每一条供应链的目标是（） A. 整体价值最大化 B. 整体成本最小化 C. 整体收益最大D、整体资金规模大 2、为了能使供应链具有灵活快速响应市场的能力，供应链在设计时应遵循（）原则 A、集优原则 B、简洁性原则 C、协调性原则 D、动态性原则 3、供应链管理的最终目标是（） A. 竞争力 B. 客户服务 C. 营运能力D、设计能力 4. 供应链合作伙伴关系的目的是（） A. 缩短采购提前期，提高供货的柔性 B. 加快资金周转 C. 缩短供应链总周转期达到降低成本和提高质量的目的 D. 减少供应商数目 5. 在供应链管理的模式下,采购活动是以（）方式进行的. A. 订单驱动 B. 制造订单 C. 生产驱动 D.计划驱动 6. QR是指在供应链中,为了实现共同的目标,至少在（）环节之间进行的紧密合作. A. 三个 B. 所有节点 C. 两个 D. 四个 7. 不属于物流的作用的是（） A. 保障信息交流 B. 保障商流 C. 保障生产 D. 保障生活 8. 不属于库存物流管理优点的是（） A. 有利于资金周转 B. 有利于缩短物流管理 C. 促进生产管理更为合理 D. 有利于顺便进行运输管理，也有助于有效应地开展仓库管理 工作。 9. ECR的主要目标是( ) A.增加供应链各个环节的收益 B. 降低供应链各个环节的成本 C.缩短供应链各个环节的时间 D. 提高了供应链各个环节的服务 10.供应商管理最主要的两个领域就是供应商的选择和( ) A. 供应商的关系管理 B. 供应商的目标管理 C. 供应商的成本管理 D. 供应商的考核管理 二、多项选择题（10×3=30） 1、供应链的网链结构主要包括( ) A. 供应链的长度 B. 各层面供应商或客户的数量 C. 各层面之间的联系方式 D. 供应链数量 2、供应链按研究对象分（） A. 企业供应链 B.产品供应链 C.“A”形供应链 D.基于合作伙伴关系的供应链
供应链管理试题及答案
前几年06-08供应链管理试题 供应链管理 （本卷为06年11月真题） 一、单项选择题（每题1分，共20分） 1、供应链管理形成的动因是（） A 追求集成带来的实际效果，即集成效应 B 规摸经济 C距离经济D规模不 经济 2、企业外部下游供应链管理的战略中心点是（） A 使顾客满意B双赢的经营理念C内部效率问题 D成本最小化 3、企业在与上游企业打交道时，为了解上游客户的需求，主要借助于供应链管理中的A供应商关系管理系统B内部供应链管理系统C客户关系管理系统D快速响应系统 4、在物流体系中唯一的一个静态环节是（） A生产环节 B运输环节C仓储环节D配送环节 5、下列物流作业流程中，哪个选项不属于生产领域的主要物流作业流程（） A进货物 B生产加工物C出货物 D逆向物流 6、缓慢掠取策略是（） A厂商定高价位并支出较高的促销费用来推出新产B以高价格与低促销支出水的方式 推出新产品 以低价格与高促销支出水准的组合方式推出新产品以低价格与低促销支出水准的 组合方式推出新产 7、按照需求来源的不同，企业内部的物料可以分为（） A内部需求和外部需B独立需求和相关需C弹性需求和非弹性需D非独立需求 和相关需求 8、动态企业联盟又可称为（） A虚拟企业联B供应链伙伴联C传统企业联D业务外包 9OEM生产模式中，OEM厂商是指（ A拥有“关键核心技术”自主产权的企 B具体执行生产加工业务的企 C电子产品服务 D承包方或受托方 10、客户关系管理的基础是（） A降低客户流失B客户信息的整C客户需求预D吸引新客户 11、供应链上克服时间距离所产生的成本称为（） A作业成B持有成本 C交易成本D服务成本 12、供应链的成本管理体现供应链的价值增值水平，可表示为（） A价值增值=用户价值—用户成本B价值增值==企业收入—企业成本C价值增值=用户满意—用户期望值D价值增值==企业利润 13、假设某商场彩电销售量情况如下：
相关文档
- 供应链管理试题及答案
- 供应链管理概论复习题及答案
- 供应链管理-题库及答案
- 供应链管理习题库及参考答案(1)(DOC)
- 大学《供应链管理》试题库及答案
- 最新供应链管理考试复习题及答案(给力版)
- 供应链管理-2014题库及答案
- 供应链管理课程考试题及答案解析
- 供应链管理-2019题库及答案
- 大学《供应链管理》试题库及答案
- 供应链管理认证考试题库及答案
- 供应链管理考试复习题及答案
- 供应链管理题库及答案doc资料
- 《供应链管理》课程考试试题及答案解析
- 供应链及其管理题库参考答案
- 供应链管理考试复习题及答案(给力版)
- 供应链管理习题库及参考答案(1)
- 供应链管理期末试题和答案解析
- 供应链管理习题库及参考答案
- (完整版)第2章供应链管理概论练习题(含答案)