考研英语一历年真题与答案解析(1980-2015)

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题

Section 1 Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.

The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

Section II Reading Comprehension

1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what

2. 2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised

4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected

5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples

6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible

7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know

8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass

9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus

10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps

11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like

12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit

13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with

14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits

15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier

16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express

17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive

18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency

19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic

20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell

Part A

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

原标题：2015年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）

TEXT 1

King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.

It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the

non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.

21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.

[B]used to enjoy high public support.

[C]was unpopular among European royals.

[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.

22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly

[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.

[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.

[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.

[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.

23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?

[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.

[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.

[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.

[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.

24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles

[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.

[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.

25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.

22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status

23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy

24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies

TEXT 2

Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.

But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.

[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.

[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of

[A] tolerance.

[B] indifference.

[C] disapproval.

[D] cautiousness.

28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to

[B] handing ones historical records.

[C] scanning ones correspondences.

[D] going through ones wallet.

29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.

30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that

(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.

(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.

27.Cdisapproval

28.A getting into ones residence

29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected

30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution

The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.

Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.

Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.

31. It can be learned from graph I that

[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

[A]pose a threat to all its peers

[B]meet with strong opposition

[C]increase Sciences circulation.

[D]set an example for other journals

34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

A. adds to researchers worklosd.

B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

C. has room for further improvement.

D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks

D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks

32.B marked

33. D set an example for other journals

34. C has room for further improvement

35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers

Text4

Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.

Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on

In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by

(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.

(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices

(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

37. It can be inferred from graph 3 that

(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence

(A) revealed a cunning personality.

(C) was hardly convincing.

(D) was part of a conspiracy.

39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

(A) generally distorted values.

(B) unfair wealth distribution.

(C) a marginalized lifestyle.

(D) a rigid moral code.

40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?

(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.

(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.

(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.

(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

38. C was hardly convincing

39. A generally distorted values

40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

Part B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)

Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)

Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)

This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its

validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.

[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.A

Part C

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national

significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.

To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden. Thecolonists first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

46）在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

47）美国是两种主要力量的产物即思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。

48）但由于美国特有的地理条件,不同民族的相互作用,以及维护原始老式方式的纯粹困难,新大陆引起了重大变化。

49）在15-16世纪北美探索的一百多年之后，运往该领土-即当今的美国-的第一船移民横渡了大西洋。

50）拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州一直延伸到乔治亚州。

SectionⅢ Writing

Part A

51.

You should state reasons for your recommendations.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the text. Use Li Ming instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

Dear club mrs,

As the next reading session is scheduled to be launched in two days, its a great honor for me to take the opportunity to present you a book worth reading-The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.

Through reflection over economics at the beginning of Industrial Revolution, the writer has elaborated on the fundamental principles of capitalism at work with insightful conceptions and eloquent speeches. Besides, the book has stood the test of time by repeated quotations and critical reviews from following researchers, exerting profound influences on anyone engaged in the field of capitalist market.

I believe reading such a classical book from an authoritative writer will produce a life-enriching and thought-provoking effect for all club mrs.

52.

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture briefly.

2) interpret its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

As is depicted above, a number of young people are having a gathering of friends, but instead of talking with each other, each of them is addicted to his or her mobile phone. The lower part of the picture, we can see some Chinese characters which read the meeting in mobile-phone era.

Undoubtedly, the author of the picture aims at reminding us of the double edge of the cell phone. It is well known that thanks to the development of human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. A case in point is the mobile phones. We must admit that the smart phone indeed dramatically changes our life. However, if used improperly, the mobile phones also can bring unhealthy side-effects, and imperil face to face communication between people. It is not too much to say that being over-addicted to mobile phones will cost our health, wisdom, creativity, friendship and even our ability to live.

Weighing the pros and cons of both sides, perhaps the best policy is to regulate it in such a way as to maximize its advantages. At the same time, we must avoid its harmful part. Furthermore, young people should be advised that spending too much time in using smart phones is bad for them.

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语(一)试题

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .

The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.

1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of

13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A] to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

1. [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析

[选项分析] 本题考查连词。根据上下文意思，首先可以排除[B][C][D]。这句话中 where

引导一个状语语从句，主要是说记不清把钥匙放在哪里了。

2. [标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和动词辨析

[选项分析] As the brain 2 we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments这句话的意思是“由于大脑 2

我们称这些现象为“瞬间性老年痴呆”，由此可以排除[A] 和

[C]。[D]collapse意为：使倒塌，使崩溃，不符合题意。fades考察熟词僻意，通常意思为褪色，逝去。还有衰老的意思，这里就考察是衰老的意思。从前文可以看出，文章讲的是随着年龄增长，大脑衰老。所以选[B]

3. [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题

[选项分析] [A] if 表示假设“如果”。[B] Unless “除非，如果不”。[C]Once

“一旦”。[D]While，“虽然，然而”表转折。这句话的意思是虽然表面上看起来没什么，但是危害很大，前后

位转折关系，所以选D。

4. [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为形容词，[A] 表示“不均匀”， [B] 表示“有限的”， [C]

表示“有破坏性的，损坏的”， [D]

表示“模糊的，晦涩的”。这句话意思是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们带来……的影响。根据上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“有限的影响”显然不足以表达危害的严重性，故可以排除[B] 选项。[C]

“带来有害的影响”最符合作者意图。

5. [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 本句话含义是这种精神能量的缺失会给我们的职业、社交还有个人……带来有害的影响。[A] wellbeing “幸福”。[B]environment “环境”。[C] relationship “关系”。[D] outlook

“展望”。and连接若干名词，这些名词应该为同一类，职业、社交都是和个人相关，排除[B] 和[D]，[C] personal relationship就是social的意思，不能重复，选择[A]，个人幸福。

6. [标准答案] [A]

[考点分析] 固定搭配

[选项分析] [A] it turns out that “原来，其实” 。[B]it finds out that“本文发现”。[C] it points out

that“本文发现”。It代表神经科学，这句话的意思是越来越多的精神学家们都表示，大脑其实跟肌肉一样需要练习运动。这里给出的是神经科学的结论，因此选择it turns out that

7. [标准答案] [C]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A]

roundabouts迂回路线。[B]responses回应。[C]workouts锻炼，练习。[D]associations协会。[C]workouts锻炼，练习与前文出现的exercise都有“锻炼，练习”的意思，近义词复现，所以选[C]

8. [标准答案] [B]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析]

这四个选项均为名词。[A]genre类型，种类。[B]functions功能。[C]circumstances情况，环境。

[D]criterion批评判断的标准、准则。这句话的意思是正确的智力运动能极大地提高我们最基本的认知功能，根据语义，选择 [B]functions功能。

9. [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 上下文语义和名词辨析

[选项分析] 这四个选项均为名词。[A]

channel通道，频道。[B]condition条件。[C]sequence顺序，序列。[D]process过程，步骤。根据常识，思考是一个过

程，并且通过脑神经相互接触来完成，其他选项表示渠道、序列、条件，均不符合常识。因此正确答案是表示过程的[D]选项。这句话的意思是思考是大脑神经连接必要的过程。

10. [标准答案] [D]

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[选项分析] 这四个选项均为动词。[A] persist坚持。[B] believe相信。[C] excel超过。[D]

feature特色。本句句意，在某种程度来讲，我们在进行神经连接(直接影响人的聪明程度)方面的特殊能力是与生俱来的。excel 有超过擅长的意思，表示在某个方面出众，放在此处符合题意，因此正确答案为[B]。

11. [标准答案] [D]

[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题

[选项分析]

本题需要的是一个副词，而且位于句首，因此考察的是句关系。通过前后句意义来定答案，前一句强调的是智力是与生俱来的(inherited)，而后一句则认为是可以通过脑力活动(mental

effort)会有所波动，两句意义明显相反，故正确答案为[D] However。

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2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一) Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic c ontainer. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.

考研英语一阅读理解真题加解析 assage

1994P a s s a g e4 "I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infection s, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available." This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging — 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas. With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogene s, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays." The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. "First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action." 63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________. [A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade [B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright [C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years [D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered 64. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________. [A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients [B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living [C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers [D] there won't be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________. [A] that are always in operation in a healthy person [B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated [C] that can be driven out of normal cells [D] which normal cell can't turn off 66. The word "dormant' in the third paragraph most probably means ________.