the happiness effect全文翻译

Happy Trails

If you're feeling happy, you can thank your friends. Happiness, it turns out, is quite infectious and can pass among people in a network. It's most contagious when two people mutually acknowledge they are friends. But even if the friendship goes only one way, the joy gets spread

Increase in chance

Happy individual of becoming happy

Siblings living within a mile +14%

Co-resident spouse +8%

Next-door neighbor +34%

INDIRECT

Friend of friend +10%

Friend of friend of friend +5.6%

DIRECT

Friend living within a mile +25%

NET EFFECT 1,181 people from the study, represented by circles and squares, and their color-coded ties to family and friends in 1996

Summary: The article discusses the research being conducted by public health experts on whether happiness can be as contagious as disease-causing germs, and the conclusion that it can be. A social science team led by doctors Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler concluded from their study that emotions can be transferred by three degrees of separation. Their "British Medical Journal" report utilized questionnaires to monitor the emotional state of 5,000 people.

本文论述了被幸福是否可以引起疾病的细菌传染性公共卫生专家进行了研究，并能得出结论。社会科学团队LED由医生尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯和杰姆斯福勒认为从他们的研究中，情感可以通过三度分离转移。他们的《英国医学杂志》报告利用问卷调查监测5000人的情感状态

1、The next time you get the flu, there will almost certainly be someone you can blame for your pain. There's the inconsiderate co-worker who decided to drag himself to the office and spent the day sniffling, sneezing and shivering in the cubicle next to yours. Or your child's best friend, the one who showed up for a playdate with a runny nose and a short supply of tissues. Then there's the guy at the gym who spent more time sneezing than sweating on the treadmill before you used it.

下次你得流感，几乎可以肯定将有一个你可以为你的痛苦自责。有不体贴的同事决定自己拖到办公室，花了一天的流鼻涕，打喷嚏和颤抖你旁边的隔间里。或者你的

孩子的最好的朋友，谁给了一个流着鼻涕和短供应组织游戏。然后有人在健身房的人花更多的时间比在跑步机上打喷嚏出汗之前，你用它。

2、You're right to pass the blame. Pathogens like the influenza virus pass like a holiday fruitcake from person to person, but you probably don't think much past the one who gave it directly to you. An infectious-disease expert, on the other hand, would not be satisfied to stop there. What about the person who passed the virus on to your colleague, the one before him and others earlier still? Contagious diseases operate like a giant infectious network, spreading like the latest YouTube clip among friends of friends online. We're social animals; we share.

你是推卸责任的权利。病原体如流感病毒通过像人节日水果蛋糕，但是你可能不想太多的过去是谁给了它直接给你一个。一位传染病专家，另一方面，不会满足于停在那儿。谁的人将病毒传染给你的同事说，前一个他和别人以前还是？传染性疾病的运作就像一个巨大的传染网络，像最新的YouTube短片，朋友的朋友在网上传播。我们是社会动物；我们分享。

3、So public-health experts are beginning to wonder whether certain health-related behaviors are just as contagious as microbes. If you're struggling with your weight, did you in effect catch a case of fat by learning poor eating and exercise habits from a friend or family member who was similarly infected by someone else? If you smoke, do you light up because you were behaviorally contaminated by smokers who convinced you of the coolness of the habit? Even more important, if such unhealthy behaviors are contagious, are healthy ones--like quitting smoking or exercising--equally so? And what if not only behaviors but also moods and mental states work the same way? Can you catch a case of happy?

所以，公共卫生专家开始怀疑某些健康行为是传染性微生物。如果你正在为你的体重，你实际上抓例脂肪通过学习不良的饮食和锻炼习惯从一个朋友或家庭成员也同样感染了别人？如果你吸烟，你照亮了因为你被人说服你习惯的冷漠行为的污染？更重要的是，如果这种不健康的行为是会传染的，是有益的——就像戒烟或行使——同样如此吗？如果不仅行为而且情绪和心理状态的工作方式相同吗？你能抓住一个快乐的？

4、Increasingly, the answer seems to be yes. That's the intriguing conclusion from

a body of work by Harvard social scientist Dr. Nicholas Christakis and his

political-science colleague James Fowler at the University of California at San Diego. The pair created a sensation with their announcement earlier this month of a 20-year study showing that emotions can pass among a network of people up to three degrees of separation away, so your joy may, to a larger extent than you realize, be determined by how cheerful your friends' friends' friends are, even if some of the people in this chain are total strangers to you.

越来越多的，答案似乎是肯定的。这是有趣的结论从一个工作机构，由哈佛大学社会科学博士尼古拉斯Christakis和他的政治科学在加州大学圣地亚哥分校的同事杰

姆斯-福勒。对创造了一个与本月早些时候宣布的一项为期20年的研究表明，情绪可以通过中间人到三度分离了网络的感觉，所以你的喜乐，更大程度上比你意识到的，是多么的愉快你朋友的朋友的朋友都是确定的，即使在一些这个链的人完全陌生的你。

5、If that's so, it creates a whole new paradigm for the way people get sick and, more important, how to get them healthy. It may mean that an individual's

well-being is the product not just of his behaviors and emotions but more of the way they feed into a larger social network. Think of it as health Facebook-style. "We have a collective identity as a population that transcends individual identity," says Christakis. "This superorganism has an anatomy, physiology, structure and function that we are trying to understand."

如果是这样的话，它创建了一个生病的人方式的新范式，更重要的是，如何让他们健康。这可能意味着一个人的幸福感是产品不只是他的行为和情绪，但更多的他们进入一个更大的社会网络的方法。认为这是健康的facebook的风格。”我们都有一个共同的身份作为一个群体，超越了个人的身份，”克里斯塔基斯说。”这个超个体的解剖学，生理学，结构和功能，我们正在试图了解。”

6、In their most recent paper, published in the British Medical Journal, Christakis and Fowler explored the emotional state of nearly 5,000 people and the more than 50,000 social ties they shared. At three points during the long study, all the participants answered a standard questionnaire to determine their happiness level, so that the scientists could track changes in emotional state. That led to their intriguing finding of just how contagious happiness can be: if a subject's friend was happy, that subject was 15% more likely to be happy too; if that friend's friend was happy, the original subject was 10% more likely to be so. Even if the subject's friend's friend's friend--entirely unknown to the subject--was happy, the subject still got a 5.6% boost. The happiness chain also worked in the other direction, radiating from the subject out to her friends.

在他们最近的论文，发表在英国医学杂志，克里斯塔基斯和福勒探讨近5000人的情绪状态和超过50000的社会关系，他们共享。在长期的研究过程中，三点，所有的参与者都回答了一个标准的调查问卷来确定他们的幸福水平，使科学家可以追踪情绪状态的变化。他们有趣的发现，LED是如何传染的幸福可以是：如果一个对象的朋友是快乐的，这是15%更可能是快乐的；如果你朋友的朋友的朋友很高兴，原来的主题是10%更可能是这样的。即使对象的朋友的朋友的朋友——的主题完全未知的——是快乐的，主体还是增加5.6%。幸福链也在其他方向的辐射工作，从主体到她的朋友。

7、The happiness dividend is more powerful if two people not only know each other but also are equally fond of each other. Happiness is more infectious in mutual relationships (in which both people name the other as a friend) than in unreciprocated ones (in which only one is named).

幸福红利更强大如果两人不仅知道对方也同样喜欢对方。幸福是在相互关系更具传染性（其中两人名字的其他朋友）比单向的（其中只有一个是命名）。

8、And it's not just in sterile study settings that the contagion of happiness is spreading. Christakis and Fowler noticed that people who are smiling on their Facebook pages tend to cluster together, forming an online social circle like a delirious flock of cyberbirds. And while some of this joy can certainly be traced to the copycat effect--if your friends post smiling pictures, you might feel like a grouch if you don't too--Christakis and Fowler are analyzing the clusters to see if something more infectious might be at work.

它不是在枯燥的研究中幸福的传染病传播。克里斯塔基斯和福勒发现人们笑在他们的facebook页面往往会聚集在一起，形成一个像一个疯狂的一群cyberbirds在线社交圈。虽然有这样的快乐可以追溯到模仿效应——如果你的朋友笑的照片后，你可能会觉得发脾气的时候，如果你不太——克里斯塔基斯和福勒分析集群看更多的东西传染可能在工作。

9、Skeptics raise other concerns, ones that go beyond the copycat effect. Couldn't happy people simply be exposed to similar lifestyles or social factors that explain their shared joy, such as favorable weather, low unemployment rates or a winning baseball team? If that were the case, argue the authors, then happiness would spread more uniformly among all the relationships; instead, it varied depending on whether the friendship was mutual or merely one-sided. As the investigators teased out these factors, they found that environment didn't have nearly the power that relationships did.

怀疑论者提出了其他问题，挑战copycat效应。不快乐的人只是处于相似的生活方式和社会因素，解释他们的分享的快乐，这样的好天气，低失业率或一个棒球队的胜利？如果是这样的话，作者称，然后将所有的幸福之间的关系更均匀分布；相反，它的变化取决于友谊是相互的或是片面的。当调查者剔除这些因素，他们发现环境没有关系那样的权力。

10、The infectiousness of happiness is only the latest in a series of similar phenomena Christakis and Fowler have studied. In 2007 they published a paper showing that obesity travels across webs in a similar way, with individuals having a 57% greater risk of being overweight if they have an obese friend. The same holds true for quitting smoking, with success 30% more common among friends of quitters than among friends of smokers.

幸福的传染性是只有在一系列类似的现象，克里斯塔基斯和福勒的最新研究。他们在2007发表的一份文件显示，肥胖通过网以类似的方式，如果他们有一个肥胖的朋友有超重的风险增加57%人。这同样适用于戒烟，成功戒烟者中30%常见的朋友比朋友的吸烟者中。

11、In all these cases, there's a predictable topography to how people influence one another, one that can be reduced to a sort of social map. People who are central to their networks--who in effect are the hub through which most of the other relationships or information flows--may have the most influence on others and in turn are the most influenced by them. But just because you start off at the center of your web does not guarantee that you'll stay there. In the 1970s, smokers were more likely to occupy that focal position in their network of friends and family. Look at a similar social map today, and you'll see that the smokers have drifted to the periphery.

在所有这些情况下，有一个可预测的地形人们如何影响一个人，一个可以降低到一种社会的地图。人是中央对他们的网络——他们实际上是中心通过其他关系或信息流——可能最有影响力的人，又是最受他们的影响。只是因为你开始在你的网络的中心并不能保证你会呆在那里。在上世纪70年代，吸烟者更容易占据他们的朋友和家庭网络，焦点位置。看一个类似的社会地图，你会看到吸烟者漂到外围。

12、The better this kind of mapping becomes, the more value it has. Officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are exploiting the connectedness of youngsters in online social networks, for example, to improve flu-vaccination rates, not just among those under age 18 but among all the people to whom these children have ties. "Because of their social and peer networks, children have a higher likelihood of sharing information with the most people," says Jay Bernhardt of the CDC. By targeting youngsters on these sites with information about the importance of annual flu shots, health officials hope to trigger a literal and figurative viral wave of vaccination among the kids' peers, their peers' peers, and even those peers' parents and grandparents.

这种映射变得更好，有更多的价值。在美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）的官员正在利用在线社交网络的连通性，青少年为例，提高流感疫苗接种率，不只是在那些18岁以下但在所有人的这些孩子有关系。”因为他们的社会和同伴网络，儿童有更高的可能性与大多数人共享信息，”Jay Bernhardt的CDC。针对年轻人在这些网站上关于流感疫苗的重要性信息，卫生官员希望触发一个字面和比喻病毒接种波孩子的同伴，同伴的同龄人，甚至那些同龄人的父母和祖父母。

13、"We are always looking for exciting new areas of research that will help people live healthier," says Richard Suzman, director of the division of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging. "Without a doubt, I see this as a very promising area." And with the health community a web like any other, expect that idea to spread further and further.

“我们一直在寻找令人兴奋的新的研究领域，将帮助人们活得更健康，”李察说，他，在国家老龄研究所的行为与社会研究部主任。”毫无疑问，我认为这是一个非常有前景的领域。”与健康社区网站一样，期望这一理念的广泛传播，进一步。

Unit 9 How to Grow Old 课文翻译

Unit 9 How to Grow Old Bertrand A. Russell 1. In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject. My first advice would be, to choose your ancestors carefully. Although both my parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty. Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off. A great-grandmother of mine, who was a friend of Gibbon, lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her last day remained a terror to all her descendants. My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women’s higher education. She was one of the founders of Girton College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women. She used to relate how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad. She inquired the cause of his melancholy and he said that he had just parted fro m his two grandchildren. “Good gracious,” she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a dismal existence!” “Madre snaturale,” he replied. But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe. After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m. in reading popular science. I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old. This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young. If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable brevity of your future. 2. As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. 3. Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to

Thechaser追逐者中英对照

The Chaser John Collier Alan Auste n, as n ervous as a kitte n, went up certa in dark and creaky stairs in the n eighborhood of Pell Street , and peered about for a long time on the dim landing before he found the n ame he wan ted writte n obscurely on one of the doors. He pushed ope n this door, as he had bee n told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furn iture but a pla in kitche n table, a rock in g-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-colored walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a doze n bottles and jars. An old man sat in the rock in g-chair, read ing a n ewspaper. Ala n, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. 人Sit down, Mr. Austen, said the old man very politely. 人I am glad to make your acqua intance. 人Is it true, asked Alan, 人that you have a certain mixture that has ! er ! quite extraordinary effects? 人My dear sir, replied the old man, 人my stock in trade is not very large ! I don …t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures ! but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordin ary. 人Well, the fact is ! began Alan. 人Here, for example, interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. 人Here is a liquid as colorless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy. 人Do you mean it is a poison? cried Alan, very much horrified. 人Call it a glove-cleaner if you like, said the old man indifferently. 人Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes. 人I want nothing of that sort, said Alan. 人Probably it is just as well, said the old man. 人Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousa nd dollars. Never less. Not a penny less. 人I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive, said Alan apprehe nsively. 人Oh dear, no, said the old man. 人It would be no good charg ing that sort of price for a love poti on, for example. Young people who n eed a love poti on very seldom have five thousa nd dollars. Otherwise they would not n eed a love poti on. 人I am glad to hear that, said Alan. 人I look at it like this, said the old man. 人Please a customer with one article, and he will come back whe n he n eeds another. Even if it is more costly. He will save up for it, if n ecessary. 人So, said Alan, 人you really do sell love potions? 人If I did not sell love potions, said the old man, reaching for another bottle, 人I should not have mentioned the other matter to you. It is only whe n one is in a positi on to oblige that one can afford to be so con fide ntial. 人And these potions, said Alan. 人They are not just ! just ! er ! 人Oh, no, said the old man. 人Their effects are permanent, and exte nd far bey ond casual impulse. But they in clude it. Boun tifully, in siste ntly. Everlast in gly. 人Dear me! said Alan, attempting a look of scientific detachme nt. "How very in teresti ng! 人But consider the spiritual side, said the old man.

Unit7TheChaser课文翻译综合教程三

Unit 7 The Chaser John Henry Collier 1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors. 2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars. 3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.” 4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?” 5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my sto ck in trade is not very large — I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures —but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary.” 6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan. 7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.” 8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very much horrified. 9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.” 10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan. 11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.” 12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively.

Unit7TheChaser练习的答案解析综合教程三

Unit 7 The Chaser Key to the Exercises Text comprehension I. Decide which of the following is likely to happen after the story. C II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false. 1. F (Refer to Paragraph 5. The old man says that his stock in trade is not very large, but it is varied and has extraordinary effects.) 2. F (Refer to Paragraphs 11 and 1 3. The price of a glove-cleaner, as he calls it, is very high, five thousand dollars for a teaspoonful, but the love potion is very cheap.) 3. F (Refer to Paragraph 19. The old man claims that the effects of love potions are permanent.) 4. T (Refer to Paragraphs 24 and 28. Austen says that Diana is fond of parties and, although she is everything to him already, she does not care about his love at all. That is why he decides to go to the old man for the love potion and whenever the old man mentions the magic of his potion, he can't help "crying." From that, we can see the man loves the girl very much.) 5. F (The old man sells the love potions almost for nothing because by doing so his customers will come back for a much dearer commodity, the glove-cleaner, to help them out. It is the "death potion" that the old man makes most of his profits from, and intends to sell to his customers.) III. Answer the following questions. 1. What the old man means is that a young man who falls in love one-sidedly is seldom rich enough to win a girl's heart. His words imply that money is one of the crucial factors for love. If a man is not rich, he can rarely expect to be loved by a girl. 2. Refer to Paragraphs 19 to 37. The love potion has powerful, everlasting effects. To begin with, it may produce sexual desire in the person who takes it. And on the spiritual side, it can replace indifference with devotion and scorn with adoration. It will make a gay girl want nothing but solitude and her lover's company. She will feel jealous of him when her lover is with other girls; she will want to be everything to him. She will be only interested in her lover and take every concern of him. Even if he slips a bit, she will forgive him though terribly hurt. In a word, she will fall in love with him if she drinks the love potion. 3. Refer to Paragraphs 39 to 43. It is an irony, by which the author seems to imply that love is far from being precious or desirable. It is easy for a man to fall in love, yet it is hard

综合教程3课文翻译The Land of the Lock(Unit3TextA)

Unit 3 Security Text A Years ago in America, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security systems to protect themselves and their possessions. 许多年前，在美国，家家户户白天黑夜不锁门是司空见惯的。在本文中，格林叹惜人们不再相互信任，不得不凭借设计精密的安全设备来保护自己和财产。 The Land of the Lock Bob Greene 锁之国 1 In the house where I grew up, it was our custom to leave the front door on the latch at night. I don't know if that was a local term or if it is universal; "on the latch" meant the door was closed but not locked. None of us carried keys; the last one in for the evening would close up, and that was it. 小时候在家里，我们的前门总是夜不落锁。我不知道这是当地的一种说法还是大家都这么说；"不落锁"的意思是掩上门，但不锁住。我们谁都不带钥匙；晚上最后一个回家的人把门关上，这就行了。 2 Those days are over. In rural areas as well as in cities, doors do not stay unlocked, even for part of an evening. 那样的日子已经一去不复返了。在乡下，在城里，门不再关着不锁上，哪怕是傍晚一段时间也不例外。 3 Suburbs and country areas are, in many ways, even more vulnerable than well-patroled urban streets. Statistics show the crime rate rising more dramatically in those allegedly tranquil areas than in cities. At any rate, the era of leaving the front door on the latch is over. 在许多方面，郊区和农村甚至比巡查严密的城市街道更易受到攻击。统计显示，那些据称是安宁的地区的犯罪率上升得比城镇更为显著。不管怎么说，前门虚掩不落锁的时代是一去不复返了。 4 It has been replaced by dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and trip wires hooked up to a police station or private guard firm. Many suburban families have sliding glass doors on their patios, with steel bars elegantly built in so no one can pry the doors open. 取而代之的是防盗锁、防护链、电子报警系统，以及连接警署或私人保安公司的报警装置。郊区的许多人家在露台上安装了玻璃滑门，内侧有装得很讲究的钢条，这样就没人能把门撬开。 5 It is not uncommon, in the most pleasant of homes, to see pasted on the windows small notices announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that guard company. 在最温馨的居家，也常常看得到窗上贴着小小的告示，称本宅由某家安全机构或某个保安公司负责监管。 6 The lock is the new symbol of America. Indeed, a recent public-service advertisement by a large insurance company featured not chart s showing how much at risk we are, but a picture

Unit 7 The Chaser Teaching plan综合教程三

Unit 7 The Chaser Teaching Points By the end of this unit, students are supposed to 1)grasp the author’s purpose of writing and make clear the structure of the whole passage through an intensive reading of Text I The chaser. 2)comprehend the topic sentences in Text I thoroughly and be able to paraphrase them. 3)get a list of new words and structures and use them freely in conversation and writing. Topics for discussion 1)Do you believe love can be fostered? How can you lure one into love with you? 2)What is likely to happen when a couple no longer love each other? Cultural Background 1. Proposal of Marriage ●The proposal of marriage is an event where one person in a relationship asks for the other's hand in marriage. ●If accepted, it marks the initiation of engagement. ●It often has a ritual quality, sometimes involving the presentation of an engagement ring and a formalize d asking of a question such as ―Will you marry me?‖ ●Often the proposal is a surprise. ●In many Western cultures, the tradition has been for the man to propose to the woman. 2. Engagement ●An engagement is a promise to marry, and also the period of time between proposal and marriage – which may be lengthy or trivial. ●During this period, a couple is said to be affianced, betrothed, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. ●Future brides and grooms are often referred to as fiancée or fiancés respectively (from the French word ―fiancé‖). ●The duration of the courtship varies vastly. ●Long engagements were once common in formal arranged marriages. ●In 2007, the average engagement time in the United States was 17 months, but the figure

小说_追逐者_中的话语艺术及寓意评析_肖敏

小说《追逐者》中的话语艺术及寓意评析 （广西梧州学院，广西梧州543002） ◎肖敏 ▉【基金项目】广西教育厅２０１０年科研项目（编号２０１０１０ＬＸ５２３）、广西梧州学院２０１０年科研项目（编号 ２０１０Ｃ０１７）。 英国作家约翰·柯里尔（John Collier ）的短篇小说在创作风格上独树一帜，其语言犀利而充满睿智，笔调灰暗而充满讽刺性，显示了高超的文学技艺。《追 逐者》 （The Chaser ）是柯里尔于1940年在《纽约客》（The New Yorker ）杂志上发表的一篇短篇小说，这是一篇典型的幻想小说，因其完美的故事结构和深刻的故事内涵，该小说被收录进由上海外语教育出版 社出版的英语专业本科生综合英语课教材—— —《综合教程》。小说讲述了一个叫艾伦的年轻人为寻求可望而不可得的爱情而去一个神秘的老人那儿购买爱 情魔液的故事。利用艾伦单纯无知的心理， 老谋深算的商人一步步把年轻人引入陷阱，令他不止购买了“爱情魔液”，而且若干年后很可能再次光顾并花高价购买所谓的“生活清洁剂”，实际上那却是死亡的代名词，作者在文中巧妙而隐晦地把爱情意象和死亡阴影糅合在一起，颇具讽刺意味。故事的叙述虽然荒诞不经，但字里行间却充满了对现实的影射和讽刺。故事中的主人公一个是对生活和爱情充满憧憬却囊中羞涩的小伙子，另一个是老于世故、精明狡黠的商人，故事情节主要围绕年轻人和老商人之间的对话而展开。为了推进故事情节的发展，作者在二者的对话中，巧妙地运用反讽、隐喻、双关、排比等不同的话语艺术恰如其分地影射了两位主人公的身份、经历、性格和思想认识上的强烈反差，进而使故事的主题和深邃寓意更加传神地跃然纸上。 一、反讽影射物化爱情观与 爱情虚无主义的荒诞结合 反讽又称倒反或反语，为说话或写作时一种带有讽刺意味的语气或写作技巧，单纯从字面上不能了解其真正要表达的事物，而事实上其原本的意义正好是字面上所能理解的意涵的相反意思，通常需要从上下文及语境来了解其用意。《追逐者》这篇小说最大的特点是通过尖锐而深邃的讽刺艺术体现出情节的虚幻性与现实的真实性。约翰·柯里尔在小说中一种以超然的态度、戏谑的口吻表达事物表象下的言外之意，其讽刺效果不仅体现在言语修辞方面，更在情节与主题方面得以彰显。 故事开端，老人向艾伦展示了一种无色无味、无法觉察的毒药———即所谓的“生活清洁剂”，开价 5000美元。当年轻人惴惴不安地询问是否所有产品的价格都一样高时，老人给了否定的回答，对此老人解释说等顾客相信了他的产品的魔力，将来他们有了钱，就会回来以更高的价格买其他的东西。然后他给年轻人展示了一种爱情魔液，并说该药剂具有能够让一个女人全心全意爱他，永远不离不弃的魔力。老人对此开价仅1美元。这个年轻人非常开心地购买了爱情魔液，却不明白为什么对方以1美元出售爱情魔液，对毒药却要价如此高昂。对此，老人的解释是“Oh dear,no.It would be no good charging that sort of price for a love potion...” （噢，亲爱的，不全这么贵。像这爱情魔液，如果我开这么个价，那可不是个好标价。买爱情魔液的年轻人很少有5000美元的，要不，他们也不会需要爱情魔液了。）老人是一个非常精明的商人，更是一个爱情虚无主义者，知道前来找他做生意的无外乎两种人，一种是经济不太宽裕、渴求爱情却没有能力获取理想爱情的年轻人；另一种是经济雄厚、厌倦爱情且极度渴望摆脱爱情烦恼的游戏人生者。他十分清楚如何对不同的人开不同的价，以达到促进他那一本万利生意的目的。在老人看来，世上根本没有真正的爱情，所谓的爱情既能用金钱获取，亦能用金钱来终结，一切只不过是一场残酷的游戏。而在艾伦眼里，无论爱人还是爱情都是被极度物化的东西。艾伦希望戴安娜是属于他一个人的私有财产，不允许她有独立的自我，只能听从于 他、 任由他的摆布，为了这一己私欲，艾伦甚至不惜求救于爱情魔液来达到自己的目的。这种未建立在平等基础上的所谓爱情根本就不是真正的爱情，老人和艾伦对爱情和伦理的认识也完全不一样，但是在私欲的驱使下，两个利欲熏心的人一拍即合立马 成交。在两人的对话中， 作者运用反讽的手法影射物化爱情观与爱情虚无主义这两种完全不同事物的荒诞结合，于讽刺之中更见悲情。 二、隐喻突显爱情意象和死亡阴影的悲情轮回 传统修辞学认为，隐喻是属于词汇层次上的一 种对比和意义替换的修辞现象，是对正常语言使用规则的一种偏离。柯里尔的小说中，老人是一个老于世故、精明狡黠的商人，老人的语言非常庄重而文雅，充满书面语的单词和短语以及外来词，显得彬彬 作品评述 065

UnitTheChaser课文翻译综合教程三

Unit--The-Chaser课文翻译综合教程三

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Unit 7 The Chaser John Henry Collier 1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors. 2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars. 3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.” 4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?” 5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my stock in trade is not very large —I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures — but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be p recisely described as ordinary.” 6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan. 7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.” 8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very much horrified. 9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.” 10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan. 11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.” 12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively.

Unit--The-Chaser练习标准答案综合教程三

Unit--The-Chaser练习答案综合教程三

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Unit 7 The Chaser Key to the Exercises Text comprehension I. Decide which of the following is likely to happen after the story. C II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false. 1. F (Refer to Paragraph 5. The old man says that his stock in trade is not very large, but it is varied and has extraordinary effects.) 2. F (Refer to Paragraphs 11 and 1 3. The price of a glove-cleaner, as he calls it, is very high, five thousand dollars for a teaspoonful, but the love potion is very cheap.) 3. F (Refer to Paragraph 19. The old man claims that the effects of love potions are permanent.) 4. T (Refer to Paragraphs 24 and 28. Austen says that Diana is fond of parties and, although she is everything to him already, she does not care about his love at all. That is why he decides to go to the old man for the love potion and whenever the old man mentions the magic of his potion, he can't help "crying." From that, we can see the man loves the girl very much.) 5. F (The old man sells the love potions almost for nothing because by doing so his customers will come back for a much dearer commodity, the glove-cleaner, to help them out. It is the "death potion" that the old man makes most of his profits from, and intends to sell to his customers.) III. Answer the following questions. 1. What the old man means is that a young man who falls in love one-sidedly is seldom rich enough to win a girl's heart. His words imply that money is one of the crucial factors for love. If a man is not rich, he can rarely expect to be loved by a girl. 2. Refer to Paragraphs 19 to 37. The love potion has powerful, everlasting effects. To begin with, it may produce sexual desire in the person who takes it. And on the spiritual side, it can replace indifference with devotion and scorn with adoration. It will make a gay girl want nothing but solitude and her lover's company. She will feel jealous of him when her lover is with other girls; she will want to be everything to him. She will be only interested in her lover and take every concern of him. Even if he slips a bit, she will forgive him though terribly hurt. In a word, she will fall in love with him if she drinks the love potion. 3. Refer to Paragraphs 39 to 43. It is an irony, by which the author seems to imply that love is far from being precious or desirable. It is easy for a man to fall in love, yet it is hard