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欧洲文化入门复习资料第二部分

2006-4-28 15:50自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】

第二章

1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的

宗教

2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of

European culture：Judaism and Christianity.

3、The Jewish tradition，which gave birth to Christianity. （犹太教是基督教

的前身）Both originated in Palestine，which was known as Canaan.

4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人

5、They called “Hebrews”，which means “wanderers”。商旅

6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle （定居）in Palestine.

7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.

8、The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New

Testament.

9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义

10、The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义）of Jesus Christ.

11、The New Testament is，in essence （实质上），the four accounts （四

福音书），written by the four disciples.弟子

12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between

God and Man.

13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约

14、The Old Testament名词解释

The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.

15、The New Testament名词解释

The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义）of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and

Man.

16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important

of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch.摩西五经

17、Pentateuch名词解释

The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis （创世记），Exodus （出埃及记），Leviticus（教义记），Numbers （逃亡记），Deuteronomy （摩西遗言记）。

18、Genesis名词解释

Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account （描述）of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career （经历）of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son

Joseph.

19、Exodus名词解释

Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious （宗教的）history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt，the period when they began to receive God…s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to

canaan.

20、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis，Pentateuch，the Old

Testament，The Bible.

21、Noah…s Ark was recorded in Genesis，Pentateuch，the Old Testament，

The Bible.

22、The Historical Books was divided into seven sections：

①Books of Joshua ②Books of Judges ③Books of Samuel ④Books of

Kings

⑤Books of the Chronicles ⑥Books of Ezra ⑦Books of Nehemiah.

23、The content of historical Books：1200B.C. 586 B.C.

Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C.，till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and

Chaldeans in 586 B.C.

24、The History Books的内容

①The development of system of landed nobles.

②The development of monarchy. 君主专制

③Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成

④（略看）The settlement in the highlands

⑤（略看）Age of great prosperity under Saul，David and Solomon.

25、Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.

26、The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.

27、David established religious capital，Jerusalem to Palestine.

28、The Prophets （先知）名词解释宣传教义并受神灵庇佑的人

For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets” or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.（分为大

小先知）

29、The Book of Daniel名词解释

The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.

30、The former body of church was known as Synagogues. 犹太教的会堂是教

堂的前身

31、The Pentateuch is the book of Daniel is also called torah. 摩西五经的别称

32、The story about God…s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis，Pentateuch，the Old Testament，the Bible，which was known a s Noah?s Ark.

33、By 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time

leader known as a priest.

34、Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese，

which was headed by a bishop.

35、The most important bishops were called archbishops. （红衣大主教）

36、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as

part of the New Testament，which tells the beginning of Christianity.

37、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew （马塞福音书）

38、All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.为

什么十四在西方吉利

39、The Last Supper was recorded in John.

40、The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high

renaissance in Italy.

文艺复兴以人为本的标志——蒙娜丽莎

41、The Last Supper adapted from St.John，the New Testament，the Bible.

42、The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last

Supper.

43、The story about Jesus being pinned （钉死）in the cross to death was

known as The Last Supper.

44、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers （改

革者）led by John Wycliff.

45、Wycliff 与Tyndale 的区别是：语言来源不同

Reformation （宗教改革）为了against the Latin language.

46、William Tyndale…s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek

sources.来源

论述简答

一、What difference between Christianity and the other religions？

（What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity？）

答：

Christianity based itself on two forceful （强烈的）beliefs which separate it

from all other religions.

1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God，and that God sent him to earth （世界）to live as humans live，suffer as humans suffer，and die to redeem

mankind.（挽回人类）

2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son （唯一的儿子）， so that whosoever （whoever的强调型）believes in him should not perish，but have

everlasting life. （获得永生）

加尔文主义也有这样的观点

二、How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent

（洲）？

☆（How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion？

统治性宗教）

答：

1、The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel，first among the Jews in

Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.

2、During a time of great unrest and upheaval动荡不安in the European continent，the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.福音（书）

3、Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared （害怕）the collapse （崩溃）of the empire.

And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.传教士

4、Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle （战役）and issued （发出）the Edict of Milan米兰特令（选择）in 313. It granted （许可）religious freedom to all，and made Christianity legal.合法化

5、In 392 A.D.，Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion

of the empire and outlawed all other religions.其他宗教不合法

6、Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression （压迫）to a weapon in the hands of the ruling （管理）class to crush their opponents （粉碎对手）。The Latin language became the official language.

三、What are the different translation editions of the Bible？

答：

1、The oldest extant （现存的） Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it

only translated the Old Testament.

2、The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition，which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people…s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout

the world.

3、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers （改

革者）led by John Wycliff.

4、Afte r John Wycliff…s version，appeared William Tyndale?s version. It was

based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.来源

5、The Great Bible （大圣经）ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all

the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale…s work.

6、The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”（官方版圣经）or “King James” version，first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple，majestic

（高雅的）Anglo-Saxon tongue，it is known as the greatest book in the English

languages.

7、The Revised Version appeared in 1885，and the standard American

edition of the Revised Version in 1901. （美国英语版）

8、The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.

四、What is the great significance of the translations of the bible？

（What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American

and British literature？）

答：

1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two

great reservoirs （水库）of Modern English.

2、Miltion…s Paradise Lost （失乐园），Bunyan?s Pilgrim…s Progress，Byron?s Cain，up to the contemporary （同时期的）Hemingway…s The Sun Also Rises，and Steinbeck?s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the

Bible.

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欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. 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Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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