2010年春季专业英语期末考A卷

云南大学2009至2010学年下学期生物科学基地班与生物技术基地班2007级《专业英语》期末考试（闭卷）试卷（A卷）

满分100分考试时间：120分钟任课教师：马海英

学院：＿＿＿＿＿专业：＿＿＿＿＿学号：＿＿＿＿姓名：＿＿＿＿

一、名词解释（本题10小题，每题2分，共20分）

1、genome

答：

2、ecosystem

答：

3、macromolecule

答：

4、gamete

答：

5、heterozygote

答：

6、meristem

答：

7、sterile

答：

8、omnivore

答：

9、symbiosis

答：

10、prokaryote

答：

二、选择题（本题10小题，每题2分，共20分）

1. Organs in animals are composed of a number of different tissue types. There are four types

of tissues in animal body. tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, _____tissue serves many purposes in the body, tissue facilitates movement of the animal by concentration of individual muscle cells, and tissue functions in the integration of stimulus and control of response to that stimulus.

A. Nervous

B. Muscle

C. Connective

D. Epithelial

2. The term means a collection of stamens that form the male reproductive

organs of a flowering plant, and the collective term for the female reproductive organs of a flower is .

A. androecium

B. gynoecium

C. corolla

D. pistil

3. There are four classes of macromolecules in living things. function as

short-term energy storage(such as sugar). are involved mainly with long-term energy storage. are very important in biological systems as control and structural elements. And function mainly as information storage.

A. Lipids

B. Nucleic acids

C. Carbohydrate

D. Proteins

4. All cells are divided into two types: cells and cells. The

cells does not have a nucleus. The cell contains a nucleus.

A. prokaryotic

B. eukaryotic

C. prokaryote

D. eukaryote

5. The term refers to the normal process of nuclear division (occurring at cell

division) by which 2 daughter nuclei are produced, each identical to the parent nucleus, and the term is used when the daughter nuclei have only half the genetic

complement of the parent cell.

A. mitosis

B. meiosis

C. division

D. cleavage

6. The process of mitosis can be divided into four stages. In the mitotic apparatus is

formed and the chromosomes become condensed. In the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. ____ starts when the centromeres divide, it is the shortest stage and the most beautiful to watch. In ____ the sister chromatids separate and new cell membrane is formed.

A. telophase

B. anaphase

C. prophase

D. metaphase

7. Plants have only threes tissue types: 1) _____; 2) _____; and 3) ______. _______ tissue

covers the outer surface of herbaceous plants. The ______tissue comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. The _____ tissue transports food, water, hormones and minerals within the plant.

A. dermal

B. ground

C. vascular.

D. parenchyma

E.Collenchyma

F. sclerenchyma

G. xylem H. phloem

8. ______ System transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products, immune

components, and hormones. Major organs includes the heart, capillaries, arteries, and veins. The _______ system also transports excess fluids to and from circulatory system and transports fat to the heart.

A. Circulatory

B. Blood

C. Excretory

D. lymphatic

9. In terrestrial ecosystems, ______are autotrophic, usually photosynthetic, organisms.

______are heterotrophic organisms that eat food produced by another organism. Among them, _____ and ______are primary and secondary or tertiary consumers respectively.

_____ are mostly bacteria and fungi that recycle nutrients from decaying organic material.

A. producers

B. decomposers

C. herbivores

D. carnivores

E.. consumers

10. There are 44____ and 2 _____in the human genome, for a total of 46. Karyotypes are

pictures of _______chromosomes lined up together during ____I of meiosis. The chromosome micrographs are then arranged by size and pasted onto a sheet.

A. heterologous

B. homologous

C. sex choromosomes

D.autosomes

E. telophase

F. anaphase

G. prophase

H. metaphase

三、翻译下列句子。（10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

1. The more related two species of multicellular organisms are, the more similar their

anatomies in almost all cases.

2. All prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, nucleoid region with DNA, and a

cytoplasm that contains ribosomes, water, and dissolved proteins and small molecules.

3. Mutations in DNA are often expressed as abnormal proteins. However, the result may not

be easily observable phenotypic changes. Some mutations are detectable only under certain conditions.

4. Polygenic inheritance is a pattern responsible for many features that seem simple on the

surface. Many traits such as height, shape, weight, color, and metabolic rate are governed by the cumulative effects of many genes.

5. Darwin’s theory of evolution has proven controversial among the general public, although

the commonly raised objections are without scientific merit.

6. Plants are able to respond to pathogen attack quickly through the induction of various

defense mechanisms, including programmed cell death.

7. In many cases, the ease of RNAi technology allows researchers to gain insight into the

function of a gene years or decades before traditional approaches could.

8. The diversity of microscopic life forms are only recently coming to light, and their

varieties, abilities, distributions, ecosystem functions, and conservation status are even

more poorly known.

9. Until now, most scientists have believed that altruism emerged only after the evolutionary

line that produce humans split away from the one that gave rise to chimpanzees around 6 million years ago.

10. Microorganisms are applied to degrade chemicals in aquatic environment for following

reasons: they are microbial component of aquatic ecosystems and have self-purification nature water ability by increased growth and metabolism.

四、翻译下列段落。（5小题，每小题6分，共30分）

1．Codominant alleles occur when rather than expression in intermediate phenotype, the heterozygotes express both homozygous phenotypes. An example is in human ABO blood types, the heterozygote AB type manufactures antibodies to both A and B types. Blood Type A people manufacture only anti-B antibodies, while type B people make only anti-A antibodies. Codominant alleles are both expressed. Heterozygotes for codominant alleles fully express both alleles. Blood type AB individuals produce both A and B antigens. Since neither A or B is dominant over the other and they are both dominant over O they are said to be codominant.

2．Not all living things have cell walls, most notably animals and many of the more animal-like protistans. Bacteria have cell walls containing peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）. Plant cells have a variety of chemicals incorporated in their cell walls. Cellulose is the most common chemical in the plant primary cell wall. Some plant cells also have lignin and

other chemicals embedded in their secondary walls. The cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane. Plasmodesmata are connections through which cells communicate chemically with each other through their thick walls. Fungi and many protists have cell walls although they do not contain cellulose, rather a variety of chemicals (chitin for fungi). 3．Several possible mechanisms exist for rapid evolution. Chromosomal aberrations, such as breakages and rejoining of chromosomal parts, can introduce large changes in genes and the sequences that regulate them. This may lead to changes much larger than that brought about by simple point mutations. Environmental catastrophes can set the stage for rapid evolution as well. It is thought that the extinction of the dinosaurs was triggered by a large comet impact. This rapid loss of the dominant fauna in many ecosystems opened up many new niches for mammals, which at the time were a small group of fairly unimportant creatures. The sudden appearance of many new opportunities led to rapid and widespread speciation, in a process called adaptive radiation.

4．A generalized plant cell type, parenchyma cells are alive at maturity. They function in storage, photosynthesis, and as the bulk of ground and vascular tissue. Palisade parenchyma cells are elongated cells located in many leaves just below the epidermal tissue.

Spongy mesophyll cells occur below the one or two layers of palisade cells. Ray parenchyma cells occur in wood rays, the structures that transport materials laterally within

a woody stem. Parenchyma cells also occur within the xylem and phloem of vascular

bundles. The largest parenchyma cells occur in the pith region, often, as in corns (Zea) stems, being larger than the vascular bundles. In many prepared slides they stain green. 5．Almost all animals (99%) are invertebrates, lacking a backbone. Of the estimated 10 million living animal species, only 42,500 have a backbone and are referred to as vertebrates.

Animals are very diverse in form, ranging in size from ones too small to see with the naked eyes to enormous whales and giant squids. The animal kingdom includes about 35 phyla, most of which occur in the sea. Far fewer phyla occur in fresh water and fewer still occur on land. Members of three phyla, Arthropoda (spiders and insects), Mollusca (snails), and Chordata (vertebrates), dominate animal life on land.

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