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Coupled oscillators as models of quintom dark energy

Coupled oscillators as models of quintom dark energy
Coupled oscillators as models of quintom dark energy

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Coupled oscillators as models of quintom dark energy M.R.Setare 1?and E.N.Saridakis 2?1Department of Science,Payame Noor University,Bijar,Iran 2Department of Physics,University of Athens,GR-15771Athens,Greece Abstract We investigate quintom cosmology in a non-spatially ?at FLRW uni-verse using isomorphic models consisting of three coupled oscillators,one of which carries negative kinetic energy.In particular,we examine the cosmological paradigms of minimally-coupled massless quintom,of two conformally-coupled massive scalars and of conformally-coupled massive quintom,and we obtain their qualitative characteristics as well as their quantitative asymptotic behavior.

1Introduction

The type Ia supernova observations suggests that the universe is dom-inated by dark energy(DE)with negative pressure,which provides the dynamical mechanism for its accelerating expansion[1,2,3].The strength

of this acceleration is presently a matter of debate,mainly because it de-pends on the theoretical model implied when interpreting the data.

The most obvious theoretical candidate for dark energy is the cosmo-logical constantλ(or vacuum energy)[4,5]which has the equation of state

w=?1.However,as is well known,there are two di?culties arising from the cosmological constant scenario,namely the two famous cosmological constant problems—the“?ne-tuning”and the“cosmic coincidence”one

[6].An alternative proposal is the concept of dynamical dark energy.Such

a scenario is often realized by some scalar?eld mechanism and suggests that the energy form with negative pressure is provided by a scalar?eld evolving under a properly constructed potential.So far,a large class of scalar-?eld dark energy models have been studied,including quintessence [7],K-essence[8],tachyon[9],phantom[10],ghost condensate[11],quin-tom[12],and so forth.It should be noted that the usual viewpoint re-gards the scalar?eld dark energy models as an e?ective description of an underlying theory of dark energy.In addition,other proposals on dark energy include interacting dark energy models[13],braneworld models [14],Chaplygin gas models[15],holographic dark energy[16],bulk holo-graphic dark energy[17]and many others.In this context,scalar?elds, which may come in di?erent forms and with a variety of possible self-interaction potentials,constitute the dominant(sole)form of matter in the?eld equations of the gravitational theory.

In the present work we consider scalar?elds as the ones responsible for a dark energy universe behaving as quintom,that is obtained from an interplay of phantom and quintessence models.Under the assumption

of a quintom?eld with negative kinetic energy,the demand for a?nal dominance of phantom universe leads naturally to the consideration of a minimally-coupled quintom?eld,too.In the non-spatially?at universe, the problem of quintom stability has motivated the formulation of a toy-model[18]consisting of three coupled oscillators,one with negative and the others with positive-de?nite kinetic energy,with the?rst oscillator mimicking the gravitational?eld while the other two mimic the quintom (phantom and quintessence)?eld.In section2we summarize the equa-tions for the coupled-oscillator models.In particular in subsection2.1 we formulate the dynamics of the massless quintom scenario,while in2.2 we construct an oscillator-model with positive energy which describes ex-actly a conformally-coupled quintom in rescaled variables and conformal time.In section3we investigate the characteristics of the isomorphic model of the massless quintom and in section4of that corresponding to the conformally-coupled quintom.Finally,in section5we summarize the obtained results and we discuss their physical implications.

2Coupled oscillators as cosmological mod-els

We know that toy-models,in which coupled oscillators are utilized,are present in recent cosmological studies.In this section we rewrite the

?eld equations relating the quintom model and scalar?eld cosmology and

2

we show that these equations can be reduced to the equations of a model with three coupled oscillators.We perform our investigation in the frame-work of a non-spatially-?at Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW)universe which is described by the line element

ds2=?dt2+a2(t)(

dr2

2

˙φ2+1

2

˙φ2+1

2˙φ2cannot exhibit P

gravity[19].

For a quintom-universe described by metric(1),with theφandσ?elds as material sources,the equations of motion are the following:

H2+k

6

(˙σ2?˙φ2+2V(φ,σ))(4)

˙H+H2=?κ

=0(6)¨σ+3H˙σ+

dV

2

˙φ2?1

a2+

1

3

V(φ,σ)).(9)

The aforementioned simple quintom cosmological model comprises of three degrees of freedom.Therefore,we can construct a toy-model that

3

consists of three coupled oscillators,one with negative-de?nite and two with positive-de?nite kinetic energy,that presents the same qualitative and quantitative behavior.Such a model can be formulated using the Lagrangian:

L=˙x2

2

+

˙z2

2?

m y y2

2?

μ2x2y2

2

,(10)

or the associated Hamiltonian:

H=˙x2

2

+

˙z2

2

+

m y y2

2

+

μ2x2y2

2

.(11)

As far as the total energy of the system remains constant,the energy of the phantom oscillator could decrease arbitrarily,while the energy of the other two oscillators could increase in?nitely.Hence,there is not a stable ground state for the system[20,18].

We can now derive the Euler-Lagrange equations from(10):

¨x+(m2x+μ2y2+λ2)x=0(12)

¨y?(m2y+μ2x2)y=0(13)

¨z+(m2z+λ2x2)z=0.(14) In the following we assume that m x=m y=m z=0andμ2=1and λ2=1,so that the Euler-Lagrange equations are reduced to:

¨x=?(y2+z2)x(15)

¨y=x2y(16)

¨z=?x2z.(17) It is easy to see that the system of equations(15)-(17)becomes identical to that of(4)-(7),for a quadratic potential V=m2(φ2+σ2)/2,under the simple variable transformation[21,22,23]:

x≡ma,y≡ 6aφ,z≡

6

aσ.(18)

Therefore,the massless quintom cosmological paradigm is isomorphic to the constructed system of coupled oscillators.This property allows us to reveal the behavior of the cosmological scenario by investigating the dynamical evolution of this oscillator system.

2.2Conformally-coupled scalar?eld cosmology There are many indications supporting that in a curved space a scalar ?eld couples non-minimally to the Ricci curvature.In particular,con-formal coupling is an infrared?xed point of the relevant renormalization group[24].Thus,in this work we consider conformally-coupled massive scalar?elds.In addition,one way to obtain accelerating expansion for the universe is to use an action including scalar?elds with positive,non-minimally-coupled kinetic energy with the Ricci curvature[20]:

s= d4x√2k?ξ2g ab?aφ?bφ?1

whereξis the dimensionless coupling https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cc7941457.html,ing the valueξ= 1/6and assuming the potential form V=m2(φ2+σ2)/2,we derive the equations of motion[25,26,27,28,29,30]:

˙H+2H2+k

6

(φ2+σ2)(20)

κ

6(φ2+σ2))+

κ

6

φ+m2φ=0(22)¨σ+3H˙σ+

R

a2=

κ

2

(˙φ2?˙σ2)+m22Hφ(Hφ+2˙φ)+1

2

(˙φ2?˙σ2)?m26[4H(φ˙φ?σ˙σ)+2(˙φ2?˙σ2)(26)

+2φ¨φ?2σ¨σ+(2˙H+3H2)(φ2+σ2)].

Equations(20)-(23)and expression(25)forρare evidently compli-cated.However,we can reduce the problem to a system of three coupled oscillators with sharply de?ned energies in a?ctitious Minkowski space, repeating the same steps as in the previous subsection.Indeed,inserting the auxiliary variables de?ned in(18)and introducing the rescaled(con-formal)timeηgiven as dt=adη,the equations of motion are transformed to:

x′′=(y2+z2)x(27)

y′′=?x2y(28)

z′′=x2z,(29) where primes denote di?erentiation with respect toη.Note that these equations can be obtained from the Lagrangian:

L1=?1

2

(y′)2?12x2y2?1

2

(x′)2+

1

2

(z′)2+

1

2

x2z2.(31)

We mention here that y and z are a mixture of the gravitational and scalar-?eld degrees of freedom,whereas x is associated solely with gravity. Furthermore,as it is required by the?rst relation of(18),the restriction x>0must be applied.

5

3Dynamical behavior of massless-quintom oscillator-model

In the previous section we formulated the use of oscillator-models in in-vestigating the dynamical behavior of cosmological paradigms.For a spa-tially?at universe under the massless phantom scenario,the associated system of two coupled oscillators was studied by Castagnino et al[23](see also[20]).In this section we examine the evolution characteristics of the oscillator-model corresponding to the massless quintom,which consists of three degrees of freedom and was formulated in subsection2.1.In this case the phase-space stability analysis leads to the following results: The?xed points of the system(15)-(17)are(x0,0,0)and(0,y0,z0) and they are all unstable.In fact,a three-oscillator system with one of them having negative-de?nite kinetic energy,does not possess positions

of equilibrium.

-Apart from the?xed points,all the orbits in the phase-space go to

in?nity as t→∞with y(t)→∞monotonically while x(t)and z(t)→0 oscillating.

-In the non-spatially?at universe,cycles(periodic orbits)and chaotic behavior are not possible.

-In general,we can consider an asymptotic solution as[20]:

x(t)≈z(t)≈2

3

)(32)

y(t)≈t2.(33) In this case the kinetic energy of the x and z-oscillators(for large times)

is

K(x,z)=(˙x2)

3

).(34)

We can see that this expression oscillates with divergent amplitude,while the kinetic energy of the y-oscillator,K(y)=?(˙y2)

subsection2.2(see[32]for the corresponding problem for a phantom?eld). The Klein-Gordon equations of the scalar?elds are:

¨φ+3H˙φ?m2φ?ξRφ=0(35)

¨σ+3H˙σ+m2σ?ξRσ=0.(36) In terms of the auxiliary variables x,y and z and conformal timeη,these ?eld equations can be derived from the Lagrangian:

L2=x′2

2

+

z′2

2

+

x2z2

2

+

y′2

2?

x2y2

2

.(38)

Note that the Lagrangian(37)is equivalent to L1of equation(30),apart from an overall sign.The dynamical system in this case is:

x′′=(y2+z2)x(39)

y′′=x2y(40)

z′′=x2z.(41) A stability analysis leads to similar results to those extracted in previous section.Firstly,we can see that the?xed points are the same,namely the (x0,0,0)and are unstable.Furthermore,all the(non-stationary)orbits in the phase-space go to in?nity as t→∞.Transiting to the physical variables,we result that the unstable?xed points correspond to empty Minkowski spaces,and that all the solutions that are not stationary rep-resent universes expanding to in?nity.Closed orbits in phase-space do not exist and there is no chaos.Finally,with increasing time all?elds diverge without oscillations.

5Conclusions

In this work we investigate the evolution characteristics of quintom uni-verses,using oscillator-models as an isomorphic description.Indeed,one can construct such models which present all the relevant information,ex-amine their dynamical behavior under stability analysis,and?nally trans-form the results back to the cosmological picture.In particular,in[23]the authors constructed a toy-model with two degrees of freedom in order to isomorphically describe the cosmological paradigm of a minimally-coupled massless phantom?eld and a massless graviton in physical time.In such a case the perturbations of the model are unstable and this feature led the authors of[18]to extend it by the insertion of a negative mass term to the potential,necessary for the stabilization of perturbations(the model of Castagnino et al.of[23]could be recovered by forcing the phantom to be massless).

The dynamical system(15)-(17)of the present work constitutes a toy-model for a minimally-coupled massless quintom?eld and a mass-less graviton in physical time,since in this case the correct isomorphic description requires three degrees of freedom.Expressing the results in the physical framework we?nd that the?xed points of the system are just the Minkowski spaces,but are unstable under perturbations.Moreover,

7

there are no attractor points and all the phase-space orbits go to in?nity with increasing time.In particular,in this asymptotic case we obtain a matter-dominated universe with a(t)=a0t2/3.

The dynamical system(27)-(29)describes two conformally-coupled massive scalar?elds.In this case all the?xed points are empty Minkowski spaces and they are unstable.With increasing time the scalar?elds go to zero in an oscillatory way,while no cycles(periodic orbits)and no chaos are present.This?eld evolution reveals that the matter content dilutes progressively up to its complete evanescence while the universe expands. Such a behavior is consistent with the phenomenology of non-minimally-coupled scalar?elds.

The dynamical system(39)-(41)corresponds to a conformally-coupled massive quintom?eld and its phase-space behavior is qualitatively di?er-ent from the previous cases.Indeed,the?xed points represent Minkowski spaces,which are unstable under perturbations,and expand to in?nity. Furthermore,neither closed orbits nor chaos,do appear.However,while all the orbits go to in?nity with increasing time,they do so without oscil-lations.

In conclusion,we observe that we can extract qualitative as well as (asymptotically)quantitative characteristics of various quintom paradigms, by investigating the corresponding isomorphic coupled-oscillator models. The stability analysis and the obtained asymptotic behaviors show that the quintom scenario is consistent with observations. References

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五种基本句型讲解与练习

英语五中基本句型

句子的基本句型 由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分,按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型。 句子成分的表示方法: S: Subject主语; V: Verb动词; O: Object宾语; P: Predicative表语; IO: Indirect Object间接宾语; DO:Direct Object 直接宾语 OC: Object Complement宾语补足语; ◇第一种句型:主语+不及物动词(S+V) 该句型所用动词都是不及物动词,其后当然不能接宾语,但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。 He runs fast in the street. 他在街上跑得飞快。 The meeting begins at nine.

会议九点开始。 ◇第二种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+DO) 该句型所用动词都是及物动词,可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。We attended the meeting. 我们出席了那次会议。(名词作宾语) She stopped him. 她叫住了他。(代词作宾语) She wants to ask a question. 她要问一个问题。(不定式作宾语) They enjoy listening to the classic music. 他们喜欢听古典音乐。(动名词作宾语) 注意:一些不及物动词之后加上介词就可以具有及物动词的功能,其后就可以接宾语了。这一类词组有:listen to 听;look at 看;look after 照看;look for 寻找;arrive at/in 到达等。 May I turn on the light? 我可以开灯吗? What are you looking for? 你在找什么? ◇第三种句型:主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 连系动词的后面必须接表语,说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。She became a lawyer last year. 去年,她成为了一名律师。 He is honest. 他是诚实的。 It is getting colder and colder.

Tesla Model S底盘全透视..

水平对置、后置后驱、低重心、前双横臂后多连杆、全铝合金车架、5门5座,你以为笔者说的是保时捷新车型吗?那笔者再补充多几个关键词好了,后置的水平对置双电刷电动机、0油耗、藏在地板下的笔记本电池组,同时拥有这些标签的,便是Tesla第二款车型Model S。Model S是五门五座纯电动豪华轿车,布局设计及车身体积与保时捷Panamera相当,并且是目前电动车续航里程的纪录保持者(480公里)。虽然现在纯电动在我国远未至于普及,但是在香港地区却是已经有Tesla的展厅,在该展厅内更是摆放了一台没有车身和内饰,只有整个底盘部分的Model S供人直观了解Model S的技术核心。 图:Tesla Model S。

图:拆除车壳之后,Model S的骨架一目了然。

图:这套是Model S的个性化定制系统,可以让买家选择自己喜爱的车身颜色、内饰配色和轮圈款式,然后预览一下效果。可以看到Model S共分为普通版、Sign at ure版和Performance版,后面两个型号标配的是中间的21寸轮圈,而普通版则是两边的19寸款式。Signature版是限量型号,在美国已全部售罄,香港也只有少量配额。 图:笔者也尝试一下拼出自己心目中的Model S,碳纤维饰条当然是最爱啦。

图:参观了一下工作车间,不少Roadster在等着检查保养呢,据代理介绍,不同于传统的汽车,电动车的保养项目要少很多,至少不用更换机油和火花塞嘛,换言之电动车的维护成本要比燃油汽车要低。 Tesla于2010年5月进军香港市场,并于翌年2011年9月成立服务中心。由于香港政府对新能源车的高度支持,香港的电动车市场发展比起大陆地区要好得多。例如Tesla的第一款车型Roadster(详见《无声的革命者——Tesla Roadster Sport 》),在香港获得豁免资格,让车主可以节省将近100万港元的税款。在这样的优惠政策之下,Tesla Roadster尽管净车价达100万港元,但50台的配额已经基本售罄。而Model S目前在香港已经开始接受报名预定,确定车型颜色和配置之后约两个月左右可以交车。

英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)[精选.]

LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语(名词) 2 他(是)很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语(形容词) ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。

3 她(是)在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语) ▲定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常 由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名 词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注 意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译 好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5

形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词 6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语(介词短语)定语(介词短语) She is

介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语,虽然它们词性相同,但由于词序不同,它们所起到的作用也不同,当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是 2不是我的。 3.我的家乡hometown 峡谷valley里。 4那个贼 面behind。 1. 是 is 2钱不是我的。

四六级翻译30个常用句型

1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作,你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说,游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大,每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)

英语活用基本句型共五大句型33条公式

英语活用基本句型共五大句型42条公式: 第一种句型:S×V 1.S×V 2.It×V×S 3.There×V×S 4.There×V×S+副词(片语) 5.Here;There×S×V 6.S×V+副词(片语.子句) 7.S×V+to-原形 8.S×Vp+that从句 第二种句型:S×V+C 9.S×V+名.代.动名词.名词子句 10.S×V+副词(片语) 11.S×V+形容词×介词+(代)名.动名词.子句 12.S×V+形容词+that 13.S×V+副词(子句).介系词片语 14.S×be+副词(片语) 15.S×Vp+副词(片语) 16.I t×be+C+S 第三种句型:S×V+O 17.S×V+名.代.名词子句. 18.S×W+名.代.动名词. 19.S×V+副词(片语) 20.S×V+动名词. 21.S×V+连接词形×副词(片语) 22.S×V+that 23.S×V+to×名.代+that 24.S×V+连接词×子句 25.S×V+名.代.+to+名.代. 26.S×V+名.代.+for+名.代. 27.S×V+名.代.+介+名.代. 28.S×V+it+介+名.代.+不定词片语.名词子句 29.S×V+名.代.+副词 30.S×V+名.代.+不定词片语.副词(片语) 第四种句型:S×V+OI+OD 31.S×V+名.代.+名.代. 32.S×V+名.代.+连接词+to-原形

33.S×V+名.代.+连接词×子句 34.S×V+名.代.+that 第五种句型:S×V+O+C 35.S×V+名.代. +形容词+(片语) 36.S×V+名.代.+名词.+(子句) 37.S×V+名.代.+过去分词 38.S×V+名.代. +to-原形 39.S×V+名.代. +to-原形 40.S×V+名.代.+原形 41.S×V+名.代.+现在分词 42.S×V+it+名.代.形.+(片语).子句

特斯拉整体介绍

Tesla Model S 特斯拉Model S是一款纯电动车型,外观造型方面,该车定位一款四门Coupe车型,动感的车身线条使人过目不忘。此外在前脸造型方面,该车也采用了自己的设计语言。另值得一提的是,特斯拉Model S的镀铬门把手在触摸之后可以自动弹出,充满科技感的设计从拉开车门时便开始体现。该车在2011年年中正式进入量产阶段,预计在2012年年内将有5000台量产车投放市场。 目录 1概述 2售价 3内饰 4动力 5车型 6技术规格 7性能表现 8荣誉 9对比测试 10车型参数 1概述

Tesla Model S是一款由Tesla汽车公司制造的全尺寸高性能电动轿车,预计于2012年年中投入销售,而它的竞争对手则直指宝马5系。该款车的设计者Franz von Holzhausen,曾在马自达北美分公司担任设计师。在Tesla汽车公司中,Model S拥有独一无二的底盘、车身、发动机以及能量储备系统。Model S的第一次亮相是在2009年四月的一期《大卫深夜秀》节目中 4 Tesla Model S 。 2售价 Model S的电池规格分为三种,分别可以驱动车辆行驶260公里、370公里和480公里。而配备这三种电池的Model S的售价则分别为57400美元、67400美元和77400美元。下线的首批1000辆签名款车型将配有可以行驶480公里的蓄电池。尽管官方尚未公布该签名款车型的具体售价,但据推测,价格将会保持在50000美元左右。 Tesla汽车公司称其将会对市场出租可以提供480公里行驶距离的电池。而从Model S中取得的收益将为第三代汽车的发展提供资金保障。 3内饰

英语翻译常用句型

翻译中常见的句型 1.否定句型 1)部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式:“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词:all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式:no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词:no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型:all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2.判断句型 1)强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语(强调内容) The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句: a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告,不如说是忠告。3.倍数表示句型: a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象

详解特斯拉Model S

详解特斯拉Model S 1、Model S的核心技术是什么? 核心技术是软件,主要包括电池管理软件,电机以及车载设备的电控技术。最重要的是电池控制技术。 Model S的加速性能,续航里程、操控性能的基础都是电池控制技术,没有电池控制技术,一切都就没有了。 2、Model S的电池控制技术有什么特色? 顶配的Model S使用了接近7000块松下NCR 18650 3100mah电池,对电池两次分组,做串并联。设置传感器,感知每块电池的工作状态和温度情况,由电池控制系统进行控制。防止出现过热短路温度差异等危险情况。 在日常使用中,保证电池在大电流冲放电下的安全性。 其他厂商都采用大电池,最多只有几百块,也没有精确到每块电池的控制系统。 3、为什么要搞这么复杂的电池控制系统? 为了能够使用高性能的18650钴锂电池。高性能电池带来高性能车。因为18650钴锂电池的高危性,没有一套靠谱的系统,安全性就不能保证。这也是大多数厂商无论电力车,插电车,混合动力车都不太敢用钴锂电池,特别是大容量钴锂电池的原因。 松下NCR 18650 3100mah,除了测试一致性最好,充放电次数多,安全性相对较好以外,最重要的是能量大,重量轻,价格也不高。 由于能量大,重量轻,在轿车2吨以内的车重限制下,可以塞进去更多的电池,从而保证更长的续航里程。因为电池输出电流有限制,电池越多,输出电流越大,功率越大,可以使用的电机功率也就越大。电机功率越大,相当于发动机功率大,车就有更快的加速性能,而且可以保持较长的一段时间。 4、作为一辆车,Model S有哪些优点?这些优点是电动车带来的吗? 作为一辆车,Model S主要具有以下几个优点 (1)起步加速快,顶配版本0-100公里加速4秒多,能战宝马M5

英语翻译常用句型(加精)

英语翻译常考句型详解 1.It is not that…but that… 这不是说…,而是说… 「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 「译文」这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密得多的装置,因而在计量上必然更加准确。 2.nothing else than 完全是,实在是 「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense. 「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 3.as引导的特殊状语从句,翻译时做定语从句处理。 「例文」We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed. 「译文」我们希望,政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。 4.名词+or+名词结构中,or后的名词是同位语,应译为即…;或者称…. 「例文」Moreover, technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. 「译文」再者,除机器外技术还包括技艺,即制作方法,而运用这些记忆并不一定都需要机器。 5.more…than…结构有三种译法:than连接肯定形式的从句时,该从句译为否定句;在比较的基础上表示选择关系时,可译为与其说…不如说;进行同类比较时,译成比…更. 「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches. 「译文」人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革,而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句,连词than前为主句,than后为从句。虽然本句是进行程度上的比较,但从句意义是否定的, 故译成否定句。 6.no more …than 与not… any more than no more …than 与not… any more than同义,不可简单地看成是more …than的否定形式。具体地说,这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式,也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二;表示同类否定比较时,可译为不比…更或都…同样不;表示比喻关系时,可译为正如…不,…也不. 「例文」The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 「译文」这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。) 「分析」这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food …no better , than on any other ship 是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句,从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中no more… than用于同类否定的比较,可译为不如…. 7.not so much as与其说…不如说… 「例文」Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 「译文」新学派科学家说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句,Science moves forward,……and tools是宾语从句。not so much……as 连接的是状语,as引导的状语从句中,由于上下文清楚,主谓语都省略了,即as(sciencemoves forward.)because of……not so much……as也可译为与其说……不如说……,它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处,也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择,被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是,more……than表示前重后轻的逻辑关系,而not so much… as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系,这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾,因此不必倒过来译,只须按原文的词序顺译即可。

TESLA特斯拉解析

TESLA 硅谷工程师、资深车迷、创业家马丁·艾伯哈德(Martin Eberhard)在寻找创业项目时发现,美国很多停放丰田混合动力汽车普锐斯的私家车道上经常还会出现些超级跑车的身影。他认为,这些人不是为了省油才买普锐斯,普锐斯只是这群人表达对环境问题的方式。于是,他有了将跑车和新能源结合的想法,而客户群就是这群有环保意识的高收入人士和社会名流。 2003年7月1日,马丁·艾伯哈德与长期商业伙伴马克·塔彭宁(Marc Tarpenning)合伙成立特斯拉(TESLA)汽车公司,并将总部设在美国加州的硅谷地区。成立后,特斯拉开始寻找高效电动跑车所需投资和材料。

由于马丁·艾伯哈德毫无这方面的制造经验,最终找到AC Propulsion公司。当时,对AC Propulsion公司电动汽车技术产生兴趣的还有艾龙·穆思科(Elon Musk)。在AC Propulsion公司CEO汤姆·盖奇(Tom Gage)的引见下,穆思科认识了艾伯哈德的团队。2004年2月会面之后,穆思科向TESLA投资630万美元,但条件是出任公司董事长、拥有所有事务的最终决定权,而艾伯哈德作为创始人任TESLA的CEO。 在有了技术方案、启动资金后,TESLA开始开发高端电动汽车,他们选择英国莲花汽车的Elise作为开发的基础。没有别的原因,只是因为莲花是唯一一家把TESLA放在眼里的跑车生产商。

艾伯哈德和穆思科的共同点是对技术的热情。但是,作为投资人,穆思科拥有绝对的话语权,随着项目的不断推进,TESLA开始尝到“重技术研发轻生产规划、重性能提升轻成本控制”的苦果。2007年6月,离预定投产日期8月27日仅剩下两个月时,TESLA还没有向零部件供应商提供Roadster的技术规格,核心的部件变速箱更是没能研制出来。另一方面,TESLA在两个月前的融资中向投资人宣称制造Roadster的成本为6.5万美元,而此时成本分析报告明确指出Roadster最初50辆的平均成本将超过10万美元。 生意就是生意,尤其硅谷这样的世界级IT产业中心,每天都在发生一些令人意想不到的事情。投资人穆思科以公司创始人艾伯哈德产品开发进度拖延、成本超支为由撤销其

英语高考常用句型翻译

?高中英语常用50句句型翻译 1、你没有必要提前预定音乐会的票(need n.) There is no need for you to book the ticket for the concert in advance. 2、在专家面前班门弄斧是没有好处的(good n. show) It is no good showing off in the presence of so many experts. 3、如果你不能集中精神学习,熬夜是没有用的(use) It is no use staying up late if you can’t focus your attention on your study. 4、抱怨交通状况是浪费时间(waste) It’s a waste of time making complaints about the transportation system. 5、我觉得你有必要在应聘之前接受一些训练(it) I find it necessary for you to have some training before you apply for a new job. 6、我突然想起来我忘记提醒班长集合的时间了(occur) It suddenly occurred to me that i forgot to remind the monitor of the gathering time. 7、似乎John对於赢得胜利没有什麽信心,你最好对他说些鼓励的话 It seems that John is not very’d better say a few encouraging words to him. 8、第一眼见到她,我就忍不住爱上她了(the first time) The first time i saw her, i couldn’t help falling in love with her. 9、你在阅读上花时间越多,取得进步越大 The more time you spend in reading, the more rapid progress you will make. 10、他获得成功的原因是他从不丧失信心,从不半途而废(halfway) The reason why he achieved success was that he never lost heart and gave up halfway. 11、重要的不是你说些什麽而是你如何演讲(matter) What matters is not what’s in your speech but how you deliver your speech. 12、再努力一下,你就能成功(effort) Make another effort, and you’ll succeed. 13、尽管教学经验不足,他总是全力以赴的满足学生的需求(spare) In spite of the fact that he lacks teaching experience, he spares no effort to meet the demand of his student. 14、不可否认,他的勇气和坚持为他赢得了很高的声誉(deny)

英语中的五种基本句型

五种基本句型 句子由主语和谓语两大部分组成。主语结构比较单一,谓语结构则不然,不同类别的谓语动词导致不同的谓语结构,从而形成了不同的句型( Sentence Pattern )。换句话说,不同的句型是由不同类别的谓语动词所决定的,因此,句型又被称为动词句型 ( Verb Pattern )。语法家们对句型的分类不尽相同,一般认为,现代英语的基本句型主要有五种: 1. “主----系-----表” (SLP)句型: 在这种句型中,谓语动词是以be为主的连系动词(Linking Verb ),后面跟主语补语(Subject Compleme nt),如: These oranges have kept fresh. 这些桔子一直很新鲜。 Mary is a student / here /in the room. 玛丽是个学生/ 在这儿/ 在房间里。 有的语法家把be后面的副词(短语)或介词短语视为状语,从而形成了“主----动----- 状” (SVA这一在五种基本句型之外的句型(见上面最后一个例句)。 2. “主----动” (SV句型: 在这种句型中,谓语动词为不及物动词( Intransitive Verb ),谓语部分通常只包括限定 动词,即使有状语,也属任意性状语,即:去掉后并不影响句子结构和意义的完整,如: This bread won 't keep (for a long time). 这种面包不好(长期)存放。 Tom has left. 前面说过, 有些句子中的状语是不可缺少的,这种状语被称为必具性状语,从而构成“主 ----动----状” (SVA)句型,但这仅限于少数几个动词的某些用法,因而不是一种主要句型,如: They are staying in a hotel. 他们暂住在一家旅馆里。 3. “主----动----- 宾” (SVO 句型: 在这种句型中,谓语动词为只带一个宾语的及物动词,这种动词被称为单宾语及物动词 ( Monotransitive Verb ),如: He kept the money. 他保存着这些钱。 The train leaves London at nine. 这列火车九点钟驶离伦敦。

六级翻译常用句型归纳汇总.

六级翻译常用句型归纳汇总 1. During the meeting,hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.(他一开始说话,就被听众打断了 2. Surrounded by the police, the kidnappers had no choices but to surrender on the spot.(没有选择,只能投降 3. The concerned mother thrilled at the news of her son having been admitted to the university.(她的儿子被大学入取了 4. The lecture was so boring that the students couldn’t help yawning.(学生忍不住打起哈欠 5. I will be very grateful if you could be kind enough to give me a ride to school.(好心载我一程去学校 6. Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled to a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery. (除非你和保险公司签订了货物保险合同 7. It is reported that local health organization was established 25 years ago(据说当地的卫生组织 25年前就成立了 8. Mr s.Smith shut the window lest the noise outside (should interfere with her son’s sleep(外面的噪声会影响她儿子睡觉 9. The new mayor was charged with failure to fulfill his promise to decrease the inflation rate(未能履行他降低通货膨胀率的承诺 10. When confronted with such question, my mind goes blank(每当我遇到这类问题,我脑袋一片空白 , and I can hardly remember my won date of birth.

Tesla Model S电池组设计全面解析

Tesla Model S电池组设计全面解析 对Tesla来说最近可谓是祸不单行;连续发生了3起起火事故,市值狂跌40亿,刚刚又有3名工人受伤送医。Elon Musk就一直忙着到处“灭火”,时而还跟公开表不对Tesla“不感冒”的乔治·克鲁尼隔空喊话。在经历了首次盈利、电池更换技术·穿越美国、水陆两栖车等头条新闻后,Elon Musk最近总以各种负面消息重返头条。这位"钢铁侠。CE0在201 3年真是遭遇各种大起大落。 其中最为人关注的莫过于Model S的起火事故,而在起火事故中最核心的问题就是电池技术。可以说,牵动Tesla股价起起落落的核心元素就是其电池技术,这也是投资者最关心的问题。在美国发生的两起火事故有着相似的情节Model S 撞击到金属物体后,导致电池起火,但火势都被很好地控制在车头部分。在墨西哥的事故中,主要的燃烧体也是电池;而且在3起事故中,如何把着火的电池扑灭对消防员来说都是个难题。 这让很多人产生一个疑问:Model S的电池就这么不禁撞吗?在之前的一篇文章中,我跟大家简单讨论了一下这个问题,但只是停留在表面。读者普遍了解的是,Model S的电池位于车辆底部,采用的是松下提供的18650钴酸锂电池,整个电池组包含约8000块电池单元;钴酸锂电池能量密度大,但稳定性较差,为此Tesla研发了3级电源管理体系来确保电池组正常运作。现在,我们找到了Tesla的一份电池技术专利,借此来透彻地了解下Model S电池的结构设计和技术特征。 电池的布局与形体

FIG3 如专利图所示,Model S的电池组位于车辆的底盘,与轮距同宽,长度略短于轴距。电池组的实际物理尺寸是:长2.7m,宽1.5m,厚度为0.1 m至0.1 8m。其中0.1 8m较厚的部分是由于2个电池模块叠加而成。这个物理尺寸指的是电池组整体的大小,包括上下、左右、前后的包裹面板。这个电池组的结构是一个通用设计,除了18650电池外,其他符合条件的电池也可以安装。此外,电池组采用密封设计,与空气隔绝,大部分用料为铝或铝合金。可以说,电池不仅是一个能源中心,同时也是Model S底盘的一部分,其坚固的外壳能对车辆起到很好的支撑作用。 由于与轮距等宽,电池组的两侧分别与车辆两侧的车门槛板对接,用螺丝固定。电池组的横断面低于车门槛板。从正面看,相当于车门槛板"挂着。电池组。其连接部分如下图所示。 FIG, 4

特斯拉Model S电动汽车性能介绍

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古汉语的基本句型及其句式

古汉语的基本句型及其句式 第四讲古汉语的基本句型及其句式 古今汉语的句法结构基本上是相同的。古汉语的句子类型就句子的语气和语调而言,也可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四类。古汉语的句子成分也同样有主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语状语六种。但是同中有异,古汉语的某些句式,某些说法在现代汉语中已经不用了,或者被现代更为明确、严密的表达方式代替了。我们要特别注意古汉语的特殊句式,立足于“同”,着眼于“异”,才能事半功倍地掌握文言句法,提高阅读文言文的能力。现将古汉语的四种基本句型及其句式,分别说明如下。 (一)陈述句——所谓“陈述句”,即告诉别人一件事,表示 一种肯定或否定的断定语气的句型。表示肯定语气的陈述句叫 “肯定判断”(肯定句);表示否定语气的陈述句叫“否定判断”(否定句)。肯定判断句和否定判断句,统称判断句。 现代汉语的判断句,主要是通过主语+判断词+判断词后面的宾语来表示的,形成“主词…(不)是…宾词”的句式。

但现代汉语的判断词“是”,在文言文中一般不用作判断词,而是用作指示代词,相当于现代汉语的“这、这个、这里、这样”等。如“吾父死于是”的“是”,即指代“捕蛇这个差使”。又如“故善附民者,是乃善用兵者也。”(所以,善于使人民亲附的人,这才是善于用兵的人。)此句的“是”(这)字后面,用副词“乃”(才是)表示判断,这就清楚地表明这个“是”字是指示代词。在古汉语中用“者”、“也”这两个虚词表示肯定判断,最为常见的肯定判断句式有三种:(1)“…者…”。例如:“粟者,民之所种。”(榖米是农民种的。);(2)“……也。”例如:“农,天下之本也。”(农业是国家的根本。);(3)“…者…也。”例如:“陈胜者,阳城人也。”(陈胜是阳城人。) 上述的三种判断句式,相当于现代汉语“…是…”的肯定判断句式。古汉语肯定判断句式中的“者”表示语音停顿,不是代词。“也”是语气词,表示一句话的完了。此外,古汉语中还有两种表示肯定判断的特殊句式:一是用“乃”、“则”、“即”、“皆”等副词置于名词谓语前,表示肯定判断。例如:“当立者乃(应是)公子扶苏。”// “学如逆水行舟,不进则(就是)退。”// “梁父即(就是)楚将项燕。”// “环滁皆(都是)山也。”二是用“为”(是)作为判断词,表示肯定判断。例如:“生当作人杰,死亦为鬼雄。”// “婴闻之,橘生淮南则为橘,生于淮北则为枳。”

五种基本句型讲解与练习

英语五中基本句型 句子的基本句型 由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分,按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型。 句子成分的表示方法: S: Subject主语; V: Verb动词; O: Object宾语; P: Predicative表语; IO: Indirect Object间接宾语; DO:Direct Object 直接宾语 OC: Object Complement宾语补足语;

◇第一种句型:主语+不及物动词(S+V) 该句型所用动词都是不及物动词,其后当然不能接宾语,但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。 He runs fast in the street. 他在街上跑得飞快。 The meeting begins at nine. 会议九点开始。 ◇第二种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+DO) 该句型所用动词都是及物动词,可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。We attended the meeting. 我们出席了那次会议。(名词作宾语) She stopped him. 她叫住了他。(代词作宾语) She wants to ask a question. 她要问一个问题。(不定式作宾语) They enjoy listening to the classic music. 他们喜欢听古典音乐。(动名词作宾语) 注意:一些不及物动词之后加上介词就可以具有及物动词的功能,其后就可以接宾语了。这一类词组有:listen to 听;look at 看;look after 照看;look for 寻找;arrive at/in 到达等。 May I turn on the light 我可以开灯吗 What are you looking for 你在找什么 ◇第三种句型:主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 连系动词的后面必须接表语,说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。She became a lawyer last year. 去年,她成为了一名律师。 He is honest. 他是诚实的。 It is getting colder and colder. 天气渐渐冷了。 It tastes delicious. 这好吃极了。 下列动词也作连系动词使用:look 看起来;smell 闻起来;sound 听起来;taste 尝起来;feel 感觉;keep 保持;grow/go/get/turn变得。 ◇第四种句型:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) (1)宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,但某些动词,除直接宾语外,还要求一个间接宾语,以表示该动词所表示的动作所及的人或物,通常由名词或代词的宾格担任。

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