翻译
Hardware research and implementation of an economic type CNC lathe system
1.1 Economical CNC lathe hardware architecture of the system
Economical CNC lathe work environment, processing characteristics and requirements of the system in the process of research and development, closely around the design goals of reliability, convenience and low cost, in accordance with the functional requirements of the system and program analysis to determine hardware architecture block diagram in Figure 1.1 shows.
MSP430F149
光隔光隔光隔光隔光隔
光隔光隔电平转换电平转换
驱动器驱动器驱动器
编码器
手摇脉冲发生器串口
液晶键盘冷却等X 轴步进电机Z 轴步进电机刀架步进电机
Figure 1.1 Economical CNC system hardware architecture diagram
Fig. 1 .1 Hardware structure of economic CNC lathe system
The system uses a high-performance microcontroller MSP 430F 149 single microprocessor CPU centralized control structure. The various functions of the stepper motor module, LCD module, keyboard module, serial communication modules with microprocessor MSP 430F 149 connected microprocessor MSP 430F 149 is the core of the whole system, the system programs and user programs are stored in the MSP 430F 149 internal memory.
Open loop stepper motor the feed servo systems, system command signal after amplification and distribution of the stepper motor drive after drive three-phase six-stepper motor and mechanical gear-driven machine table (X-axis and Z-axis) The toolholder kinematics, complete CNC machining. The system is simple, easy installation, low cost.
LCD LCD module with backlight display, adjustable brightness, Chinese menu display with keyboard use, human-machine interface more friendly. This module enables the system to be able to receive the data and instructions
of the user's keyboard input, and the corresponding information feedback to the operator through the liquid crystal LCD.The CNC software support real-time status information of the machine through the liquid crystal LCD indicates to the operator.
Pulse encoder mounted on the spindle, can be used for position detection, it will detect a signal fed back to the NC device, is mainly used during the thread processing, which is a reserved thread processing module.
The manual pulse encoder as a separate module for machine slow knife and manual adjustment.
Serial communication modules easily the NC lathe system with a PC connected to a point-to-point communication users in the PC prior compiled parts program and parameters sent to the NC Department of lathe system operation is more convenient to use.
Digital input /output modules, used to control electrical interface with the machine. Machine tool control signal is converted by the optical isolation level input to the MSP 430F 149; the machine action signal from MSP 430F 149 issued by the optical isolation level conversion and drive (partly through the relay) action electrical output to the machine tool.
Below is divided into several subsections above module.
1.2The MSP430 micro control module
1.2.1The structure of the MSP 430F 149
, MSP 430F 149 microcontroller as the core components of the CNC system has faster processing speed, feature-rich peripheral modules and large-capacity ROM and RAM, and other characteristics, fully meet the requirements of the system, and it plays to the optimization of the entire system crucial role [15]. MSP 430F 149 the microcontroller MSP430 family of a FLASH-based microcontroller, its structure and function in Figure 1.2 below.
TEST/32 KB 1 KB Power Bus System ACLK Watchdog Comparator
Break Two Hard MAB, MDB, 16 I/O 16 I/O 8 I/O P3P4DVCC DVSS RST/NMI VPP
Test JTAG incl. 16 reg.
CPU Flash 48 KB 60 KB
RAM 2 KB 2 KB
MAB,4bit
MDB,8bit
MCB
conv.
on Reset
I/O Port 3/4
Timer_B7
7 CC Register COMM port XIN1XOut1Oscillator
Clock
ACLK MCLK
SMCLK
I/O Port 1/2
P1P2Rosc SMCLK
15 / 16 bit
Timer
12 bit ADC
8 channels <10us conv.
A
Timer_A3
3 CC Register
I/O Port 5
P5
Shadow Reg.
AVCC AVSS XIN2XOut2
USARTs
point Logic
ware MPY
16bit
16bit
’s with interr. capability
’s with interr. capability
’s with interr. capability
8
A0..7
Figure 1. The MSP 430F 149 structure and a functional block diagram of
Fig. 1 .2 Structure and function of MSP 430F 149 Micro-controller
1.2.2 Power circuit
CNC lathe system MSP 430F 149 microcontroller requires a voltage of 3.3 V, which is obtained by AS1117 voltage conversion circuit to achieve, as shown in Figure 1.3.
The circuit diagram of Figure 1. 3 AS1117
Fig. 1 .3 Circuit diagram of AS1117
AS1117 ALPHA Semiconductor Introduces 3.3V power supply module, constant current output 800mA, 5V voltage input can be converted to 3.3V typical voltage output, fully meet the circuit design requirements. In order to ensure the stability of the AS1117 output, the output needs to be connected with more than 10uF tantalum or 50uF aluminum capacitor. Connected to the output size of the capacitor can be changed with the change of the output load or temperature. The capacitance of the equivalent impedance value will affect the stability of the output voltage of the AS1117. Different capacitor having a different impedance values, the capacitance of the impedance is
recommended value of 0.5Ω. System uses 100uF output capacitor can improve the load transient response [19].
1.2.3Crystal oscillator circuit
For a high reliability system design, the choice of the crystal is very important, especially (often using low voltage in order to low-power design with sleep wake) system. This is because the pumping power decreases, the low supply voltage is provided to the crystal from the resulting crystal oscillator is slow or does not oscillate. When the power-on reset, this phenomenon is not particularly significant, because the power-on circuit enough disturbance, it is easy to establish oscillation. In the wake of the sleep disturbance on the circuit than the system when power is much smaller start-up is not easy. Oscillation circuit, crystal neither Overdrive (easy high harmonic oscillation to) can not owe incentives (not easy start-up). System choice 32768Hz 6M two external crystal circuit.
1.2.4Reset circuit
The system can only be reset after the orderly implementation of the application, if the reset circuit is unstable, it will affect the normal operation of the system. MSP 430F 149 microcontroller reset pin an RST with the non-maskable interrupt pin multiplexing selected by software functionality by default for the reset function. The system uses a dedicated reset chip IMP809R, in order to guarantee the microcontroller sufficiently reliable to be reset, as shown in Figure 3.4.
Reset circuit in Figure 3.4
Fig.3.4 Circuit diagram of resetting
IMP809R IMP's a reset chip supply voltage of 1.1 ~ 5.5V, without external components. When the supply voltage VCC is higher than 2.63V RESET pin output high; when the supply voltage VCC is below 2.63V RESET pin reset, reset time of 140ms [20]. As a result, sufficient reset time to ensure the system can reliably reset.
1.3The stepper motor module
1.3.1Selection of a stepping motor
The system uses Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing the StarTech micro step control three-phase hybrid stepper motor 110BYG350B (see Figure 3.5) and its drive MS-3H 110M.VLSI with high anti-interference, fast response and high number of segments stepper motor performance are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2.
Table 3. 1 110BYG350B technical parameters
Table.3. 1 Technical parameter of model 110BYG350B
Numbe r of phase s
Line
current
(Rms)
Drive
Voltag
e
Maximum
Static
torque
Wire
resistan
ce
Line
inducta
nce
Weight
Maximum
load
starting
speed
3 4.9A AC220V12Nm 1.5 Ω16mH8.3Kg 240 rev /
min Table 3. 2 110BYG350B General Specifications
Table.3. 2 General s pecification of model 110BYG350B
Ambient temperature- 2 5 ℃ ~ + 55 ℃
Temperature rise85 ℃ Max
Insulation
Resistance
500V DC 100M Min
Dielectric Strength B
Runout0.02mm Max
Axial clearance0.1 ~ 0.3mm
Figure 3.5
110BYG350B stepper motor appearance
Fig.3.5 Appearance of step motor model 110BYG350B The MS-3H 110M subdivision stepper motor drive, as shown in Figure 3.6. Figure 3.6 stepper motor
drive MS-3H 110M outline drawing
Fig.3.6 Appearance of step motor driver model MS-3H 110M
Stepper motor normal operation of the input pulse
frequency gradually increase the dynamic torque motor will
gradually decline as shown in Table 3.3. CNC lathe operation
can be divided into two cases: rapid traverse and cutting feed.
In both cases, the torque and the feed rate, have different
requirements. Selected stepper motor, attention should be
able to meet the requirements in both cases [21].
Table 3.3 dynamic torque test data
Table.3.3 Testing datas of dynamic moment
Test motor model: 110BYG350B supporting drive models: the MS-3H 110M
Test conditions: the drive voltage to AC220V, drive current for the rated current of the drive is set to 2000 steps / rev.
Speed (r /
m)33060120240300450600900120
150
Torque (Nm)14.614.
615.
14.
6
14.
7
14.
3
13.
6
11.
5
8.2 5.9
4.2
/ Rev. Based on these performance indicators to verify that the stepper motor can meet the job requirements.
Take CNC lathe feed at maximum speed 4000mm / min, the minimum pulse equivalent 0.005mm, the feed rate values transformed into the operating frequency of the stepper motor, that is, the maximum feed rate
Hz v f 3
40000
005.060001.040001000601000=???==
δ Its speed is: 4002000
360
40000=??=
n Rev / min
Be seen from Table 3-3, n = 400 r / min, dynamic torque stepper motor for 13.6 ≤ T ≤ 14.3Nm, stepper motor load torque for 4 ~ 9N.m, show that the stepper The motor in this case is able to meet job requirements.
To take maximum cutting speed 1500mm / min, the minimum pulse equivalent to the maximum cutting speed 0.005mm, the maximum feed rate value into the operating frequency of the stepper motor, that is
Hz v f 5000005
.060001
.015001000601000=???==
δ Its speed is: 1502000
60
5000=?=
n Rev / min
Be seen from Table 3-3, when n = 15 rev / min, the stepper motor a dynamic torque of 1 4.6 ≤ T ≤ 14.7Nm, stepper motor load torque at this time is 3 to 8 Nm showed Step The motor in this case is able to meet job requirements.
Stepper motor control system limit, the stepper motor can meet the requirements of the work, so we choose the stepper motor 110BYG350B its drive MS-3H 110M to meet system requirements.
1.3.2 Open loop stepper motor system
The open-loop control system uses the stepper motor, the position feedback loop and speed control loop, the structure of its control system is shown in Figure 3.7.
光隔
步进电机控制器MS-3G110M 步进电机110BYG350B
电源
MSP430F149
MCU
Figure 3.7 stepper motor open-loop system connection diagram
Fig.3.7 Connection of open-loop system with step motor
1.4 Keyboard and LCD module
1.4.1 SED1335 controller
SED1335 is the Japanese SEIKO EPSON produced LCD controller has strong function of I / O buffers, instruction, feature-rich, four data transmitted in par allel, the maximum drive capacity of 640 × 256 dots, and graphics and text The format mixing of [25].
The SED1335 including the interface portion, the management control section and the LCD display driving section. Its internal structure is shown in Figure 3.8.
Y S C L 、Y D I S
L P 、W F
X S C L 、X E C L
X D 0 t o X D 3
V D 0 t o V D 7
V A 0 t o V A 15
____V C E ____V W R ____V R D
c
X G
X D
__ A 0 、C S
S E L 1S E L 2
___R E S
__ __W R 、R D
D 0 t o D 7
光标地址显示地址刷新地址
显示RAM 接口I/O 寄存LCD 驱动
点控制显示字库合成显示
MPU 接口
振荡器
显示存储器
扩展字库
LCM
Figure 3.8 SED1335 internal circuit schematics Fig.3.8 Principle of the inside circuit about SED1335
1.4.2 Hardware connection
LCD display module and MSP 430F 149 microcontroller connection is shown in Figure 3.9.
In the figure, the left side of J1 LCD module LCM320240; right side is a logic level the conversion chip SN74LVC 4245A, the chip with the MSP 430F 149microcontroller I / O port P4.0 ~ P4.7 and P5.0 ~ P5.5 connection; lower left side of the liquid crystal display module negative voltage generating circuit.
SN74LVC 4245A for asynchronous bus transfer, data is transferred from the terminal A to the terminal B is transmitted from the terminal B to the terminal A, depending on the device in the direction control signal DIR; the same time, the output enable signal can effectively isolate the bus [26].
The control signal and the results are shown in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 menu
Table.3.5 Functions form
Enter
DIR
L L B to A
L H A to B
H ×Isolation
Figure 3.9 LCD module hardware interface diagram Fig.3.9 Hardware interface of LCD display modul e
SED1335 controller LCD module can be adapted to the 8080 Series and M6800 Series MPU SEL1 and SEL2 combination to choose [27].
This design uses the 8080-series MPU, its interface transfer timing is shown in Figure 3.10, interface timing characteristics are shown in Table 3.6.
__ A0、CS
T2
T1
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
__ __ WR 、RD
D0~D7(WRITE)
D0~D7(READ)
Figure 3 10 MSP 430F 149 interface timing diagram
Fig.3.10 Interface sequence of MSP 430F 149 MCU
Table 3.6 interface timing characteristics Ta = -25 ~ 75 ℃ Table.3.6 Sequence characteristic of interface Ta = -25 ~ 75 ℃
Project Symbol Parameter
Description Vdd = 2.7 ~ 5.5V
Minimum (ns) Max (ns)
A0
T1 Address set-up time
30 -
T2 Address hold time 10 - T3 Read and write
cycles
750 -
T4 Read and write pulse width 220 -
T5
Write data hold
time
10 - T6 Write data setup
time
120 - T7 Read data hold time 10 60 T8
Read data setup
time
-
120
1.4.3 Keyboard module
A total of 30 keys, including the numeric keys, arrow keys and function keys in the keyboard. Save MCU resources from the point of view, we have
adopted a 5 × 6 matrix keyboard.This can be used MSP 430F 149 11 I / O lines to control the 30 keys on the keyboard, hardware connection is shown in Figure 3.11.
Figure 3.11 keyboard hardware connection schematic
Fig.3.11 Connection principle of keyboard
Buttons to set the line, the cross point of the column lines, the row and column lines are respectively connected to both ends of the key switch,
the column line through the lower
The pull-up resistor to ground. Level through the ranks of the state that can detect button is pressed, and key identification. Keyboard keys Figure 3.11 corresponds to the relationship shown in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 keyboard serial number corresponding table
Fig.3.7 Serial numbers corresponding with the buttons
No.Button No.Button No.Button
1ESC11SHIFT21X -
2 1 / X120 / M22Z +
3 2 / I13G23Z -
4 3 / Z14. / -24Tool change
5 4 / R15ENTER25Manual
6 5 / N16←26Jog
7 6 / F17↑27Incrementa
l
87 / S18→28Start /Stop
98 / K19↓29Cooling
109 / T20X +30Lubricatin
g
1.5Spindle control module
The system selected the Changchun Optical Co., Ltd. production of solid incremental shaft encoder ZJE-46-2400,Figure 3.12shows, the working voltage of 5V per revolution output 2400 pulses.
Figure 3.1 2 ZJE-46-2400 outline drawing
F ig.3.1 2 Apperance of module ZJE-46-2400
1.5.1Working Principle
Pulse encoder is a rotary pulse generator. Its mechanical angle into electrical pulses, which is a common angular displacement sensor. Pulse encoder sub-the photoelectric-contact electromagnetic induction type three. Optical precision and reliability are better than the other two, CNC lathe only use the photoelectric pulse encoder. The the photoelectric pulse encoder is divided into absolute photoelectric encoder and incremental photoelectric encoder two incremental optical encoder disk, unlike the absolute optical encoder code disk is measured as the absolute position of the rotating body, it is designed to measure the rotation of the body the cumulative amount of angular displacement [30].
Incremental photoelectric encoder disk is 3 yards out only a code disk Road from the inside out, namely A, B, C,
FIG 3.13 (a) shown below. In the code wheel of the A,B code channel, equidistantly opened transmissive slits, the two yards aisle adjacent slits are staggered half a slit width. 3 code channel C only open a gap, used to indicate the zero bit of the code disk. Built in the code wheel has a light emitting diode (light source) and the photoelectric receiver, when the code wheel is rotated, the light source through the translucent and opaque areas, and accordingly, each barcode channel there will be a series of pulses outputted from the photosensitive element. Code channel, the number of gaps, there will be a number of pulses output. After shaping these pulses, the output of the pulse signal shown in Figure 13 (b) shown below.
Figure 3.13 (a) ZJE-46 optical encoder disk Figure 3.13 (b) photoelectric encoder output pulse signal
Fig.3.13 (a) Photoelectric code plate Fig.3.13 (b) I mpulse signal output of Photoelectric encoder
1.5.2Manual pulse generator
Manual pulse generator is also economical CNC lathe system used a photoelectric position control components of the pulse generator and its working principle is the same as described above. The system uses Optical Co., Ltd. in Changchun First production the LGF-001A the -100 manual pulse generator, the working voltage of 5~ 15V,output 100pulses per revolution.
1.6Serial communication module
1.6.1RS - 232C interface standard
The CNC lathe system device with a standard serial communication interface, can be easily connected to the PC with the host computer, for peer-to-peer communication, PC, pre-compiled part program and parameters sent to the CNC system memory. It requires close communication, to facilitate the users actual field operations. Standard RS-232C serial communication interface standard is widely used in the economic type CNC lathe system. RS-232C is used in a negative logic, and the relationship between the logic 0 and a logic 1 signal level and the signal state is shown in Figure 3.14.A
B
SPACE 逻辑0ON
MARK 逻辑1OFF
变迁区
SPACE 逻辑0ON
MARK 逻辑1OFF
变迁区＋15V
＋
15V
＋5V
＋5V
－15V
－15V
－5V
－5V
2V
2V
噪声容限
Electrical Characteristics Figure 3. 14 RS-232C interface
Fig.3.14 Electric characteristic of RS-232C interface
1.6.2 Serial communication hardware connection
CNC lathe system serial communication hardware connections shown in Figure 3.15. The MSP 430F 149 system uses a three-wire connection, the left side of the 3.3V power supply system, the right side for the host PC RS-232 level by level conversion chip MAX3221 link.
Figure 3.15 serial communication hardware connection diagram
Fig.3.15 Hardware connection of serial communication
1.7 Other input / output interface circuit
Economic type CNC lathe system, the system you want to receive the other keys and buttons on the lathe operator panel switch signal, or take some CNC lathe work status display indicator on the operation panel, these need to go through Input / output (I / O) interface circuit to complete.
1.7.1Switch input interface
Switch input interface circuit commonly used in limit switches, handheld jog the tool in place and sensor input switch input transition process is necessary to increase the level shaping conversion circuit. Figure 3.16 is a limit switch interface circuit of the input signal. The usual limit switch contacts is normally open input MSP 430F 149microcontroller signals is high; Once the limit switch is closed, limit the output signal immediately becomes a low level, the machine alarm signal.Optocoupler TLP521electrical isolation and prevent the destruction of the interference signal string into strong electrical system.
Figure 3.16 switch signal input interface circuit
Fig.3.16 Input interface circuit of signal
1.7.2Switch output interface
CNC lathe system on a variety of controlled object is more than strong electric equipment, the output of the switch directly controls the the lathe start and stop various electrical control action, such as solenoid valves and contactors, the need for power amplification, but also have a good anti-jamming capability.
System, we designed a three-way switch output interface circuit, as shown in Figure 3.17. The optocoupler TTL113 will not only be able to enlarge the output power, but also to suppress interference accused device to improve the anti-interference ability of the power interface, and enhance the reliability of the system.
Figure 3.17 switch signal output interface circuit
Fig.3.17 O utput interface circuit of signal
1.8Anti-jamming design of hardware circuit
The anti-jamming design is a key issue of the application of SCM system. Economic CNC lathe system hardware circuit design, fully consider the impact of the various sources of interference may occur, and take appropriate measures to improve the anti-interference ability of the system [33].
The antijamming is a complex problem, and is often difficult to use a single method to solve through optical isolation, the elements are arranged, the connection arrangement of many of the hardware and some software anti-jamming measures, can greatly improve the reliability of the system.
1.9Chapter Summary
This chapter first describes the economic type CNC lathe system hardware architecture, and then detailed introductory microcontroller MSP 430F 149 module, stepper motor module, keyboard and LCD modules, spindle control module, serial communication modules, and other input / output circuit hardware components and works. This chapter is the concrete expansion and introduction of the second chapter, is also part of the basis of the economic
type CNC lathe system software.
(word完整版)高中英语句子翻译与写作第11章宾语从句
第十一章宾语从句 历届试题 1．越来越多的人意识到遵守交通规则的重要性。(be aware) (Ss00) 2．学生们逐渐认识到友谊胜过金钱，患难朋友才是真朋友。(realize) (Ss01) 3．这个事故使我们意识到安全问题不容忽视。(realize) (Ss02) 4．应该鼓励学生将课堂上所学的知识运用到实践中去。(apply) (S02) 5．你应该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。．(apologize) (S04) 6．我希望尽快收到你的照片。(hope) (S05) 7．我们相信农民的生活会越来越好。(believe) (S06) 8．物理课上，他没听懂王教授所讲的内容。(fail) (Ss06) I. “that” 1．我告诉她我已把餐具洗好了。(wash up) 2．她说鲁宾逊先生将不得不为那张画付出高价。(pay) 3．我的母亲说我们将在北京逗留两个星期。(stay) 4．我的朋友说他总是遵守交通规则的。(obey) 5．我们在火车上相遇时，她假装不认识我。(pretend) 6．我们很高兴开运动会时天气很好。(glad) 7．从她的声音我认出她就是我们在找的老妇人。(recognize) 8．我希望你能保守秘密。(keep the secret) 9．我猜想你大概是从不休息一刻。(suppose) 10．我肯定他能克服他所遇到的一切困难。(overcome) 11．他向我抱怨，他放在办公室抽屉里的三份中国日报不见了。(complain) 12．大家都知道抽烟有害人体健康。(damage) 13．他说他会不断把他的学校生活告诉我们。(inform) 14．你的文章很令人满意，我肯定你的老师会对它满意的。(satisfy) 15．我很高兴听说他的爷爷决定戒烟了。(stop smoking) 16．医生说这个病人必须立刻隔离。(isolate) 17．她打电话提醒我，由于天气不好，运动会将不举行了。(remind) 18．他们的经验告诉我们戒烟并不难。(stop smoking) 19．她没有料到她的梦想能实现。(come true) 20．她突然发现记不起她父亲对她说的话了。(remember) 21．我肯定这个年青人不久就会苏醒的。(come to life) 22．我们知道他们的工作正在进行。(in progress) 23．研究表明他们已经找到了酸雨的答案。(indicate) 24．他说他要写完那些圣诞卡才离开。(not…until) 25．他向我保证他会把所有书都还给我的。(assure) 26．实验结果显示鸡蛋里含有人体所需要的各种营养成分。(result，contain) 27．你说他今晚要来，可是这完全不可能。(quite) 28．他答应他一定做到不让事故发生。(see to it) 29．他向我保证不再拖拉交作业。(assure) 30．我认为不付出艰苦的劳动就不能成功。(not … without) 31．你必须记住判决不会对我们有利。(mind) 32．没人会料到这一连串的案件与那个沉默寡言的人有关。(have something to do with)
英语翻译例子
Translation Work 1 The evidence has gotten much stronger that a substance known as C-reactive protein may be every bit as important as cholesterol in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Back in 2002, a thought-provoking study found that a blood test for C-reactive protein, called CRP, was actually better than the standard cholesterol test at predicting the risk of a heart attack or a stroke. Now two studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine have shown that drugs that reduce the levels of that protein in patients with severe heart disease can show the progression of atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks and cardiac-related deaths. 更有力的证据证明一种被称作C反应蛋白的物质在诊断与治疗心脏疾病中有可能与胆固醇一样重要。早在2002年，人们在一个发人深省的研究中已发现血液C反应蛋白测试，即CRP，比胆固醇水平测试能更好地预测心脏病或中风的风险。现今，在《新英格兰医学期刊》中刊登的两则研究表明，用以减少患有严重心脏病的病人中的C反应蛋白水平的药物可以显示病者动脉粥样硬化的进展，并且该种药物还可以预防心脏病、降低因患与心脏相关疾病而死亡的风险。
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
四六级翻译30个常用句型
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
科学美国人的中文翻译
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
英汉翻译经典例子及答案
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
英文翻译范例
毕业设计（论文）英文翻译 课题名称 系 部 专 业 班 级 学 号 姓 名 指导教师 校内： 校外： 2012年4月5日
原文： CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION AND KINDS OF SECURITY BREACHES 1．CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER INTRUSION The target of a crime involving computers may be any piece of the computing system．A computing system is a collection of hardware，software，storage media，data，and persons that an organization uses to do computing tasks．Whereas the obvious target of a bank robbery is cash，a list of names and addresses of depositors might be valuable to a competing bank．The list might be on paper，recorded on a magnetic medium，stored in internal computer memory，or transmitted electronically across a medium such as a telephone line．This multiplicity of targets makes computer security difficult．In any security system，the weakest point is the most serious vulnerability．A robber intent on stealing something from your house will not attempt to penetrate a two-inch thick metal door if a window gives easier access．A sophisticated perimeter physical security system does not compensate for unguarded access by means of a simple telephone line and a modem．The “weakest point” philosophy can be restated as the following principle．
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
八年级-宾语从句-翻译
汉译英 宾语从句 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd4147364.html,ernment use it to learn where people live and work and to plan what to do with the land. 2.Photos of the same places at different times show how the land is changing. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd4147364.html,ndsat showed where Earth’s surface had faults along which earthquakes might happen. 4.The two sets of pictures , viewed together, show how other places, such as rain forests, become smaller over time. 5.This helps scientists learn hww people affect(影响) geography. 6.After a few months, you will find that you can easily remember the material. 7.From the passage, we can infer that satellite pictures can give more detailed information. 8.I believe everyone will be able to travel to the moon, to other planets and perhaps even to other galaxies for a holiday. 9.Even now I guess my parents are still angry with me. 10.I still believe what I did was right for me. 11.At first what the writer did showed that he was hopeful in music. 12.It is touching to see how they tried to get a high school education at their age. 13.As time passed, he realized that helping needy students was his true calling. 14.Pause for a few seconds from time to time to give your audience chance to think over what you’ve said. 15. A parent says she does n’t quite understand why they are so mad about the childish games. 16.He had won some candies in a prize machine in the local supermarket, so I asked him if he would like to share his candies with others. 17.I went to the father and asked if my son could give his daughter some candies that he had won. 18.I explained that I was teaching my son about the power of kindness. 19.And I suddenly remembered I had seen the little girl before in my son’s school. 20.When we left the supermarket, I explained to my son that people in the world today were not so open to kindness, and I told him not to be embarrassed. 21.I didn’t know what they were going to do. I was so scared. 22.They asked me what happened and said they might be able to get the car running again.
英语翻译常用句型
翻译中常见的句型 1．否定句型 1）部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式：“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词：all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式：no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词：no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型：all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2．判断句型 1）强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语（强调内容） The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句： a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告，不如说是忠告。3．倍数表示句型： a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象
科学翻译
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G
文言文翻译技巧和方法
文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法：直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译，是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译，做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂，语言也不够通顺。所谓意译，则是根据语句的意思进行翻译，做到尽量符合原文意思，语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性，文字可增可减，词语的位置可以变化，句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯，译文符合现代语言的表达习惯，比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主，意译为辅。 二、具体方法：留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”：就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词，以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等，翻译时可保留不变。例如：《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”，就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如：“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词，可不译，本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如：“子猷、子敬俱病笃，而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词，可不译，整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重，子敬先死去。” “补”，就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词，如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”，“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分，如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”，翻译为：(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”，就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”，把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”，“何以”是“以何”的倒装，宾语前置句，意思是“为什么”。“变”，就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上，活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”，“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译，自有顺序，首览全篇，掌握大意；先明主题，搜集信息，由段到句，从句到词，全都理解，连贯一起，对待难句，则需心细，照顾前文，联系后句，
高考英语复习宾语从句翻译
宾语从句翻译 1. 用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。 I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down。 我告诉他，由于那最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。 Can you hear what I say? 你听得到我所讲的吗？ I don’t know that he s wam across the river。 我不知道他游过了那条河。 I don’t know how he swam across the river。 我不知道他是怎么游过那条河的。 He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal。 他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议。 有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。 Smith replied that he was sorry。 斯密斯回答说，他感到遗憾。 He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others。 他再三提醒大家说，决定这件事的不只是他一个人，还有其他许多人。 2、用it作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。 I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning。 我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十时前交卷。(it没有翻译) I heard it said that he had gone abroad。
英语翻译常用句型(加精)
英语翻译常考句型详解 1.It is not that…but that… 这不是说…，而是说… 「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 「译文」这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。 2.nothing else than 完全是，实在是 「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense. 「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 3.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时做定语从句处理。 「例文」We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed. 「译文」我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。 4.名词+or+名词结构中，or后的名词是同位语，应译为即…；或者称…. 「例文」Moreover， technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. 「译文」再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些记忆并不一定都需要机器。 5.more…than…结构有三种译法：than连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句；在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为与其说…不如说；进行同类比较时，译成比…更. 「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches. 「译文」人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。虽然本句是进行程度上的比较，但从句意义是否定的， 故译成否定句。 6.no more …than 与not… any more than no more …than 与not… any more than同义，不可简单地看成是more …than的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；表示同类否定比较时，可译为不比…更或都…同样不；表示比喻关系时，可译为正如…不，…也不. 「例文」The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 「译文」这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。) 「分析」这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food …no better , than on any other ship 是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中no more… than用于同类否定的比较，可译为不如…. 7.not so much as与其说…不如说… 「例文」Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 「译文」新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward,……and tools是宾语从句。not so much……as 连接的是状语，as引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as(sciencemoves forward.)because of……not so much……as也可译为与其说……不如说……，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more……than表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much… as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。