★[英语语法手册]短语、从句和句子

[英语语法手册]短语、从句和句子

短语(phrase)具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语。短语在句子里可以单独作为一个句子成分。短语的种类很多，但本书只用下列几个短语名称：

a)不定式短语(infinitive phrase)如He 1ikes to read newspapers after lunch(他喜欢在午饭后读报)中的to read newspapers after lunch。

b)动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如：

Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。

c)分词短语(participial phrase)如：

I saw many people walking along the lake(我看见许多人在湖边散步)中的walking along the lake。

d)介词短语(prepositional phrase)如：

He came by bus(他乘公共汽车来)中的by bus。

从句(clause)内含主语部分和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不成为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。从句在句子里可以作为一个句子成分，一般由连词、关

系代词或关系副词所引导。

从句在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等句子成分；

a)主语从句(subject clause)如What I want to say is this(我要说的是这么一点)中的what I want to say。

b)表语从句(predicative clause)如This is what I want to say(这是我要说的)中的what I want to say。

c)宾语从句(object clause)如I have said what I want to say(我说完了我要说的话)中的what I want to say。

d)定语从句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(这就是我要说的)中的I want to say。

e)状语从句(adverbial clause)如If you want to say something，say it clearly(假如你要说什么，就应说清楚)中的if you want to say something。

句子(sentence)内含主语部分和谓语部分，有比较完整的意义的一组词，叫做句子。

从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：

a)简单句(simple sentence)只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分，如：

The people's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国于一九四九年成立。

b)并列句(compound sentence)包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接，如：

Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money.汤姆的父亲从早干到晚，但挣得的钱很少。

c)复合句(complex sentence)内含一个或一个以上的从句，如：

It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没有看见你了。

从说话人说话的目的来看，句子可分为：

a)陈述句(declarative sentence)用来叙述一件事，如：

I saw him yesterday.昨天我看见他了。

b)疑问句(interrogative sentence)用来提出疑问，如：

Did you see him yesterday?你昨天见到他了吗?

c)祈使句(imperative sentence)表示请求、命令等，如：

Please come in.请进来。

d)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)表示喜怒等各种情感，如：

What a beautiful voice she has!她嗓子多好啊!

[英语语法手册]词序(word order)

词序就是词或句子成分在句子中的排列顺序。英语里的词和句子成分在句子里的位置比较固定。现将句子成分和虚词在陈述句中的一般位置举例说明如下：

1)主语的位置在陈述句基本结构的最前面。如：

We help each other.我们互相帮助。

2)谓语动词的位置在主语之后。如：

We go to school every day.我们每天上学。

3)表语的位置在连系动词之后。如：

It's fine today.今天天气很好。

4)宾语的位置在及物动词或介词之后。如：

I like this place.我喜欢这个地方。(及物动词的宾语的位置)

There are many trees in this place.这地方有许多树。(介词的宾语的位置)

5)定语的位置单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。如：

The school library has many books on agriculture.校图书馆有许多关于农业的书。(many和on agriculture，都修饰books，many在books的前面，on agriculture则在它的后面)

6)状语的位置修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般须放在宾语之后。如：

The Summer Palace is very beautiful.颐和园非常美丽。(very为状语，修饰形容词beautiful，放在beautiful之前)

I know him well.我十分了解他。(well为状语，修饰动词

know，放在know之后)

The students often go on a picnic.这些学生经常出去野餐。

(often为状语，修饰动词go，放在它的前面)

We take exercise every day.我们每天都运动。(every day为状语，修饰动词take，在宾语exercise之后)

[注]关于以上所讲各个句子成分在句子里的位置，详见第十六章各有

关部分。

7)冠词的位置冠词在名词之前。如：

I met a friend at the bus-stop.我在公共汽车站遇到一位朋友。

8)介词的位置介词一般也放在名词或代词之前。如：

There is a map of China on the wall.墙上有一幅中国地图。

9)连词的位置连词一般放在同类的词、短语或从句之间。如：

They worked quickly and efficiently.他们工作速度快，效率高。

He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.他尽管六十多岁了，仍和大家一样努力工作。

10)感叹词的位置感叹词常放在句子最前面。如：

Oh，it's you!啊，是你呀!

【英语中常见的123个中国习语】

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.

2.百闻不如一见（眼见为实）Seeing is believing.

3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.

4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start.

5.不眠之夜 white night

6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses

7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best

8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.

9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul

10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new

11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener

13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace?

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英语语法英语从句完全汇总

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1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

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3.原因状语从句 引导连词有because，as, since。 He didn′t see the film because he had seen it. 他没有看那部电影，因为他已经看过了。 They couldn’t get on the train，for it was too crowed. 比较：because, since, as和for 1) because语势，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则能 够用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.

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