Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献

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Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.

A chapter from an edited book

Surname, A.N.

(year of publication)

"Title of chapter"

in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)

Title of Book

Edition

Publisher

Place of publication

Chapter page numbers.

Example

Bourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research

for the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.

A translated work

Surname, A.N.

(year of publication)

Title of Book

Edition

Translated by Translator name, initials

Publisher

Place of publication.

Example

Bourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

Journal articles

Surname, A.N.

(year of publication)

"Article title"

Journal Title

Volume number, Issue number (if it exists)

Article page numbers.

Example

Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social

psychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.

Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",

Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8

Electronic sources

NB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.

These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name

(year of publication)

"Article title"

available at: full url

(accessed date)

For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:

When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"

(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.

Example

Better Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html,/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).

Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html, (accessed 2

January 2002).

Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html,/city/bus_startup.htm

Pitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html,

Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationship

marketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-

February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html,/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.html

An electronic journal would be referenced as follows:

Surname, A.N.

(year of publication)

"Article title"

Journal Title

Volume number, Issue number

Article page numbers

Available at: url

(accessed date)

Example

Swaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? An

investigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-Mediated

Communication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html,/ jcmc/vol5/ issue2/

Conference papers

Some papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.

Example

Lodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in Grey

Literature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October

4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.

Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. and

Nummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the

14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.

Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying the

sequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management in

Services, EIASM, Tilburg.

Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5

Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.

As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.

Government or commercial reports

Particularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:

Organization name

(year of publication)

Title of report

Publisher and place of publication (may be same as author).

Example

Apollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.

Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.

Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.

Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,

London.

European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, European

Commission, Brussels.

Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds.

..

Some guidelines to remember for all source types

If all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the

following guidelines:

The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.

Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of an

article/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).

If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.

Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the

journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.

Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper

names, and German nouns, capitalized.

The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for

US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.

Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain

"http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).

Use commas to separate elements of the entry.

? Emerald Group Publishing Limited | Copyright info | Site Policies

哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式

BOOK______________________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Doss 2003) REFERENCE Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Laudon & Laudon 2003) REFERENCE Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Coveney et al 2003) REFERENCE Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. Corporate author IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(DFAT 2002) REFERENCE Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra. Editor IN-TEXT ...(Shaw 2003) REFERENCE Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London. BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Howard 1998) REFERENCE Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272- 274.2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Degen & Pedell 2004) REFERENCE Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Johnston et al 2001) REFERENCE Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E- Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249. JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Hammer 1990) REFERENCE Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112. 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Lamb & Kling 2003) REFERENCE Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Lacity et al 1995) REFERENCE Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT ...(Karlof 2002) REFERENCE Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.

哈佛类型论文引用方式说明与举例- Citing quotations (Harvard style)

Citing quotations (Harvard style) What is quoting? Quoting is where you copy an author's text word for word, place quotation marks around the words and add a citation at the end of the quote. Quotes should be using sparingly as over quoting can suggest a lack of understanding of the text you are referring to. In scientific writing, it is generally the case that you should paraphrase from sources, rather than quote directly. Quoting more extended sections of text tends to be more common in arts and humanities subjects where it may be appropriate to quote frequently from the literature that is being analysed. As you take notes, ensure you clearly mark where you have quoted directly from the source. Direct quotations 1．If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should: ?enclose this in quotation marks ?give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. Example: "Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67). 2. If the quotation is more than two lines: ?It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below ?It is indented at left and right margins ?It may be in a smaller point size ?It is preceded by a colon ?It does not use quotation marks ?The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from. Example: One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance. Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable...

参考文献的标注方法

参考文献的标注方法 文献综述和毕业论文的参考文献标注方法一定要按下列国内通用的“参考文献的标注方法”进行列示： 在文献综述和毕业论文正文后所列参考文献要同时将其顺序号以“上标”形式标注在正文中，正文所列序号应与的参考文献的序号一致，正文后所列的参考文献表示方法如下： （1）期刊：[序号] 作者．题名．期刊名称，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码．（2）书籍：[序号] 著者．书名．版次（第一版应省略）．出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码． （3）论文集：[序号] 著者．题名．编者．论文集名．出版地：出版者。出版年份：起止页码． （4）学位论文：[序号] 作者．题名．保存地：保存单位，年份． （5）专利文献：[序号] 专利所有者．专利题名．专利国别：专利号，发布日期．（6）国际、国家标准：[序号] 标准代号．标准名称．出版地：出版者，出版年份．（7）电子文献：[序号] 作者．电子文献题名．电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）． 例示： 进入21世纪以来，中国西部部分省份相应制定了省域旅游发展ⅹⅹ目标[ 1 ]，据统计1993年西部各省份共接待入境旅游者ⅹⅹ万人次[ 2 ]，旅游业呈良好的发展态势，但对生态旅游的认识及生态旅游的实践还处在ⅹⅹ阶段[ 3 ] [4 ]，…… 参考文献 [1]刘锋．中国西部旅游发展战略研究（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001：11－45． [2]国家旅游局中．国旅游统计年鉴（1993）（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，1993：2－32． [3]刘德谦．中国生态旅游的面临选择．旅游学刊，2003 ，18（2）：63－69． [4]张延毅，董观志．生态旅游及其可持续发展对策．经济地理，1997,17（2）：100－112．

哈佛_论文引用格式!

哈佛_论文引用格式! 1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author?s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note that

毕业论文参考文献标注方法

毕业论文参考文献标注方法 一、参考文献的主要作用 1、反映研究者的研究基础。科研工作具有继承性，大多研究成果是对前人研究的一种深化和拓展。 2、尊重前人和他人的知识成果。参考文献是前人研究成果的一种表现形式，引用参考文献是论文作者的权利，而著录参考文献则是其法律义务，引用了前人的资料又不列出参考文献，会被认为是抄袭或剽窃行为。 3、反映论文作者的科学态度。说明本文所引用的论点、资料和数据均有出处可查，以便读者核查。 4、向读者推荐一批经过精选的文献。参考文献能为读者深入探讨某些问题提供有关文献的线索，帮助其查阅原始文献，进一步研读作者引用的内容，以求证自己的观点和解决自己的需求。 5、节约论文篇幅。在科研论文中，作者引用或借鉴别人的方法和观点来佐证自己将要展开的论点等，如果把所涉及的内容全都写下来，有时候容易造成论文内容繁琐、重点不明。正确列出了所引的参考文献，论文中所需表述的内容凡已有文献所载者不必详述，只需标注参考文献号码即可解决。 二、参考文献写法的误区 1、文献引用不符合要求

具体表现有：(1)所列文献范围过宽，凡所参阅过的均列入其中，如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等;(2)所列文献过多，如有些同学认为文献越多越好，将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录，有些文献同学们并没有亲自阅读，只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边，也凑数其后;(3)所列文献过少，有些同学怕自己文章引述别人东西太多，被人认为抄袭，故意将一些重要参考文献略去;(4)对文献的理解偏面，以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出;(5)大而不当，将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献，如有的同学参阅了一期《人民教育》杂志中的一篇文章，参考文献会写：《人民教育》2004年1—12期。 2、文献著录不符合规范 具体表现有：(1)漏写项目，如有的文献只有著者和篇名，有的书籍漏掉出版社，有的期刊漏掉年份期号等;(2)项目过杂，如有的丛书文献总主编、分册主编甚至副主编以及丛书名称，分册名称、主副标题等写了一大堆;(3)次序杂乱，如有的文献条目先写篇名，有的先写著者，有的先写期刊名等不统一，不按定规;(4)数字、标点符号不规范，如一会儿是中文数字，一会儿是阿拉伯数字，一会儿是用黑点，一会儿用书名号;(5)不按标注排列，参考文献在文内有标注的一般要按顺序排列，不能杂乱无序。 三、常见文献的类型及标识

参考文献在正文中的标注方法.doc

参考文献在正文中的标注方法 顺序编码制: (1) 按正文中引用的文献出现的先后顺序用阿拉伯数字连续编码，并将序号置于方括号中，方括号一般标注在所引用处的上角标位置。 (2) 同一处引用多篇文献时，将各篇文献的序号在方括号中 全部列出，各序号间用"，"。 (3)如遇连续序号，可标注起讫号"-" 。 示例：张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2-3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7,9,11-13]...... 错误1：张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2,3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7,9,11-13]...... 错误2：张扬[1] 指出...... 李大飞[2],[3] 认为......形成了多种数学模型[7],[9],[11-13]...... 错误3：张扬1指出...... 李大飞(2-3) 认为......形成了多种学模型(7,9,11-13)...... (4)多次引用同一著者的同一文献，只须编1个首次引用时的序号;每次的引文页码不相同时, 将页码置于""外(当""在行文中时, 则页码置于""的上角标处), 文献表中不再重复著录。 示例1：张柏根等[4]15-17......张柏根等[4]55认为...... 根据文献[4]101-105...... 错误：张柏根等[4]P15-17......张柏根等[4]P55认...... 根据

文献[4]P101-105...... 示例2: ......已有不少论述[1,3] [2]156-160 ......文献 [2]199-201和[5-6]都指出...... 作者-出版年制: (略) 几种主要文献的著录格式: 本文主要介绍专著、专著中的析出文献、连续出版物中的析出文献、专利文献、电子文献的著录格式。鉴于连续出版物作为整体在论著中很少作为文后参考文献引用，本文不作介绍。 (1)专著 指以单行本或多卷册形式在限定期限内出版的非连续出版物，包括图书、古籍、学位论文、技术报告、会议文集、汇编、多卷书、丛书等。其著录格式为： [序号] 主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志(电子文献必备,其他文献任选)].其他责任者(任选).版本项. 出版地：出版者，出版年：引文页码[引用日期(联机文献必备，其他电子文献任选)].获取和访问路径(联机文献必备). (后面几种文献著录格式中，圆括号中的说明文字与此相同.) 示例： [1] 广西壮族自治区林业厅. 广西自然保护区[M]. 北京：中国林业出版社，1993：85-90. [2] 霍斯尼. 谷物科学与工艺学原理[M]. 李庆龙，译. 2版. 北京：

(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译

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Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)

References/Bibliography Harvard Style Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co. 2002 Quick guide - How to USE IT ?There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment. NOTE ?Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with your lecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the Academic Department. ?The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”. ?Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it. ?Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically. ?If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography. n FOR A BOOK The details required in order are: 1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible 2. year of publication 3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised) 4. series title and individual volume if any 5. edition, if other than first 6. publisher 7. place of publication 8. page number(s) if applicable ? One author Berkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York. Explanation of above citation ? Two or more authors Cengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn, McGraw Hill, London. Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the 21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.

论文参考文献标注

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国际通用哈佛文献参考(简洁版)

Harvard Referencing – a quick guide Learning and Information Services When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formal referencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference? To avoid plagiarism Acknowledge the work of others Verify quotes Follow-up reading – easier for academics to trace information Abide by Copyright Law Help a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions. Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are: Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text. Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text. Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further reading Reference List - List of resources referred to in your work. Some examples: 1) Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. 2) Electronic Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cf2872973.html, [Accessed 10 April, 2005] 4) Chapter from a Book. MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead. In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-182

哈佛参考文献注明方法

哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method 当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的： ●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。 ●使你的观点和论点充实； ●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来； ●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的； ●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。 哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面 哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。这一体系有两个方面。首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。 请注意： 请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。如果有疑问，请询问教员。 在文中标注参考标记 参考标记通常是以下的形式： ◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。例如： 最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。 ◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。例如： 最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。 ◆若有两名作者，应同时出现在括号中。例如： 一份最近的研究（Williams及Reynolds，1996）推翻了先前的发现。 ◆若有3个或以上的作者，只列出第一个，其余人员用“等”表示。例如： 在最新的一份报告中，Smith等（1996）提供了另一种方案。