2009年3月中科院考博英语真题

中国科学院

博士研究生入学考试

英语试题

（2009年3月）

考生须知：

一、本试卷由试卷一（PAPER ONE）和试卷二（PAPER TWO）两部分组成。试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读大题纸，画线不得过细或过短。修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。时间及分值分布如下：

试卷一：

I 词汇15分钟10分

II 完形填空15分钟15分

III 阅读80分钟40分

小计110分钟65分

试卷二：

IV 英译汉30分钟15分

V 写作40分钟20分

小计70分钟35分

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY , CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE

EXAMINATION

FOR

PH. D PROGRAMME

March 2009

PAPER ONE

PART I VOCABULARY（15 minutes，10 points，0.5 point each）Directions：Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

1. Drink coffee when you’re sleepy; it’s a good and will help to keep you awake.

A. incentive

B. prompt

C. stimulus

D. appetite

2. Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.

A. bubble

B. dwindle

C. sway

D. shiver

3. The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to , viewing himself as a character in it.

A. take up

B. take on

C. take off

D. take over

4. The market for non-food GE products could exceed the market for GE food products by

a wide within the next few years.

A. variety

B. margin

C. range

D. spectrum

5. Newspapers and magazines carry extensive of diet and health topics and diet books are among the best sellers.

A. sketch

B. concern

C. coverage

D. involvement

6. That war robbed him of the of his career, when he was the best player in the world.

A. prejudice

B. preference

C. privilege

D. prime

7. All sorts of technology have to make the new medical systems applied in rural areas efficient and effective.

A. come into play

B. come into conflict

C. taken action

D. taken place

8. If a guest wants to tip the housekeeping staff, it’s best to leave a little something in an envelope each night instead of a larger amount checkout.

A. due to

B. owing to

C. prior to

D. as to

9. The lawyer his ideas loudly and clearly at the court, which surprised her a great deal.

A. acclaimed

B. admonished

C. addressed

D. asserted

10. The world leaders need to take action on the energy crisis that is before our eyes.

A. taking shape

B. taking effect

C. taking apart

D. taking over

11. Steve Ells has never advice he couldn’t ignore, conventional wisdom he couldn’t disregard, a rule he couldn’t break.

A. come across

B. come up to

C. come up against

D. come around

12. He writes in a very manner; there’re many mistakes on almost every page.

A. illegible

B. illiterate

C. irregular

D. irreversible

13. She could have cried, but she had no time to dwell her disappointment, for suddenly a harsh voice hailed her from below.

A. on

B. at

C. in

D. for

14. inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the world’s poorest, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.

A. Sprouting

B. Surging

C. Spilling

D. Spinning

15. She makes no of their affair in public and he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances.

A. concealment

B. compliment

C. amendment

D. acknowledgement

16. Mark’s posture and attitude boredom when the teacher was giving his instructions.

A. transmitted

B. delivered

C. endowed

D. implied

17. John occasionally a great deal of pleasure from taking long trips by himself.

A. deviated

B. aroused

C. absorbed

D. derived

18. Wealthy nations have fallen far behind on their aid to the world’s poor.

A. commitments

B. engagements

C. responsibilities

D. applications

19. Even at 87, John’s mother-in-law has her physical energy and youthful attitude.

A. resolved

B. retained

C. retarded

D. restrained

20. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, its always being combined with elements, most commonly with oxygen.

A. referring to

B. except for

C. regardless of

D. owing to PART II CLOZE TEST（15 minutes，15 points）

Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years through shared experience and money. If a child reaches adulthood 21 recollections only of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child has little to 22 when a true test of character comes up—say, in a(n) 23 business situation. “ 24 that child feels grounded in who he is and where he comes from, 25 else is an act,” says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas.

The Dickmeyers of Carmel, Indiana, 26 every Friday night as “family night” with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. “My children love it,” says Theresa, their mother.

Can playing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, says Trakimas and 27 , because it tells the child that his parents 28 enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. “Manners aren’t about using the 29 fork,”Trakimas adds, “ Manners are about being kind—giving 30 , team-playing, making tiny sacrifices. Children learn that 31 their parents.”

While children don’t 32 warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of dreary 33 either. They’re the building blocks of a child’s education. “ 34 a rule becomes second nature, it frees us,” Trakimas says. How well could Tiger Woods play golf if he had to keep 35 himself of the rules?

21. A. in B. with C. as D. to

22. A. draw on B. learn from C. refer to D. think of

23. A. confusing B. catching C. irritating D. inviting

24. A. Because B. When C. While D. Unless

25. A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing

26. A. receive B. reserve C. recognize D. recreate

27. A. the other one B. others C. another one D. all

28. A. care B. try C. strive D. wish

29. A. favorite B. silver C. right D. clean

30. A. instructions B. compliments C. directions D. supports

31. A. on B. by C. with D. through

32. A.automatically B. determinedly C. insistently D. willingly

33. A. descriptions B. criticisms C. restrictions D. subjects

34. A. Since B. Although C. Once D. Even

35. A. reminding B. refreshing C. remembering D. recalling PART III READING COMPREHENSION

Section A ( 60 minutes，30points )

Directions：Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people become—in toleration of diversity if nothing else. Members of a cultures or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures and nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “national character,” which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow similar behavior patterns.

Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics” of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy” by citizens of some industrialized nations. On the other hand, it may be the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity,” and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label

“lazy” is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.

Stereotypes, such as “lazy,”“inscrutable” and “dishonest” give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they” distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “wes”have and the “theys”do not have—and the characteristics attributed to the “theys” are usually ones with a negative value.

The distinction becomes most obvious in times of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We,” the earthlings, would then fight “them,” the outsiders.

Given the great diversities—real and imagined—among people of the world, is there any foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.

36. What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?

A. Extensive communications.

B. Language development.

C. Close cooperation.

D. Direct interactions.

37. “National character” is built among people who .

A. like each other

B. share their values

C. speak the same language

D. think in the same way

38. To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are .

A. well-organized

B. inefficient

C. carefree

D. idle

39. With stereotypes, people tend to .

A. react to each other on regular basis

B. describe other cultures with labels

C. take their own culture as the best of all

D. see different cultures in different ways

40. What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?

A. He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.

B. He was considered as a distinguished volunteer.

C. He was discriminated against by the whites.

D. He was excluded from the black Africans.

41. It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when .

A. people of different nations hold similar political views

B. human beings as a whole have one common enemy

C. people are willing to abandon their “national character”

D. human beings are able to contact beings in outer space

Passage Two

In Second Nature, Nobel Prize winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete example and metaphors.

Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness (a “first-person affair”displaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc.), our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.

The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections (circuits) if their firing patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.

Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile,

he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life... is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain.”Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neuroscience, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of the mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culture—not biology—is the primary determinant of the brain’s evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes.

However, I was surprised to learn that he considers Sigmund Freud “the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior.” Such a comment ignores how slightly Freud’s conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.

Still, Second Nature is well worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of producing a provocative exploration of “how we come to know the world and ourselves.”

42. Gerald Edelman would probably support the idea that .

A. the brain co-functions with the mind

B. the brain works like a computer

C. the brain has an accessible function

D. the brain sends signals to the mind

43. It was previously considered that perceptions and other mind matters could hardly be .

A. treated as a significant issue

B. studied with scientific methods

C. separated from brain activity

D. handled with surgical

44. Edelman firmly believes that .

A. mind matters will eventually be explained from a neurological perspective

B. experience will have an ill effect on neuronal connections

C. distant neurons will help synchronize their firing patterns

D. brain signals will repeatedly go from one brain region to another

45. According to Edelman, to provide a thorough a thorough explanation of the human mind, neuroscience will be .

A. reliable

B. responsible

C. impractical

D. insufficient

46. The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be .

A. studied irrelevantly to sexual behavior

B. affected by the language acquisition

C. clearly explained by Freud’s theory

D. examined under cultural backgrounds

47. According to the author, Second Nature is a good book because .

A. it appeals to the reader to study bioscience

B. it sets the reader probing into human cognition

C. it interests the reader in spiritual activities

D. it presents the advancement of natural science

Passage Three

If gender conflicts continue at their current rate, my partner gloomily observed, men may fade into extinction and women will manage fine without them. What with test-tube babies, cloning, a falling birth-rate, and have-it-all career women prevailing like never before, it seems as if old-fashioned, instinct-driven sexual selection was totally out of fashion. But a study from four British universities suggests it is alive and well, and busy shaping the next generation.

In spite of emancipation, the feminist movement, gender equality, and consistent efforts to avoid gender-stereotyping, men still prefer to marry women who are not too brainy. In the study a high IQ hampered a woman’s chance of getting married, with a 40 per cent drop in marital prospects for every 16-point rise. The opposite was true for their male class-mates. Top-earning men were 8 per cent more likely to be married than their low-earning peers.

How interesting that we automatically assume that men are put off by cleverness in women. Perhaps the brainy women did not want to get married. Possibly they could not find men clever enough to satisfy them. But these interpretations hardly merit more than a passing thought because this study simply reinforces what we know to be broadly true:

that most women do want a committed partner and that most stable marriages occur in a power relation, with the man being the center.

We usually think of competitiveness as a male activity, and so it is mainly, which is all the more reason for it causing stress in a marriage. Our ancestry certainly included a long phase when the males competed for the alpha role, in which the top male took all the advantages and most of the group matings. Most men nurse secret dreams of being “benign” dictators. No man likes his wife to earn more than he does. We see how fragile are the marriages of those in which the female has the whip hand in the shape of fame, success, and wealth. In contrast, marriages where the female status is obviously inferior, including arranged marriages, there is a greater stability.

Women have to accept that coming into our own and achieving the full potential of our (seemingly superior) capacity to use education will undoubtedly make us more inaccessible as partners. More choosy, and therefore less successful.

48. “Test-tube babies” and other things are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to indicate .

A. the development of medical technology

B. the radical change of our lifestyle

C. the decreasing birth rate of human society

D. the independence of the female gender

49. Conventional sexual selection .

A. gets out-of-date

B. seems prevalent

C. becomes extinct

D. remains active

50. The statistics in Paragraph 2 illustrate that .

A. women’s IQ and their marital probability are in direct proportion

B. men’s IQ and their marital probability are in inverse proportion

C. men prefer to marry women who are less intelligent

D. women prefer to marry men who are very intelligent

51. What might be the meaning of “whip hand” in Paragraph 4?

A. Control.

B. Desire.

C. Intelligence.

15中科院考博英语部真题

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