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良好的实验动物给药和采血(包括途径和体积)规范指南

良好的实验动物给药和采血(包括途径和体积)规范指南
良好的实验动物给药和采血(包括途径和体积)规范指南

AGoodPractice Guide to the Administration of Substancesand Removal of

Blood,Including Routes andVolumes

良好得实验动物给药与采血(包括途径与体积)规范指南

Karl-HeinzDiehl1,Robin Hull2, David Morton3,Rudolf Pfister4, Yvon Rabemampiani na5,

DavidSmith6,*, Jean—MarcVidal7 and Cor van de V orstenbosch8

1Aventis,PO Box 1140, D35001Marburg,Germany

德国马尔堡市35001区1140信箱安万特公司

2N IB S C,Blanch Lane, South Miimms,PottersBar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG

英国赫特福德郡EN63QG波特斯巴镇South Miimms布兰奇道英国国家生物制品检定所

3The Universityof Birmingham, Medical School,Edgbaston,Birmingham B15 2TT

英国伯明翰市B152TT艾吉马斯顿伯明翰大学医学院

4Novartis Pharma AG,CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland

瑞士巴塞尔CH—4002诺华制药公司

5CentredeRecherche Pfizer,Etablissement d’Amboise,Z1 Poce′-sur-Cisse—BP159 37401 Amboise Cedex,France

法国Amboise Cedex Z1 Poce′-sur-Cisse—BP159 37401Etablissementd’Amboise辉瑞研究中心

6AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood,BakewellRoad,Loughborough, Leics LE115RH

英国莱斯特郡LE11 5RH拉夫堡市贝克韦尔路Charnwood阿斯利康研究中心

7Aventis,102Route de Noisy,95235Romainville Ce′dex, France

法国RomainvilleCe′dex95235 Noisy路102号安万特公司

8N V Organon, PO Box 20,5340BH Oss,Netherlands

荷兰BHOss5340 20号信箱欧加农公司

Key words:blood volumes;blood removal;administrationsubstances;laboratory animals; refinement、

关键词:血容量;采血;给药;实验动物;简化

Thisarticle isthe result ofan initiativebetween theEuropean Federationof PharmaceuticalIndustries Associations (EFPIA) and the European Centre forthe Va lidation ofAlternative Methods (ECVAM)、Its objectivesare toprovidethe resear cherin the safetyevaluation laboratory with an up-to—date, easyto-use set of data sheetsto aid inthe studydesignprocess whilst atthe same timeaffording maximum w

elfareconsiderations to the experimental animals、

该文章为欧盟制药工业协会(EFPIA)与欧洲替代动物实验方法验证中心(ECV AM)之间得初步结果.其目得在于为安全性评价实验室得研究者提供最新得易于使用得数据库以帮助研究设计过程,同时最大可能地考虑到实验动物得福利。

Althoughthis articleis targetedatresearchers in the EuropeanPharmaceuticalIndustry,itis considered that the principlesunderpinningthe datasetsand refinementproposalsareequally applicable toallthosewho use thesetechniques on animalsin their research, whether inresearch institutes,universities or other sectors of industry、The implications of this articlemay lead to discussionwithregulators, suchas those responsible for pharmacopoeial testing、

尽管该文章针对得就是欧洲制药工业界得研究者,但支撑该数据库得基本原理及改进建议同样适用于所有在她们得研究中使用这些动物实验技术得人,不论就是研究所、大学或其它行业中得研究者。

There are numerouspublicationsdealingwith the administration of test substances and the removalof blood samples,and many laboratories also have their ow n‘in—house' guidelines that havebeen developed by custom and practice overmanyyears、WithinEuropeanUnion Directive 86/609EEC1 we havean obligation torefineexperiments to cause the minimumamount of stress、Wehope that this article willprovide background data useful to those responsible for protocol designand review、有关供试品给予与采血得出版物众多,且许多实验室在多年得经验与实践基础之上亦发展了它们自己得内部指南。在欧盟化妆品标准86/609EEC中,我们有义务简化实验以最小化动物得紧张程度。我们希望该文能够对那些负责方案设计与审核得研究者提供有用得背景数据.

This guideis based on peer—reviewed publicationswhenever possible,butwher ethisis notpossible we haveused ‘in—house’ data and the experience ofthose on theworkingparty(as well as helpfulments submitted by the industry)for a final opinio n、The guide also addressesthe continuing needtorefinethetechniques associatedwith the administrationof substances and thewithdrawalof blood,and sug gestswaysof doing so、Data-sharing between laboratories shouldbe encouragedto avoid duplication of animal work,as well as sharing practical skills concerninganimal welfare and scientific problems caused by‘overdosing’ in some way or another、The remendations inthis guide refer to the ‘normal’ animal,and special considerationis needed,forinstance,during pregnancy andlactation、Interpretationof studies may be confound ed when large volumesare administered or excessivesampling employed,particula

rly if anaestheticsare used、Copyright?2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd、

该文章基于历年所有可能收集到得同行评议出版物,但我们未能够收集到得内部数据与那些工作组得经验(以及行业提交得有用得注释)除外。该指南亦强调了持续性简化与给药与采血有关得技术得必要性,并且建议该如何去进行这方面得工作。应该鼓励实验室间得数据共享以避免重复性动物研究,以及共享在某些方法或其它情况下得“药物过量”所引起得与动物福利有关得实际技术与科学问题。有必要对该指南中涉及到得“正常动物”要求进行特殊考虑,如妊娠与哺乳期间得动物。当给药体积较大或过度采样时对研究结果得诠释可能会令人感到困惑,特别就是使用麻醉动物时.

GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE FORADMINISTRATION OF SUBSTANCES

良好得给药规范指南

Introduction

引言

Dosingof experimentalanimalsisnecessaryfora variety of scientific investigations andtomeet regulatorydemands、The pharmaceutical industry,in part icular,hasinvestigatedthe levelsof dosing patible withanimal welfare and valid science、2 In thepreclinicalstage of the safety evaluation ofnewdrugs it is normal practiceto use multiples ofthe‘effective dose’in order toattempttoest ablish the necessary safety margins、Wherechemicals areof low toxicityor are onlyp oorly soluble in acceptableformulations,a large volumemay berequired to be given toindividual animals tosatisfyboth scientific and regulatory requirements、The intended clinical use mayalso have animpact onthe acceptability of larger than usual dose volumes, e、g、imaging agents or plasmaexpanders for intravenousapplication、

各种科学研究都需要对实验动物给药以符合药品注册要求。特别就是在制药工业领域已研究了与动物福利以及科学性相一致得给药水平。在新药得临床前安全性评价阶段使用多种“有效剂量"以尽量确定必要得安全性范围就是一种常规惯例。在使用低毒或溶解性极差得化学药品以一种可接受得制剂形式进行研究时,动物得个体给药体积可能较大以满足科学性与注册得要求。拟用临床剂量可能会使得给药体积较大,超过了动物可接受得正常给药体积,如静脉内注射用得造影剂或血浆增容药物。

The objectivesof theTechnicalSub group of EFPIA/ECVAM were as follows: (i)to provideaguideon administration volumes for use in mon laboratory species used in toxicitystudies required byregulatory authorities;

(ii) to provide consensusdosage levels for routine use thatrepresent good practice in terms of animalwelfareand practicality;

(iii)to produceaguide to dosage levelsrepresentingthe upper limit of monpractice,whichleavesscope to make the case forspecialinvestigations、EFPIA/ECVAM技术小组得目标如下:

(i)提供一个药品注册当局所要求得毒性研究中常规使用得实验动物得给药体积得指南;

(ii)根据动物福利与实用性提供一个在良好规范条件下常规使用得一致性剂量水平;

(iii)提供一个代表常规规范上限得剂量水平,以为特殊研究留下一定得剂量扩展余地。

Administration volumes

给药体积

Table 1presents administration volumesforthemonlyemployedroutes in the most frequently used species、They areconsensus figuresbased on published lit erature and internalguidelines、The marmoset and minipigare now considered withinthis categorybecause they are beingused increasingly in Europe、表1表示最常使用得种属得一般给药途径下得给药体积。它们就是根据发表得文献与内部指南综合得到得结果。现在认为绒猴与小型猪在此类常用动物之列,因为它们在欧洲得使用日渐增加.

Two sets of values are shown in eachcolumn:values onthe left areintended asa guide to‘goodpractice’ dosevolumes for singleor multiple dosing;values onthe right, where given, arethe possible maximal values、If maximal valuesareexceeded, animal we lfareorscientific implications may result and reference to the responsible veterinary surgeon should be made、In someinstances values arethere to acmodate pharmacopoeial requirements、

每一列显示了两组数据,左侧数据拟用来指导在单次或多次给药得“良好规范”中得给药体积;所给出得右侧数据为可能得最大给药值。如果超过了最大值就会涉及到动物福利或科学性,应当参考负责兽医得外科医生得意见。在某些实际运用中,这些数据应符合药典要求。

Some of these suggested maximumvalues havebeen obtained from recent literature,3,4but appear high when pared with‘goodpractice’ values、Theneed for careful attention toanimalwelfare andthe formulation ofmaterial usedat high dosevolumes are emphasized,particularly if repeat dosing is intended、Study duration could be restricted and scientific validity promised by physiological reaction to high dose volum es、Itis therefore essential fromanethical standpoint thatthese issues arefully considered,e、g、by inspectorate or ethical mittee,before protocolsare finalized and work mences、Itis alsostrongly remendedforethical aswell as scientificrea sons that physicochemical patibilitystudies(in vitro)and smallscale pilot studies

(smallgroups ofanimals) are carried out on any new formulation beforemitting to larger scale studies、Dose volumesshould be the minimumpatible with poundformulation and accuracyof administration、

从近来发表得文献中已经得到了这些建议得最大值中得某些数据,但当与“良好规范”数据相比时显得较高。强调了较高给药体积时对动物福利与使用得原料制剂进行仔细关注得必要性,特别就是拟进行重复给药时。研究得持续时间与科学有效性应该让步于由于给药体积过高所出现得生理反应。因此在方案定稿以及着手研究之前通过比如监察员或伦理委员会充分地考虑到了这些出版物中得伦理观要素.亦就伦理及科学依据强烈要求对任何新剂型进行物理化学相容性研究(体外)与小型得先导性研究(少量动物组) 以免在大型研究中出现失误。给药体积应该最大限度地与化合物剂型与给药准确性相一致。

Administrative routes

给药途径

Oral route、Onoccasions,it maybenecessary torestrict the animals’ food int akebefore dosing、This factormay affectabsorption、Large dosevolumes (40 ml kg1)havebeen shown to overload thestomachcapacity andpassimmediatelyinto the smallbowel、5Larger volumes may alsoreflux into theoesophagus、Theduration of fas tingwill depend uponthe feeding pattern of thespecies,the starting timefor fo odrestriction,thephysiologyof thespecies,the lengthof time ofdosing,diet and thelight cycle、6It isremended that for accuracyof dosingand to avoid dosingaccidents liquidsare administeredbygavage、

经口给药途径:某些情况下在给药前有必要限制动物得摄食。该因素可能会影响药物吸收.较大得给药体积(40ml/kg)表明超过了胃容量负荷并快速通过胃进入小肠.较大得给药体积亦可以造成食管返流。禁食时间取决于动物种属得饲养方式、禁食得起始时间、种属得生理学特征、给药时间得长短、食物与光照周期.当药液通过灌胃给予时,要求给药必须准确以避免给药意外。

Parenteralroutes、For substances administeredparenterally,the dose volume used, stab ility of the formulationbefore and after administration,pH,viscosity,osmolality,buffering capacity,sterility and biopatibility of theformulation are factorsto cons ider、This is particularlyimportantfor multipledose studies、Thesefactors are reviewedin some detail by Claassen、7The smallestneedle size should beused, taking into account the dose volume,viscosity of injection material,speed of injectionand species、

胃肠外给药途径:对于经胃肠外给予得药物而言,应考虑所采用得制剂得给药体积、给药前与给药后制剂得稳定性、pH、粘度、等渗性、缓冲能力、无菌及生物相容性因素。这对于多次给药研究尤其重要。Claas

sen总结了这些因素中得某些细节.应使用最小型号得针头、考虑给药体积、注射物粘度、注射速度与动物种属。

Subcutaneous、Thisroute is frequentlyused、The rate and extent of absorption depend onthe formulation、

皮下给药:该途径经常使用。吸收得速度与程度取决于制剂。

Intraperitoneal、This routeis used infrequently for multipledose studies bec auseof possible plications、There is a possibilityof injecting into the intestinal tract and irritant materials maycause peritonitis、Drugabsorptionfromthe peritoneal cavity after the administration of the pound as a suspension is dependenton the propertiesof the drug particles and the vehicle,and thedrug maybe absorbed into bothsystemic and portal circulations、

腹腔内给药:多次给药研究时较少用到该途径,因为可能会出现并发症。该途径存在着注射入肠道得可能,而且刺激性物质可能引起腹膜炎.化合物以混悬液形式给予后在腹腔得吸收取决于药物粒子及赋型剂得特征,药物可能被吸收进行全身或局部循环.

Intramuscular、Intramuscular injections may be painful because musclefibres ar enecessarily placedundertension by theinjected material、Sites needtobe chosento minimize the possibilityof nerve damage、Sites should be rotated for multip le dose studies、A distinctionneedstobe made between aqueous and oily formulation swhen speed of absorption is important (oilyformulations are likely toremain as adepot for、>24 h)、With multiple dose studies there is a need to considerthe occurrence of inflammation and its sequelae、

肌肉内注射:肌肉内注射可能会引起疼痛,因为注射时必须使肌纤维处于紧张状态。必须对注射部位进行选择以尽量减少神经损伤得可能性。多次给药研究不应在同一个部位反复注射。当吸收速度很重要时,必须在水性与油性制剂之间加以选择(油性制剂在注射部位得残留很可能超过24小时。)。进行多剂量研究时,有必要考虑到出现炎症及其后遗症。

Intravenous administration、For thisroute,distinctions are made betweenbolusinjection,slow intravenous injection and intravenous infusion、The values inTable 1relate tobolus injection and slow intravenous injection、

静脉内给药:对于该途径,必须区分团注、缓慢静脉内注射与静脉内输液。表1中得数据与团注与缓慢静脉内注射有关。

(i)Bolus injection、Inmoststudiesusing the intravenousroute thetest substance is given overa shortperiod of approximately 1 min、Suchrelativelyrapid

injections require the testsubstance tobe patiblewithblood and not tooviscous、Whenlarge volumes arerequired to be given,theinjection material should be warmed tobody temperature、The rate of injection is an important factor in intravenous administration and itis suggestedthat, forrodents, the rateshouldnot exceed3 ml min—1、Nodetectable changes inhaematocrit or heart ratewere observed indogs following rapid intravenous injection of6ml kg-1 saline,but20ml kg-1 was associated wit h15% haemodilutionand a transient tachycardia (up46%over1min)、8(i)团注:在大多数采用静脉内给药途径得研究中,受试物在大约1 min内快速给予。如此相对迅速得注射要求受试物与血液之间具有相容性且粘度不能太高。当需要给予较大得体积时,注射原料必须加热至与体温相同。在静脉内给药中注射速度就是一个重要因素,建议对于啮齿类动物而言,注射速度不应超过3ml/min。犬经静脉内快速注射6ml /kg生理盐溶液后未发现红细胞压积或心率变化,但快速注射20ml /kg后血液被稀释了15%且出现一过性心动过速(一分钟内心率增加达46%)。

(ii) Slow intravenous injection、Becauseof theexpected clinical applicationof the pound, orbecauseoflimiting factors such as solubility or irritancy, it may benecessary to consideradministering substances byslowintravenous inj ection、Typically,different techniques would beapplied for slowinjectionto minimiz ethe possibility of extravascular injectionof material、For slow intravenousinjection over the course of 5–10 minastandardorbutterfly needlemight be used,or better still an intravenous cannula maybe taped in placein a superficial vein (short term),or surgicallyplaced some time prior touse (longer term or multipleinjections)、

(ii)缓慢静脉内注射:因为化合物预期得临床适应症或限制性因素如溶解性或刺激性,因此可能有必要考虑通过缓慢静脉内注射给药。特别需加以说明得就是缓慢静脉内注射会应用不同得技巧以尽可能地避免原料被注射入血管外组织。对于注射过程为5–10min得缓慢静脉内注射而言,可能需要采用标准得或蝶形针,或浅静脉内注射(适用于短期静脉内注射)时使用静脉内套管并用胶带固定更佳,或在使用前通过外科手术放置注射针(适用于更长时间得注射或多次注射).

It hasbeen shownthat rats may begiven daily intravenous injections of isotonic s aline at dosagesup to 80 ml kg—1 at 1 ml min1for4days without significantsignsofdistress orpulmonary lesions、9 However,pulmonarylesions increased inincidenceand severity whenthe duration of treatment increased to30days and the injection

was administered at either 0、25,0、5or 1、0ml min—1、10 Theremay well have bee nadverse effects at anearlier timepoint butthe pathology had nothad time to dev

elop、

已有证据表明大鼠每日可以1ml/min得速度静脉内注射等渗盐溶液剂量达80ml/kg,共4天,没有明显不适症状或肺部损伤。但就是,当注射时间增加至30天时,给药速度为0、25、0、5或1、0ml/min得大鼠肺部损伤得发生率与严重程度均增加。在用药早期可能出现不良反应,但就是在这么短得时间内不会有病理变化出现。

(iii)Continuous infusion、For similar reasons of solubility orclinicalindicationit may be necessary to considercontinuousinfusion,but careful consideration is neededif infusions are prolonged、Thevolumeand rateof administration will depend on thesubstance being given and takeaccountof fluid therapypractice、As a guide,thevolume administered ona single occasionwill be,10%of the circulating blood volume over2h、Information on circulating blood volumes isavailable in Table 3、Minimal effectiverestraintof animals with least stress is a keyfactorto consider for

prolongedinfusions、

(iii)连续输液:出于溶解性或临床适应症这一类似原因,有必要考虑连续输液,如果长时间输液则必须进行周详得考虑。给药体积与速度取决于所给物质并应考虑液体治疗规范。作为一个指南,单次给药情况下得给药体积占循环血容积得10%时,给药时间应不低于2小时.有关循环血容积得信息见表3。长时间输液应考虑如何尽量减少动物得不适,这就是一个关键因素.

The total duration ofan infusion is also a factor、Table 2presents remended dose rates andvolumes for discontinuous (4h per day) and continuous(24h) infusion、(Further dataare requiredto plete this table、)

输液得总持续时间亦就是一个应该考虑得因素。表2给出了推荐得间断性(4小时/天)与持续性(24小时)输液得给药速度与体积(需要进一步得数据来完善此表)。

Volumesand rates for therabbit arebased ondata derivedfromembryotox icity studies,which showed no effects on the foetusbut perivasculargranularleucocyte cuffingand proliferative endocarditis in dams receiving〉2ml kg-1 h-1、11 Infusion rates in rats aretypically in the range 1–4 mlkg-1h—1,12–14but ideally should not exceed 2 ml kg—1 h-1inembryotoxicity studies、Values for the mouse,15dog and macaque16 andminipig (unpublished data)are based on repeated dose studies of 1 month induration、

家兔得给药体积与速度基于来源于胚胎毒性研究得数据,该研究表明对胎儿没有影响,但当给药剂量>2

ml/kg/h时,母体出现血管周粒细胞成袖口状聚集以及增殖性心内膜炎.大鼠得典型输液速度在1–4 ml/kg/ h,但在胚胎毒性研究中得理想速度应不超过2ml/kg/h.对于小鼠、犬与恒河猴以及小型猪(未公开数据)

得数据基于为期1个月得重复给药研究.

Other limits, indicating the importance of thevehicle formulation at high dose vol umes,are highlighted infour publications、17–20These data indicate that thereare large differences intoleratedvolume by i、v、infusion, dependentupon the ve hicle used、The long-term effects onotherphysiological systems have not been investigated、

在四篇出版物中突出了其它表示高给药体积时得赋型剂剂型得重要性得有限数据.这些数据表明对于静

脉内输液得可耐受体积方面存在着巨大差异,取决于所使用得赋型剂.尚未研究对其它生理系统得长期影响。

Intradermal、Thissite is typically used forassessment of immune,inflammator yor sensitization response、21,22Material may be formulatedwith an adjuvant、Volumesof 0、05–0、1 ml can be used,dependentuponthe thickness of the skin、

皮内给药:该部位给药主要用于评估免疫、炎症或过敏反应。原料可以用佐剂配制。给药体积为0、05–0、1ml,取决于皮肤厚度.

Vehicles for administration

用于给药得赋型剂

Vehicleselection isan important consideration in all animalinvestigations、Vehicles themselves shouldoffer optimal exposure but shouldnot influence the results obtained forthepound under investigation,andas suchthey should ideally be bio logically inert, have noeffect on thebiophysical properties of the poundand haveno toxiceffects ontheanimals、If a ponent of the vehicle hasbiological effects,the dose should be limitedsuch thatthese effects are minimizedor notproduced、Simplevehicles usedto administerpounds include aqueous isotonic solutions,buffered solutions,co—solventsystems, suspensionsand oils、For non—aqueous injectates,consideration should be given for time ofabsorption before re—dosing、Whenadministering suspensions the viscosity,pHand osmolality ofthe material need to be considered、The use of cosolvent systems needs careful attentionbecause the vehicles themselves have dose-li miting toxicity、Laboratories areencouragedto develop astrategy to facilitate selectionof the most appropriate vehicle based onthe animal study beingperformed and the properties ofthe substance under investigation、

在所有动物研究中,赋型剂得选择均就是一个重要得考虑因素.赋型剂本身应该给药物提供最佳得暴露量而不应影响受试化合物得试验结果,由此一个理想得赋型剂应该无生物活性,对化合物得生物物理特性没有影响且对动物没有毒性作用。如果赋型剂得成分之一具有生物学效应,则应该限制该赋型剂剂量,如此就能够尽

可能地减弱该赋型剂得这些效应或不会产生效应。给予化合物时所使用得简单赋型剂包括等渗性水溶液、缓冲溶液、助溶系统、混悬液与油溶液.对于非水性注射液,再次给药前应考虑药物得吸收时间.当给予混悬液时,应考虑原料得粘度、pH与等渗性。使用助溶剂系统必须小心,因为赋型剂本身具有剂量限制性毒性。鼓励实验室根据开展得动物研究以及受试物特征来发展新得策略以促进最佳赋型剂得选择.

GOODPRACTICE GUIDE FORBLOOD SAMPLING

良好采血得规范指南

Introduction

引言

Blood removal is oneof the most mon procedures performedonlaboratory animals and methodsforlab oratory mammalsand birds werereviewed in the first repor

tofthe BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint WorkingGrouponRefinement、23This current articleaims to provide aneasy-to-use guidebased on thelatestavailableinformation,and addresses the needsoftoxicokinetic(pharmacokinetic) andtoxico logystudies、Thepractice of blood sampling fromavariety of rodents using the retrobulbar venousplexustechnique isstill inmon use andsuggestions for alternative routes are describedbecause ofconcernsoverthe sequelae of using this meth

od、

采血为在实验动物中执行得最常规程序之一,在BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW联合工作组得第一次报告中总结了实验哺乳动物与禽类得采血方法。该当前文章得目得在于根据可利用得最新信息提供一个易于使用得指南,并着重于毒代动力学以及毒理学(药代动力学)研究得需要。从各种啮齿类动物得眶后静脉丛采血得方法仍然被广泛使用,因为采用该方法会出现遗症,因此描述了一种建议得替代途径。

Circulatingblood volumes

循环血容量

The calculation oflimit volumesforblood sampling relies on accurate data oncirculatingblood volumes、Areview of theliteratureindicatesthat thereisconsiderable variation in these values,probablyrelatingto the techniques used, the strain and gender of animal,etc、Thetechniques mostfrequently citedare radiolabelled erythrocytes,24–26 radiolabelled transferrin,27 radiolabelled serumalbumin,28–30marker dyes,31enzyme dilution,32,33fibre optics34 and dextran—70、35采血量根据准确得循环血容量数据计算。文献综述表明应考虑到这些数据得变异情况,可能与使用得技术、品系与动物性别等有关。引用最多得技术为同位素标记性红细胞、同位素标记性转铁蛋白、同位素标记性血清白蛋白、标记用染料、酶稀释法、光纤与右旋糖苷—70。

Table 3gives thecirculating bloodvolumes of the species monly usedinsafety evaluation studies、Data onthe marmoset and minipig,which are being more freq uently usedin toxicology,have now beenincluded、Thevalues shown havebeenadapted fromdifferent sources assuming that the animal is mature,healthyand on an adequateplaneof nutrition、23,36–39

表3给出了在安全性评价研究中普遍使用得动物种属得循环血容量。此处总结了在毒理学研究中使用得日渐频繁得绒猴与小型猪得数据。显示得数据根据不同来源并假定动物为成熟、健康并且营养充足得数据综合而成。

Bloodsampling volumes

采血体积

Our remendations arebased on published work,on recent work carried out to inform the workingparty aboutcertain issues andisbeing submittedfor publicationand on information from ‘in—house’ standard operating procedures、我们推荐得数据基于公开得研究结果,最近开展得研究以告知工作组有关某些问题得数据与正在被提交

以供公开得数据以及来源于内部标准操作程序得信息.

Animal welfare is a primeconsiderationwhenblood sampling is approaching limits butthe scientific impact ofan animal’sphysiologicalresponse alsomust be considered because this mayaffectdata interpretation and validity、Assessmentof cli nical signs shownby the animals,priorto sampling,withreferral to supervi sory or veterinarystaff in doubtful cases, is anexpectedprerequisite、当采血量接近极限时动物福利为首要考虑得问题,但亦必须考虑动物得生理反应与科学性之间得冲突,因为这可能影响数据得阐释与有效性。在可疑得情况下,监察员或兽医应在采血前对动物表现出来得临床症状进行评估。

Workof Scipioni et al、40indicatedthat removal of up to 40% of arat’s total blood volumeover 24h and repeated 2weeks later caused no grossilleffects、By and largethere are few dataon critical aspectsof animal well—being after removalof blood,s uch as heart rate, respiratory patterns,various hormonal levels and behavioural aspect ssuch asactivitiesand time spent carrying themout、All these may change in response toexcessiveblood removal but it wouldrequire considerable effortand resources to investigate them、However,haematological parameters canbe measured easilyand in a smallproject41the redblood cell count (RBC),haemoglobin level (HGB), haematocrit(HCT), mean corpuscular volume(MCV)and red cell distributionwidt

h(RDW) were measured after theremoval of varyingblood volumes、Volumes of 7、5%, 10%,15%and20%of circulatingblood volumes(as 0、3—ml aliquots) were removedfr om male andfemale Sprague-Dawley rats(n=7)weighing ca、250g over a24-hperiod to mimicakinetic study、Animals then were followed for up to 29 days、Scipioni等得工作表明24小时内大鼠得取血量达其总血容量得40%并重复取血2周后总体上不会引起致病性效应。基本上只有少量有关取血后动物健康得临界特征得数据,如心率、呼吸特征、各种激素水平以及行为特征如活动与移动自身所花得时间。所有这些均可能由于过度取血而出现变化,但研究这些变化需要耗费相当多得精力与资源.然而,血液学指标很易通过一个小型得研究来测定,采集不同体积得血量后,测定了动物得红细胞数量(RBC)、血红蛋白水平(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞容量(MCV)与红细胞分布宽度(RDW)。在24小时内得取血体积占体重大约为250g得雄性与雌性SD大鼠(n=7)得循环血容量得7、5%、10%、15%与20%(按0、3-ml等分)以模拟动力学研究。随后对动物进行追踪观察,总共29天.

The results showed thatthere was considerablevariation in the timestaken for all

these parameters to return to baseline levels, and inthe15%and20% groups some oft he parameters(MCV,RDW)did not return to baselineeven after 29 days、Therecoverytimeremended here for multiplesampling,therefore,is the time taken forall ratsin a ‘volume'groupto return to‘normal’(the starting levelfor each animal plus or minus 10%)、Single sampling (such asthat required for routinetoxicity studies) beyond 15%is not remended becausehypovolaemic shockmay ensue ifit is notdone very slowly、Multiple small samples areunlikelytoproduce suchac ute effects、

结果表明所有这些指标恢复到基线水平所花得时间存在相当大得差异,其中取血时间占循环血容量得15%与20%得动物组中得某些指标(MCV,RDW)在29天后未能恢复到基线水平。此处推荐得针对多次采血得恢复时间就是指所有采血组中得大鼠恢复到正常水平(每只大鼠得初始水平加减10%)所耗得时间.推荐单次采血(如常规毒性研究要求如此)得体积不应超过循环血容量得15%,因为如果采血过快可能引起失血性休克。多次少量采血不大可能产生类似得急性效应。

Table4 featureslimitvolumes and adequate recovery periods andtakesinto account thestress of multiple samplingin addition to other proceduresin assessing overallseverity、Thetable addresses both single andmultiplesampling regimes、Additional recoverytimeis proposed foranimalson toxicity studies because a critical evaluation of haematological parameters isrequired insuch studies、

表4反映了极限体积与足够得恢复期并且考虑了多次采血后得应激性,整体严重性评估中得其它过程除

外。该表着重于单次与多次采血体系。建议对毒性研究动物给予额外得恢复时间,因为在此类研究中必须严格评价血液学指标。

Thehighervolume (20%)is intended to facilitate serial bloodsamplingfor toxico— or pharmacokinetic purposes where multiple,small samples are usually required、However,it should be rememberedthat the consequential haemodynamiceffec tof taking such large volumes may well affect the calculated half—life Assessment of terminalhalf—life shouldbe possible if final samples aretaken within 24h of the killing of a nanimal、These values donot include aterminal sample,whichcan be takenwhen theanimal is terminally anaesthetized、Blood replacementhasnot beencon sideredbecause the volumes proposed do not warrant such intervention、计划采用较高得体积(占循环血容量得20%)以利于毒代或药代动力学得连续性采血,此处通常要求多次、少量取样。但就是,应该记住如此大体积采血对血液动力学得重大影响,可能影响半衰期得计算。如果最后一次采样在处死动物得24小时内则有可能对终末半衰期进行评估。这些数据不包括最后一个样本,该样本为当动物最终被麻醉时能够被采集得一个样本。未考虑使用血液代用品,因为在推荐得采血体积下不允许使用此类人为干预。

Using the valuesfromTable4,an easyreference guideforthe volumes that can be removed without significant disturbance toan animal'snormal physiology is presented inTable 5、

采用表4中得数据得到不会明显干扰动物正常生理得采血体积得简易参考指南,见表5。

Samplingsites

采血部位

Sites for venepuncture and venesection have been consideredmainly in rodents and rabbit、23 This informationhas been reviewed in the lightoftechnical advances in blood samplingprocedures;the advantages anddisadvantages ofsites foreach species are shown inTable6,with the remended ones for repeatedsampling summarized in Table 7、静脉穿刺与静脉切开得部位主要考虑用于啮齿类动物与家兔。根据采血程序得技术进展对该信息进行了总结;每种种属得采血部位得优势与缺点见表6,重复采样得推荐部位总结于表7.

Itisimportant tonote that samples takenfrom differentsites may show differences inclinical pathology values and have implicationsfor historical databases、For the more traditional routes,a descriptionofthemethodologycan beobtained from the standa rd literature、However,other methods require a special mention and have beenreviewedbelow、

值得注意得就是从不同部位采集得样品在临床病理数据方面可能有所不同,且对历史数据库有影响。对于更加传统得采血途径,可从标准文献中找到方法学描述。但就是,对需要特别提及得其它方法综述如下。

Lateral tarsal(saphenous)vein、Thistechnique has been used in manylaboratory animals,including rats,mice,hamster,gerbil,guinea pig, ferret,mink42and lar ger animals,and volumes such as 5% of circulating blood volumemay betaken、It d oes not requireananaesthetic and so is particularly suitable forrepeated blood samp ling as inpharmacokinetic studies、The saphenousvein ison the lateral aspect of the tarsal joint and is easier tosee when the fur is shavedand the area wiped with alc ohol、The animalis placed in a suitablerestrainer,such as a plastictube, and the operator extends the hindleg、Thevein israisedby gentle pressure above the join tand the vesselis puncturedusing thesmallestgauge needlethat enablessufficiently rapidblood withdrawal without haemolysis(e、g、25–27 g for rats andmice)、Forsmall volumes,a simple stab leads to a drop of bloodforming immediately at the puncture siteand a microhaematocrit tube can be used to collect a standard volum e、After bloodhasbeencollected,pressure over the siteissufficient tostop further bleeding、Removalof thescab will enable serial sampling、跗外侧静脉(隐静脉):该技术已经在许多实验动物中应用,包括大鼠、小鼠、仓鼠、沙鼠、豚鼠、雪貂、水貂以及体型较大得动物,可以采集占循环血容量5%得血量。该方法不要求麻醉,因此特别适用于重复采血,如药代动力学研究。隐静脉在跗骨关节得旁边,当刮去被毛并用酒精擦拭后很容易瞧见。将动物置于合适得固定器上,比如塑料试管,操作者分开动物得后肢。在关节上轻轻施压则该静脉凸起,然后采用能够满足快速取血而不会引起溶血得最小号得针头刺入血管(如25–27G针头适用于大鼠与小鼠)。对少量采血而言,可以采用简单得刺伤从而在刺伤部位快速形成血滴,此时可使用微量血细胞比容试管收集标准体积得血液。采血后,在刺伤部位施加足够得压力以止血。剥去结痂可连续取血。

There appear to be no plicationsreportedotherthan persistent(minor) bleeding and the methodhas the advantage that anaesthesia is not required、Even though no studieshavebeen doneon animalwelfare in terms of body weight gain,diurnal rh ythm, behaviour,etc,it seems unlikely that thisroute will seriouslyaffect ananimal’s well-being、

除顽固性(很少)出血外,目前瞧来没有并发症报道,该方法得优势在于不需麻醉。即使没有根据体重增长、昼夜活动规律、行为等进行过有关动物福利得研究,但瞧来该途径不大可能严重影响动物得健康.

Marginalearvein/central ear artery、Blood sampling from themarginal ear vein is monly usedin rabbitsandguineapigs、Thisroute may alsobe chosen in

minipigs,often binedwith the use ofan intravenous cannula、Good restrain tisnecessaryand theapplication of local anaesthetic cream some 20–30min before bleeding helps to prevent an animalfrom shaking its head as theneedle is pushedthroug htheskin、Bleeds mayalso be taken bysmearingthesurface overtheveinwith petroleumjellyandthenpuncturingthevein and collectingthe b lood intoa tube、For theremoval of larger amountsof blood thecentral artery in rabbitscan beused,but afterwardsitmust be pressed forat least 2min to preventcont inuing bleeding and haematoma、The animalshould be checkedforpersistentbleeding 5 and 10minlater、Repeatedsamples can betaken from this artery using an indwelling cannula, thus facilitating a kinetic regimen over8h、

耳缘静脉/耳中央动脉:从耳缘静脉采血最常用于家兔与豚鼠。该途径也可在小型猪中选用,通常与静脉内套管结合使用。必须进行良好得固定,在采血前大约20–30分钟应用局麻膏剂有助于防止针头穿透皮肤时动物头部出现摇摆.也可用凡士林涂在静脉得表面,然后刺破静脉用试管收集血液.如果取血量较大,则可通过家兔耳中央动脉取血,但取后必须按压至少2分钟以止血与防止血肿。持续性放血5与10分钟后应对动物进行检查。使用留置套管能够重复从该动脉采血,因此有利于超过8小时得动力学研究。

Sublingual vein、This techniqueis easyto performin rodents such as rats andis suitable for the removal of largevolumes of blood(e、g、0、2–1ml)at frequentintervals,limited onlyby the blood volume to be removed and by the necessary repeated anaesthesia、A refined method43 avoids someof the disadvantages previouslyseenand can be usedfor repeated sampling、Rats are anaesthetized and heldbyan assistant in asupineposition、Thelooseskinatthe nape ofthe neck is gathered up in order to produ ce partial stasis inthe venousreturn fromthehead、Asecond person gentlypulls out thetonguewitha cotton-tipped applicator stick,graspsit with thumb and forefin ger and one ofthesublingual veins (there is one oneach sideof the midline)is pu nctured with a 23–25 ghypodermic needle as near to the tipof thetongue aspossi ble、The rat is turned overto allow bloodto drip into a tube andafter the requisitevolume ofbloodhas beenobtained thepression at thescruff ofthe neckis released and the animal is placedinasupine position、The tongue isagain extended i norder to stem the flow of bloodwith a drycotton—tipped applicator stick;usually there is no needtouse any haemostatic agent、

舌下静脉:该操作在啮齿类动物如大鼠中易于进行且适合于较大体积(如0、2–1 ml)得频繁性采血,仅受限于采血体积与必要得重复性麻醉。一种简化得方法避免了以前得方法中所见到得缺点且能够用于重复

性采血.大鼠麻醉后,由助手握持住大鼠,使其处于仰卧位.聚拢颈背部松弛皮肤以便部分阻塞静脉血从头部回流。第二名操作者用顶端被棉花包裹得涂抹棒轻轻拉出舌头,用拇指与食指抓住舌头,用23–25G皮下注射针头刺破舌下静脉之一(中线得左右侧各有一根舌下静脉),尽可能靠近舌尖.将大鼠翻转以便于血液流入试管中,采集到需要量得血后,松开施加在后颈部得压力,将动物置于仰卧位。再次将舌头拉出用顶端被干棉花包裹得涂抹棒止血;通常没有必要使用任何抗凝剂。

Withthis technique,rats do not show anysignificant differences in foodor water consumption or bodyweight gain pared withuntreatedanaesthetized control animals、Mo reover,there appearto be fewerpathological changes than with retrobulbar samplin g44、However, anaesthesia may stillbea limiting factor、

采用该技术,大鼠在摄食与饮水或体重增长方面与未采血得麻醉对照动物相比没有明显差异。此外,该法较眼球后采血所引起得病理变化更少。但就是,麻醉可能仍然就是一个限制性因素。

Lateral tailvein、In principle this route is similar to the lateral tarsal vein bu ttendstoyield smaller blood volumes(0、1–0、15ml inmice;up to2ml in warmedrats)、Blood is removed either bysyringe/needle or stab punctureof a lateral t ail vein、Anaesthesiais unnecessary, which makesthis route particularly suited for repeated bloodsampling、Vasodilatationmay be necessary to promote bleedingand can becaused by exposing an animal to37°Cfor 5–8min orby local warmingof the t ail、Thereappear to be few disadvantages that affectanimalwell-being,but animalsmust becloselymonitored for signs of distress ifheat exposure isused、尾侧静脉:原则上该途径与跗外侧静脉相似,但倾向于获得较小得采血量(小鼠0、1–0、15ml;处于暖与条件下得大鼠最高可达2ml)。可以通过注射器/针头或刺穿尾侧静脉采血。由于勿需麻醉,这使得该途径特别适用于重复采血.有必要使血管扩张以促进血流,可以将动物暴露于37°C得温度中共5–8min或加热尾部。该方法损伤很小,基本不会影响动物健康,但在加热时必须严密监测动物得不适症状。

Cranialvena cava、Minipigsmay berestrained in aslingor ontheir backs with theforelegs retracted caudally、Other methods, sometimesusedinagricultural settings (snout tying, hog tying,suspending animals by theirrearlegs),arest ressful and are inappropriate for laboratoryanimals becauseofthe potential adverse effectson the science、In order to avoid injury to thevagus nerve,the needle isinserted intothe right sideof theneck,lateral to the manubrium sterni, and directed at a 30–45°angle towardsthe left shoulder、A poppingsensationwillbe felt by the sampler when theneedle entersthevein, andthen blood can bereadily withdrawn、Thismethodcanalso be utilized for sequential venipuncture but haematomasform in

thearea aftertheneedleis withdrawn,thereforeitis best reservedfor procedures that donot require withdrawalmore oftenthan weekly、45

颅大静脉:小型猪可以用绳套固定或将其前肢后缩固定于其背部。农业上有时采用得其它方法(捆绑嘴部、捆绑猪躯干、通过后肢悬吊)会引起动物紧张,因此不适用于实验动物,因为会对研究得科学性产生潜在得不利影响。为避免损伤迷走神经,应将针头插入颈部右侧,胸骨柄旁,以30–45°角向左肩方向进针。当针头进入血管得时候通过取样器可以觉察到破裂得感觉,然后可以轻易地采集到血样。该方法亦被用来作连续性静脉穿刺,但抽出针头后穿刺部位形成血肿,因此在不要求每周频繁采血得情况下,该方法为一种最佳候选程序.

Amputation of the tail tip、This technique ismonly used in rats and mice, with sampl evolumesof 0、1–0、2 ml being obtained、Amputation should be restricted to the ta il tip(0、5–1 mm should be adequate,and over time a maximumof 5mm can be removed) andrepeat bleeding is feasiblein the shorttermby removing the clot、Serialampu tationsresulting ina significant shortening of the tail(i、e、>5mm) arenot acceptable、The techniquemay not be suitable for older animals、Anaesthesia is remended、

尾尖切断术(断尾法):该技术通常用于大鼠与小鼠,采血量为0、1–0、2ml。切断术应仅限于尾尖(每次0、5–1mm应当足够,随试验需要最多只能切除5mm),通过去除血凝块可在短期内重复采血。可明显缩短尾部(如>5mm)得连续性切断术不能被接受。该技术不适合老龄动物.建议对动物进行麻醉。

Cardiacpuncture、This shouldalwaysbe carried outundergeneral anaesthesia and in thepast it hasbeen usedwith recovery in small rodents due tothela ck of alternative routes、However,other methods arenowavailableand because of potentiallypainfuland fatal sequelae, suchas pericardial bleedingandcardiac tamponade,thistechnique shouldonlybeusedforterminal bleeds、心脏穿刺:该方法通常在麻醉条件下进行,在过去由于缺乏替代途径,因此被用于对小型啮齿类动物采血。但就是,现在有其它方法可供利用,并且由于潜在性疼痛与致命性后遗症,如心包出血以及心脏压塞,因此该技术应仅用于末期采血.

Retrobulbar plexus、The retrobulbar route has been monly used by researchers in t he past but has been observed tocause adverseeffects、Concernhasthereforearis en because ofthese effectsandtheir potential severity、Recently, however,other m ethods have been developed thatmeet the scientificrequirements andalso improve the welfareof theanimals、Nevertheless,the Technical Subgroupfelt that i twasworth reviewing in detail some of the advantages anddisadvantages of retrobu

lbar bleeding in the context ofthe new methods、

眼球后静脉丛:研究者过去普遍采用眼球后采血途径,但会引起得不良反应.因为这些不良反应及其潜在得严重性,因此该方法所涉及到得利害关系正日渐突出。但就是,最近已开发出其它符合科学性要求得方法,由此改善了动物福利。然而,技术小组感到在新方法得上下文中应详细回顾眼球后采血得优势与缺点。

Bleeding from this plexus alwaysshould be carried out under general anaesthesia

in all species and anaesthesia is a requirement in somenational regulations、The methodhas beendescribedin detail byanumber of workers、46–48 对于所有种属得静脉丛采血均应该在常规麻醉条件下进行,在某些国际注册中要求对动物进行麻醉.大量工作者对该方法均进行了详尽得描述。

There is little publishedwork on refining themethod、The approach(lateral or access via the dorsalor upper aspect of the eyein rats) as the optimal way tope netrate theconjunctivain orderto minimizetissue damage has been discussed、23An intervalof 2 weeksbetween bleeds at the same site shouldallowdamaged tissue to repair in most cases,49 but thisdoesnot meanthat theanimals donot experiencesomedisfort duringthe early stages beforehealingis plete;there are, how ever,concerns overrepeated retrobulbar punctures、Whereassome studieshaveshown thatrepeated orbitalbleedsdo not affect theanimals’diurnal rhyt

hm50,51or thehistologyof theorbitaltissuelong term52,49(i、e、bothsho wed that any tissue damage healed),otherstudieshave foundhistologicalchange s, abnormalclinical signs andevidenceof disfort53–55which hasled to animals having to bekilled onhumane grounds and so lost from the study、There arealsoother seriou spotentialadverseeffects:

仅有少量有关简化该方法得研究工作被公开.作为穿透结膜得最佳方法以尽量减轻组织损伤得途径(从腹侧、背侧与上方进入大鼠眼球)已有所讨论。在同一部位得两次采血之间必须有2周间隔期以使损伤组织可以在大多数情况下恢复,但这并不意味着动物在完全恢复前得早期不会经历某些不适。然而某些研究已表明重复眼窝采血不会长期影响动物得昼夜节律或眼窝组织结构(如这两篇文献中得研究均表明任何组织损伤均痊愈),其它研究发现了组织变化、异常临床表现与明显不适,从而出现人道立场不得不处死动物从而给研究工作带来损失.该方法还存在其它严重得潜在性不良反应:

(i)retrobulbar haemorrhage resultinginhaematoma and excessivepressure on the eye, whichisalmostcertainlypainful for theanimal;

(ii)any pressure required to stem persistent bleeding (e、g、by pressing onthe eye)or pressure from a haematomacan leadto corneal ulceration, keratitis,

pannusformation,ruptureof the globe and micro—ophthalmia;

(iii) damage tothe optic nerve and other intra-orbital structures,whichcanlead todeficits invision and evenblindness;

(iv) fracture of the fragilebones of theorbit and neuraldamage bythe

micropipette;andpenetration of the eye globe itself with a lossof vitreoushumour、

(i)引起血肿与眼压过高得眼球后出血,必须会使动物感到疼痛;

(ii)任何为止血而施加得压力(如压迫眼部)或来源于血肿得压力均能导致角膜溃疡、角膜炎、角膜翳形成、眼球破裂与小眼畸形;

(iii)视神经与其它眼窝内结构损伤可导致视力降低甚至失明;

(iv)毛细管引起眼眶脆骨骨折与神经损伤;伴玻璃体液丢失得眼球自身穿通伤.

Many of theseunwanted sequelaemay stay undetected,being located deep within the orbit、Theincidenceofunwanted side-effects appears to vary between 1%and 2%,52but may be far higher in the hands of some technicians,even thoughtheywe re experienced (see table 1 ofRef、55)、

许多这些位于眼窝深处得有害后遗症可能仍然未被发现。有害副作用得发生率差异似乎介于1%与2%之间,但出于所采用得技术不同,该发生率可能远高于此,即使就是经验丰富得实验操作人员(见参考文献55中得表1)。

Frequency of needle punctures

It isimportant to carry out the minimumnumber of needle punctures consistentwith obtaining good scientificdata、The same puncture siteshouldnotbe used,i、e、use differentpoints alonga vein、

穿刺频率

尽量减少穿刺次数从而取得良好得科学性数据这一点非常重要。不应使用同一穿刺部位,如沿着静脉采用不同得穿刺点。

Cannulation

套管

This is an importanttechnique forrepeatedbleeds、Temporary cannulaesuch as butterfly needles and over-the-needle cannulae can beused in the shortterm(working day),whereas for long-term usesurgical implantationof biopatible cannulaeis required、These methods allow repeated blood sampling withminimaldistress and disfort for the animal、Theuse ofsubcutaneous venousaccessports is alsou

seful because it allows an implanted animal tostay withits peers, but thereare a number of potential problems that must be addressed:

对于重复取血而言这就是一项非常重要得技术。在短期(工作日)采血中可使用临时性套管如蝶形针与套管针,然而对于长期取血而言,有必要通过外科手术植入生物排斥性套管。这些方法允许重复采血,且尽量减轻了动物得痛苦与不适。也可利用皮下静脉输液港得作用,植入该装置得动物可与其同类呆在一起,但应该强调得就是,该方法存在如下大量潜在性问题:

(i)Surgical skills are essentialanditmust bedone in a sterileway forgood long-termperformance56and to avoid plications suchas infection、Clotting frequently occurs and may prevent bothblood removal andprolongedinfusionofsubstances、

(ii)It may be necessaryto restrain an animal orto separate it from its peersin order to prevent removal or biting oftheattached externalcannulae,whichiswhya subcutaneous venous access portis preferredin the long term、

(iii)Afterlong-termcannulation,penetration ofthe vessel canoccurand an animal mayalso outgrow its cannula、

(i)外科手术技巧为基本要求,必须在无菌条件下进行以使动物长期性保持良好得状态及避免并发症如感染。血凝块频繁出现并可能影响采血与延长药物得输液时间;

(ii)可能有必要固定动物或单独饲养以防止套管脱落或引起刺痛,这就就是在长期采血中首选套管法得原因;

(iii)长期植入套管后,可出现血管渗透且动物亦可能因此沿植入得套管而长出自身得套管.

Anaesthesia

麻醉

Some mentson how variousanaesthetics affect the musclecellsin the splenic capsule (if present) are givenin the first report of theBVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW,23a swellasother aspects of promoting blood withdrawal、Inrelation totheremovalof bloodfrom small laboratorymammals,it isworth noting that the bination of fentanyl andfluanisone(Hypnorm),with orwithout midazolam(Hypnovel),causes a significant peripheral vasodilatation in all species、Although this makes takingblood sampleseasier,italso makes post—sampling haemorrhage more likely and soparticular attentionmustbe paidto ensuring haemostasis、Consideration should be givento theuse of localanaesthetics、

在BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW得首次报告中给出了某些关于不同得麻醉对脾被膜(有该组织存在得情

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