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洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌

Leonardo da Vinci was the first man to suggest that growing trees add a new ring in their trunks each year. The 11 in these rings relates to the physical conditions which the tree experiences. Thus, trees grown in a 12 area and time each develop a pattern or configuration of their rings.

This 13 was of little significance until Andrew E. Douglas began to study tree rings in Arizona in 1900. Using a technique called cross dating, he was able to employ tree rings to the study of archaeological sites and date the ruins with 14 . Some were as old as 6700 B. C. ! This study of tree rings is called dendrochronology.

In time the cross dating was 15 by a carbon 14 process. This approach measured the amount of carbon 14 radiating from a piece of wood and 16 to determine the age of that wood. Further use of the carbon 14 technique has shown that the radiation process is more complex and less 17 than had been at first thought.

The most 18 aspect of tree ring research is now called

dendroclimatology. This 19 of the reconstruction of climates and climatic cycles and events from the evidence found in the tree rings. From this it is hoped that a 20 of drought cycles can be determined in the American Southwest. Such information will be of great help in determining the life and ecology of that region of the United States.

The main part of this chapter will deal directly with the technical and artistic limitations and resources that make television unique. But some important differences between television and other forms of literature need mentioning before we begin.

In the first place, since the literature of television is transmitted simultaneously to millions of people, its creators are subject to limitations of theme, language, and style. In general, the wider the base of the audience, the greater the degree of restriction imposed on the creator, and no contemporary literary form has a more massive audience than television.

In the second place, the line that separates commercial interests from literary interests in television is less distinct than in most other literary forms. To be sure, the publisher of novels and the producer of stage plays are concerned with making money. But in television the advertiser, the man who pays the bill, is primarily concerned with the sale of a commercial product rather than an artistic one. At the same time, selling

products and presenting high quality programs are not necessarily incompatible motives. There are, in fact, numerous examples of sponsors who have done both simultaneously.

We must remember, too, that the literature of television, unlike most types of literature, is highly ephemeral (短暂的) in character. At the moment, the libraries of television are its "reruns", but even so, a particular show must be seen at a specific time or it cannot be seen at all. As a result, studying or teaching about television presents certain problems not found in the study of other types of literature, except the legitimate stage.

21. Since the literature of television is sent out to millions of people at the same time, its creators are likely to have the following limitations EXCEPT_______.

A. subject

B. choice of words

C. the place where they transmit television program

D. expression by means of words

22. According to the author the creators of television have the greatest degree of restriction in theme, language, and style, this is because_______.

A. television has a large number of audiences

B. television can only last a short period of time

C. television combines commercial interests and literary interests

D. both A and B

23. The sentence " selling products and presenting high quality programs are not necessarily incompatible motives" could be paraphrased as_______.

A. the purposes of selling products and presenting high quality programs can be realized at the same time

B. the motives of selling products and presenting high quality programs can not be matched

C. selling products overweighs presenting high quality programs

D. presenting high quality programs overweighs selling products

24. Which of the following most correctly summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. The limitations and resources of television.

B. The differences between television and other forms of literature.

C. Television has a more massive audience than other literary forms.

D. Television has a very short life.

25. This passage has probably been taken from a_______.

A. newspaper ad

B. magazine

C. public speech

D. book

答案21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. D

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"I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I’m just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over yore shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a "O" on a test or assignment, an "F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a role or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category. Getting Away with it - Or Not Those who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence: the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self-respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences. Cheating Hurts Other, Too Cheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30％or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat I can't compete with those who do") Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of goof teaching is seeing students learn. But a cheater says. "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach, all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.