大跨度桥梁的外文翻译

本科毕业设计外文翻译

大跨度桥梁

1．悬索桥

悬索桥是现行的跨径超过600m大桥的唯一解决方案，而且对跨径在300m以上的桥梁它也是被认为是一种很有竞争力的方案。现在世界上最大跨径的桥梁是纽约的威拉查诺（Verrazano）海峡大桥，另一个是英国的塞温（Savern）大桥。

悬索桥的组成部分有：柔性，主塔，锚碇，吊索（挂索），桥面板和加劲桁架。主缆是有一组平行的单根高强钢丝在现场扭在一起并绑扎成型的钢丝束组成的。每根钢丝都是经过渡锌处理的，并且整个用保护层覆盖着。所用的钢丝应该是冷拔钢丝而不是经过热处理的各种钢丝。在进行主塔设计时应该特别注意其在美学上的要求。主塔很高而且具有足够的柔性，使其每一座塔顶都可认为是与主缆铰接。主缆的两端很安全的锚固在非常坚实的锚碇上。吊索把桥面板上的荷载传递到主主缆上。吊索也是有高强钢丝制成的而且通常是竖直的。桥面板通常是有加劲钢板，肋或槽型板，横梁制成的异性结构。提供一些加劲梁连接在其主塔之间，能够起到控制空气动力运动并限制桥面板局部倾角变化。如果加劲系统不适当，由于风引起的竖向振动也许会导致结构倾斜，就像塔科玛（Tacoma）海峡大桥的悲剧性的破坏所表明的那样。

边跨与主跨的跨径比的变化范围是0.17~0.50。在现有的采用加劲梁的桥梁上，当跨径高大1000米时跨径与桥梁的建筑高度之比为85与100之间。现有的桥梁的跨径与桥面板宽度之比约为20~56。桥梁结构的空气动力稳定性必须得通过对其模型的风洞试验及细部分析进行全面的研究。

2．斜拉桥体系

在过去的十年间，斜拉桥得以广泛的应用，尤其实在欧洲，而在世界其它地区，应用相对少一些。

在现代桥梁工程中，斜拉桥体系的重新兴旺起来是由于欧洲（主要是德国）的桥梁工程师有一种趋势，即从因为战争而短缺的材料上获得最佳的结构性能。斜拉桥是有按各向异性桥面板和由吊索支撑的连续梁构成的体系建造起来的，这些吊索是一些穿过或固定的位于主桥墩的索塔顶上的倾斜主缆。

用主缆来支撑桥跨并不是一种新思想，在很早以前就有大量此类结构的的记载。不幸的是这一体系只有很少成功的例子，这是由于人们对静力学的原理没有完全弄明白，

并且还没有构成倾斜支撑或吊索的适当的材料，例如主缆和钢链等。这种吊索在它们能够按计划承担拉力之前不能完全被拉紧，而应处于允许桥面板产生较大变形的松弛状态。

斜拉体系的广泛的成功的应用只在近年来，随着高强钢，各种异性桥面板的引入、焊接技术的发展和结构分析方法的进步才得以实现。电子计算机的发展和应用，导致了解决高次超静定体系的精确值及它们的三维空间性能的精确静力分析的新的无实际限制的可能性。

现有的斜拉桥提供了许多关于设计、制造、安装和维修的有用的数据。随着这些桥梁的建造，许多工程中遇到的基本问题已表明的到了成功的解决。然而这些重要的数据很显然在这以前决没有被系统的揭示出来。

斜吊索的应用对大型桥梁建造带来了一个新刺激。斜拉桥的重要性迅速增加起来，并且在仅三十年间这种桥梁类型就变的这样成功，已使其在古典桥梁体系中取得了它应有的地位。如果我们注意到这种桥梁建造带来如此彻底的变革的发展是怎样发生的话，我们都会感兴趣的，因为这一发展事实上并没有什么任何新发现。

这一体系的开始也许可以追溯到人们开始认识到通过三角形连接在一起能够构成刚性结构的时代。

尽管大多数这种设计是基于结构坚固的原理和假定的，但斜拉加劲梁还是遭受各种各样的不幸事故，而最终令人遗憾的导致了这一体系被放弃。尽管这样，这一体系并不是完全不适应，只是问题的解决被不幸的应用错误的方式去尝试。

然而，斜拉体系的复兴只是在近十年来才最终获得成功。

现代的斜拉桥提出了加劲梁、横向及纵向联系梁、各项异性桥面板和支撑部分（例如处于受压状态的索塔及受拉状态的斜吊索）组成的三维空间体系。象这种空间三维结构的重要特征是横向结构全部参与主要纵向结构的工作状态。这就意味着结构的惯性矩大大增加，这使的桥的建筑高度可以减少，并且使用钢材是最经济的。

大跨度桥梁经常是连续梁形式或悬臂梁形式的预应力混凝土桥梁。以前许多的施工方法已发展为连续梁桥的施工方法。如果模板和地面之间的距离较小并且土质坚硬，桥梁的上部结构可以使用支架施工方法。不过这种施工方法已经越来越过时了。目前，自由悬臂法和移动模架法的应用渐广并能节省时间和提高安全性。

移动模架法是利用固定在钢制台架上的移动系统而形成，这种系统能够达到一跨长并支承在一端支承在桥墩上并借助于第二根钢导梁逐跨移动的钢梁上。

一种经济的施工方法是被广泛知晓的由Baur-leonhard团队所发展的使用广泛的顶推法。整个的连续梁被划分成10-30米长度的节段，这种划分主要依据跨径和能够利用

的施工时间。每个节段在桥台后面的钢模上能够快速浇注，钢模可以周转使用而浇注所有的节段。这样设计模板是为了能够横向移动或在铰上转动，以便在混凝土充分硬化后脱模。在第一节段的顶端安装上一个由轻型桁架组成的钢导梁，以实现第一节段以后的节段顺利架设而防止在施工出现过大的悬臂部分。第二节段及以后的节段可以直接在第一节段的硬化面上浇注并在施工过程中将节段连接起来。顶推是通过支承在桥台上的液压千斤顶实现的，由于聚四氟乙烯的滑块的摩擦系数只有0.02，低效能的千斤顶就足够完成长度甚至达数百米的桥梁的顶推。这种方法可以应用在长度在120米左右的直线桥梁或曲线桥梁上。

自由悬臂法是由法国的Dyckerhoff和Willmann所创始。这种施工方法中，桥梁的上部结构是通过节段长度基本在3.5米的悬臂机上施工，悬臂机的费用相对比较低并且固定在桥梁承重结构上，由于它的重复利用性使它能在长桥上使用。由于施工速度的加快和时间的节省使得这种施工方法的费用比较低从而避免了使用台架施工，自由悬臂法比较适用于桥墩较高并且悬臂能伸到跨径中部的桥梁上。

另一种施工方法是整体沉箱法。沉箱是一种底边有刃脚的大型圆筒，其刃脚可以切入水底。当压缩空气进入沉箱内部时水就会被排出。沉箱的利用必须严加注意。首先，工人们只能在这种压缩空气的空间里呆很短的时间；另一方面，如果工人们从沉箱进入正常的大气压条件下过于迅速，他们将比较容易患上潜水病（也被称作沉箱病），这在能使人致残的甚至致命的环境中由于血液中氧气过多所引起的一种病。当St.louis市的密西西比河Eads上的桥在1867-1874年施工时，由于人们对在压缩空气中工作的危险性认识不足，最后由于患潜水病而导致14人死亡。

当在桥墩上有外力作用时，基桩经常需要嵌入基岩，也就是说它们的下部一直延伸到基岩。这种方法曾经用来建造位于强风和地震区域的旧金山金门大桥的桥墩。钻孔是在水下由深水潜水员进行的。在不能到达基岩的地方，桩通常被打进河床。今天，在施工的基桩基本上是预应力混凝土结构。在建造纽约哈德逊河上的泰平.吉桥时所采用的一种巧妙技术是将一个空心混凝土箱置于桥桩层上，当它里面的水被抽干时，它的浮力足够支承桥梁重力的一大部分。

每一种类型的桥梁实际上代表了特殊的问题。许多桁架桥的施工是先将桥上桁架运到已施工完毕的基桩位置，然后在利用千斤顶或起重机架设到适当位置。拱桥是在脚手架或临时脚手架上施工的，这种方法通常用于预应力混凝土拱桥。然而对钢拱桥来说已发展了一种技术，用这种技术将已装好的部分借助起支承作用的主缆控制就位（钢拱在安装过程中还没有合拢前，是两个悬臂，需要用主缆拉住两个悬臂以免倾倒）。当主缆中的拉力增加时，起重机就沿着拱桥的顶部移动以架设新的钢拱。

对悬索桥来说，需要首先施工基础和索塔。这时主缆从锚碇（一个固定主缆的大混凝土块）穿过直至索塔并且通过另一索塔而锚固在锚碇上，然后从卷线盘上放松主缆的轮子沿着主缆运动，当卷线盘到达另一面时，另一根钢丝又装进卷线盘并最终到达它的

原位置。当所有的主缆被放在固定的位置后，另一台机器沿着主缆移动并对其进行张拉锚固。当主缆施工完毕时，逐渐开始在支架上从两端向中间施工。

在桥梁下部结构和基础设计中要考虑的荷载包括：从上部结构传下来的荷载和直接作用于下部结构的基础的荷载。

AASHTO荷载。 AASHTO规范第三部分总结了桥梁设计（上、下部结构）要考虑的荷载和作用力。主要有：恒载、活载、活载冲击力或动力作用、风荷载以及其他荷载——如纵向力、离心力、温度力、土压力、浮力、收缩及徐变、拱肋缩短、安装应力、冰及水流压力、冲撞力及地震应力。除了这些通常能够量化大的典型荷载外，AASHTO同样认识到诸如活动支座处产生的摩擦以及由于桥梁的沉降差而产生的应力等间接荷载效应。

出处：安瑞克．大跨径桥梁结构形式[J]．建筑实录(美)，2010，37—42

Large Span Bridge

1.Suspension Bridge

The suspension bridge is currently the only solution in excess of 600 m, and is regarded as competitive for down to 300. The world’s longest bridge at present is the Verrazano Narrows bridge in New York. Another modern example is the Severn Bridge in England.

The components of a suspension bridge are: (a) flexible cables, (b) towers, (c) anchorages, (d) suspenders, (e) deck and ，(f) stiffening trusses. The cable normally consists of parallel wires of high tensile steel individually spun at site and bound into one unit .Each wire is galvanized and the cable is cover with a protective coating. The wire for the cable should be cold-drawn and not of the heat-treated variety. Special attention should be paid to aesthetics in the design of the rowers. The tower is high and is flexible enough to permit their analysis as hinged at both ends. The cable is anchored securely anchored to very solid anchorage blocks at both ends. The suspenders transfer the load form the deck to the cable. They are made up of high tensile wires and are normally vertical. The deck is usually orthotropic with stiffened steel plate, ribs or troughs，floor beam, etc. Stiffening trusses, pinned at the towers, are providing. The stiffening system serves to control aerodynamic movements and to limit the local angle changes in the deck. If the stiffening system is inadequate, torsional oscillations due to wind might result in the collapse of the structure, as illustrated in the tragic failure in 1940 of the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge.

The side span to main span ratio varies from 0.17 to 0.50 .The span to depth ratio for the stiffening truss in existing bridge lies between 85 and 100 for spans up to 1,000m and rises rather steeply to 177. The ratio of span to width of deck for existing bridges ranges from 20 to 56. The aerodynamic stability will have be to be investigated thoroughly by detailed analysis as well as wind tunnel tests on models.

2.The cable-stayed bridge

During the past decade cable-stayed bridges have found wide application, s\especially in Western Europe, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world.

The renewal of the cable-stayed system in modern bridge engineering was due to the

tendency of bridge engineering in Europe, primarily Germany, to obtain optimum structural performance from material which was in short supply-during the post-war years.

Cable-stayed bridges are constructed along a structural system which comprises an orthotropic deck and continuous girders which are supported by stays, i.e. inclined cables passing over or attached to towers located at the main piers.

The idea of using cables to support bridge span bridge span is by no means new, and a number of examples of this type of construction were recorded a long time ago. Unfortunately the system in general met with little success, due to the fact that the statics were not fully understood and that unsuitable materials such as bars and chains were used to form the inclined supports or stays. Stays made in this manner could not be fully tensioned and in a slack condition allowed large deformations of the deck before they could participate in taking the tensile loads for which they were intended.

Wide and successful application of cable-stayed systems was realized only recently, with the introduction of high-strength steels, orthotropic decks, development of welding techniques and progress in structural analysis. The development and application of electronic computers opened up new and practically unlimited possibilities for exact solution of these highly statically indeterminate systems and for precise stoical analysis of their three-dimensional performance.

Existing cable-stayed bridges provide useful data regarding design, fabrication, erection and maintenance of the mew system. With the construction of these bridges many basic problems encountered in their engineering are shown to have been successfully solved. However, these important data have apparently never before been systematically presented.

The application of inclined cable gave a new stimulus to construction of large bridges. The importance of cable-stayed bridges increased rapidly and within only one decade they have become so successful that they have taken their rightful place among classical bridge system. It is interesting to note now how this development which has so revolutionized bridge construction, but which in fact is no new discovery, came about.

The beginning of this system, probably, may be traced back to the time when it was realized that rigid structures could be formed by joining triangles together. Although most of these earlier designs were based on sound principles and assumptions, the girder stiffened by inclined cables suffered various misfortunes which regrettably resulted in abandonment of the

system. Nevertheless, the system in itself was not at all unsuitable. The solution of the problem had unfortunately been attempted in the wrong way.

The renaissance of the cable-stayed, however, was finally successfully achieved only during the last decade.

Modern cable-stayed present a three-dimensional system consisting of stiffening girders, transverse and longitudinal bracings, orthotropic-type deck and supporting parts such as towers in compression and inclined cables in tension. The important characteristics of such a three-dimensional structure is the full participation of the transverse construction in the work of the main longitudinal structure. This means a considerable increase in the moment of inertia of the construction which permits a reduction in the depth of the girders and economy in steel.

Long span concrete bridges are usually of post-tensioned concrete and constructed either as conditions beams types or as free versatile structures. Many methods have been developed for continuous deck construction. If the clearance between the ground and bottom of the deck is small and the soil is firm, the superstructure can be built on staging. This method is becoming obsolete. Currently, free-cantilever and movable scaffold systems are increasingly used to save time and improve safety.

The movable scaffold system employs movable forms stiffened by steel frames. These forms extend one span length and are supported by steel girders which rest on a pier at one end and can be moved from span to span on a second set of auxiliary steel girders.

An economical construction technique known as incremental push-launching method is developed by Baur-Leonhard team. The total continuous deck is subdivided longitudinally into segments of 10 to 30 m length depending on the length of spans and the time available for construction. Each of these segments is constructed immediately behind the abutment of the bridge in steel framed forms, which remain in the same place for concreting all segments .The forms are so designed as to be capable of being moved transversely or rotated on hinges to facilitate easy stripping after sufficient hardening of concrete. At the head of the first segment, a steel nose consisting of a light truss is attached to facilitate reaching of the first and subsequent piers without including a too large can yielder moment during construction . The second and the following segments are concreted directly on the face of the hardened portion and the longitudinal reinforcement can continue across the construction joint . The pushing is achieved by hydraulic jacks which act against the abutment .Since the coefficient of friction of Teflon sliding bearings is only about 2 percent, low capacity hydraulic jacks would suffice to move the bridge even over long lengths of several hundred metres . This method can be used for straight and continuously curved bridges up to a span of about 120 m .

The free-cantilever system was pioneered by Dyckerhoff and Willmann in Germany .In this system , the superstructure is erected by means of cantilever truck in sections generally of 3.5 m .The cantilever truck ,whose cost is relatively small and which is attached firmly to permanent construction , emits by repeated use the construction of large bridges . The avoidance of scaffold from below, the speed of work and the saving in labor cost result in the construction being very economical. The free-cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilever system is ideally suited for launched girders with a large depth above the pier cantilevering to the middle of the span.

Another technique is the use of the pneumatic caisson .The caisson is a huge cylinder with a bottom edge that can cut into the water bed. When compressed is pumped into it ,the water is forced out .Caissons must be used with extreme care .for one thing, workers can only stay in the compression chamber for short periods of time .For another , if they come up to normal atmospheric pressure too rapidly ,they are subject to the bends ,or caisson disease as it is also called , which is a crippling or even fatal condition caused by excess nitrogen in the blood .When the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St.Louis was under construction between 1867and 1874 , at a time when the danger of working in compressed air was not fully understood ,fourteen deaths was caused by the bends .

When extra strength is necessary in the piers, they sometimes keyed into the bedrock-that is ,they are extended down into the bedrock .This method was used to build the piers for the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco ,which is subject to strong tidies and high winds ,and is located in an earthquake zone .The drilling was carried out under water by deep-sea divers .

Where bedrock cannot be reached ,piles are driven into the water bed .Today ,the piles in construction are usually made of prestressed concrete beams .One ingenious technique ,used for the Tappan Zee Bridge across the Hudson River in New York ,is to rest a hollow concrete box on top of a layer of piles .When the box is pumped dry ,it becomes buoyant enough to support a large proportion of the weight of the bridge .

Each type of bridge indeed each individual bridge presents special construction problems. With some truss bridges , the span is floated into position after the piers have been erected and then raised into place by means of jacks or cranes .Arch bridges can be constructed over a false work ,or temporary scaffolding. This method is usually employed with reinforced concrete arch bridges .With steel arches ,however ,a technique has been developed whereby the finished sections are held in place by wires that supply a cantilever support .Cranes move along the top of the arch to place new sections of steel while the tension in the cables increases .

With suspension bridges ,the foundations and the towers are built first .Then a cable is run from the anchorage-concrete block in which the cable is fastened-up to the tower and across to the opposite tower and anchorage .A wheel that unwinds wire from a reel puns along this cable .When the reel reaches the other side ,another wire is placed on it ,and the wheel

returns to its original position .When all the wires have been put in place ,another machine moves along the cable to compact and to bind them .Construction begins on the deck when the cables are in place ,with work progressing toward the middle from each end of the structure .

The loads to be considered in the design of substructures and bridge foundations include loads and forces transmitted from the superstructure, and those acting directly on the substructure and foundation.

AASHTO loads .Section 3 of AASHTO specifications summarizes the loads and forces to be considered in the design of bridges (superstructure and substructure). Briefly , these are dead load ,live load , impact or dynamic effect of live load , wind load , and other forces such as longitudinal forces , centrifugal force ,thermal forces , earth pressure , buoyancy , shrinkage and long term creep , rib shortening , erection stresses , ice and current pressure , collision force , and earthquake stresses .Besides these conventional loads that are generally quantified , AASHTO also recognizes indirect load effects such as friction at expansion bearings and stresses associated with differential settlement of bridge components .The LRFD specifications divide loads into two distinct categories : permanent and transient .

忽略此处..

桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁

桥梁工程毕业设计外文翻译箱梁

西南交通大学本科毕业设计（论文） 外文资料翻译 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师:

6 月

外文资料原文： 13 Box girders 13.1 General The box girder is the most ?exible bridge deck form. It can cover a range of spans from25 m up to the largest non-suspended concrete decks built, of the order of 300 m. Single box girders may also carry decks up to 30 m wide. For the longer span beams, beyond about 50 m, they are practically the only feasible deck section. For the shorter spans they are in competition with most of the other deck types discussed in this book. The advantages of the box form are principally its high structural ef?ciency (5.4), which minimises the prestress force required to resist a given bending moment, and its great torsional strength with the capacity this gives to re-centre eccentric live loads, minimising the prestress required to carry them.

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）

大跨度桥梁的颤振研究综述(小学期作业)

大跨度桥梁的颤振研究综述 桥梁颤振是由结构内部弹性力、惯性力、阻尼力和自激力共同作用而引起的一种复杂的气动弹性不稳定现象。当风速达到某一临界值时，风的动力作用与桥梁自身震动相互影响并可能导致桥梁发生颤振现象。由于桥梁颤振是发散性（振幅不断增大）的，所以桥梁一旦发生颤振现象，将导致桥梁整体灾难性的结构破坏，1940年美国的塔科马海峡吊桥因颤振而倒塌就是一个例子。故而桥梁颤振一直是桥梁振动中研究的重点。 影响桥梁颤振主要有气动方面和结构方面两个方面的因素。气动方面主要是结构断面的气动外形，结构方面则主要是结构的质量、刚度、阻尼等。桥梁颤振是由以上二者的共同作用而导致的，故而要避免桥梁发生颤振现象，就必须研究二者影响颤振的机理和并且通过合理设计提高桥梁的颤振临界风速。 发生颤振的必要条件是：结构上的瞬时气动力与弹性位移之间有位相差，因而使振动的结构有可能从气流中吸取能量而扩大振幅。在气流速度较低的情况下，结构所吸取的能量会被阻尼消耗而不发生颤振，只有在速度超过某一值时，才会发生颤振。若吸取的能量正好等于消耗的能量，则结构维持等幅振动，与此状态对应的速度称为颤振临界速度v（简称颤振速度）。当气流速度跨越颤振速度时，振动开始发散。因此，桥梁设计中必须使桥梁颤振临界风速大于设计基准风速，还要有一定的安全储备，从而避免在使用过程中出现颤振现象。

桥梁颤振物理关系非常复杂，振动机理也非常深奥，故此桥梁颤振的研究也经历的由古典耦合颤振理论到二维分离流颤振理论再到三维桥梁颤振分析的发展阶段，并且由线性过渡到分线性。 人们最早接触到颤振现象是在航空领域，第一次世界大战初期就有轰炸机因发生颤振而坠毁，这促使人们开始研究空气动弹性颤振问题。到1934年，美国科学家Theodorson首先从理论上研究了薄平板的气动自激力，并给出了其解析表达式和精确解，自此，求解机翼颤振有了解析方法——即二维经典耦合颤振理论。 经典耦合颤振理论只适合于流线型断面的颤振分析，该类截面的气流绕流形态与平板十分接近，满足Theodorson形式的非定常气动力成立的前提条件，但是实际桥面棱角明显，流动情况十分复杂，势流理论无法描述作用在非线性流体上的非定常力。 由此，1966年日本科学家Saknta等人对比了桥梁断面和机翼断面的气动导数的差别后，建立了桥梁结构的分离流颤振理论。其建议用6个实函数的气动导数来表示钝体截面气动自激升力和扭矩，后又被Sarkar和Jones等人推广到18个气动导数表示的气动自激力公式，以满足不同需求。 二维分离流颤振理论既可以用于求解鼓点扭耦合颤振问题，也可以用于分析分离流颤振问题，但是其必须满足线性化假定（小幅震动假定）和攻角不变假定等局限性假定条件，而这些假定一定程度上将气动力定常化，且忽略了结构运动沿桥梁纵向的变化，只能用于一般的悬索桥。

桥梁专业外文翻译--欧洲桥梁研究

桥梁专业外文翻译--欧洲桥梁研究

附录 Bridge research in Europe A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency. Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译399驱动桥

附录A 英文文献 Drive Axle All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road. Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels. This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels. Rear-wheel drive Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

汽车设计课设驱动桥设计

汽车设计课程设计说明书 题目：BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核 姓名： 学号： 专业名称：车辆工程 指导教师： 目录 一、课程设计任务书 (1) 二、总体结构设计 (2) 三、主减速器部分设计 (2) 1、主减速器齿轮计算载荷的确定 (2) 2、锥齿轮主要参数选择 (4) 3、主减速器强度计算 (5) 四、差速器部分设计 (6) 1、差速器主参数选择 (6) 2、差速器齿轮强度计算 (7) 五、半轴部分设计 (8) 1、半轴计算转矩Tφ及杆部直径 (8) 2、受最大牵引力时强度计算 (9) 3、制动时强度计算 (9) 4、半轴花键计算 (9) 六、驱动桥壳设计 (10) 1、桥壳的静弯曲应力计算 (10) 2、在不平路面冲击载荷作用下的桥壳强度计算 (11) 3、汽车以最大牵引力行驶时的桥壳强度计算 (11) 4、汽车紧急制动时的桥壳强度计算 (12)

5、汽车受最大侧向力时的桥壳强度计算 (12) 七、参考书目 (14) 八、课程设计感想 (15)

一、课程设计任务书 1、题目 《BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核》 2、设计内容及要求 （1）主减速器部分包括：主减速器齿轮的受载情况；锥齿轮主要参数选择；主减速器强度计算；齿轮的弯曲强度、接触强度计算。 （2）差速器：齿轮的主要参数；差速器齿轮强度的校核；行星齿轮齿数和半轴齿轮齿数的确定。 （3）半轴部分强度计算：当受最大牵引力时的强度；制动时强度计算。 （4）驱动桥强度计算：①桥壳的静弯曲应力 ②不平路载下的桥壳强度 ③最大牵引力时的桥壳强度 ④紧急制动时的桥壳强度 ⑤最大侧向力时的桥壳强度 3、主要技术参数 轴距L=2800mm 轴荷分配：满载时前后轴载1340/2735(kg) 发动机最大功率：80ps n：3800-4000n/min 发动机最大转矩17.5kg﹒m n：2200-2500n/min 传动比：i1=7.00； i0=5.833 轮毂总成和制动器总成的总重：g k=274kg

本科毕业设计桥梁外文翻译

附录一：中文翻译 土木工程师 桥梁工程156 2003年3月发表于BEI 31~37页 2002年1月31日收到 C.詹姆斯 2002年12月9日通过高级土木工程师佩尔 Frischmann ，埃克塞特 关键词：桥梁；河堤；土工布；膜与土工格栅 英国锁城大桥 锁城大桥是横跨住宅发展区的铁路桥梁。由于工程施工受到周围建筑与地形的限制，该工程采取加固桥台、桥墩与桥面的刚构结构，以及预制栏杆等方法提高了大桥的使用安全程度，并降低了大桥建造与维护的费用。因此，城堡大桥科学的设计方案使工程成本降到最低。 一、引言 本文描述的是在受限制地区用最小的费用修建一座铁路桥梁使之成为开放的住宅发展区。锁城地区是位于住宅发展十分紧张的韦斯顿超 图1 锁城大桥位置远景

马雷的东部。监督桥梁建设的客户是城堡建设有限公司，它由二大房建者组成。该区的规划局是北盛捷区议会（NSDC）。该发展地区被分为布里斯托尔和埃克塞特。规划条件规定，直到建成这条横跨的铁路大桥为止，该地区南部区域不可能适应居住。可见锁城大桥的建成对该地区发展的重要性。 发展地区位于萨默塞特的边缘，这个地区地形十分的恶劣，该范围位于韦斯顿以北和A321飞机双程双线分隔线的南面。现在只有一条乡下公路，是南部区域的唯一通道。该地区是交通预期不适合住宅增加的区域。 由于盛捷地区水平高程的限制，新的铁路线在桥台两边必须设有高程差。并且该地区地形限制，允许正常横跨的区域较小，这导致在结构的布局上的一定数量的妥协。为了整个城堡地区的发展，全 图2 锁城大桥地图上位置 桥限速20公里/时，并考虑区域范围内的速度制约。这样在得到客户和NSDC的同意后，桥梁采取了最小半径的方法，这使得桥梁采用了比正常梯度更加陡峭地方法实现高程的跨越。 客户的工程师、工程顾问、一般设计原则和初步认同原则下(AIP)与NSDC发出投标文件。 该合同在2000年7月1授予安迪。投标价值1.31亿美元，合同期定为34周，到2001年4月完成。

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年

研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c91172813.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c91172813.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c91172813.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

驱动桥设计_毕业设计论文

驱动桥设计 摘要 现代工程车辆技术追求高效节能、高舒适性和高安全性等目标。前一项目标与环境保护密切相关,是当代全球性热门话题,后两项目标是车辆朝着高性能化方向发展必须研究和解决的重要课题。转向系统的高性能化是指其能够根据车辆的运行状况和驾驶员的要求实行多目标控制,以获得良好的转向轻便性、较好的路感和较快的响应性。 汽车转向系统是影响汽车操纵稳定性、行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性的关键部分。在追求高效节能\高舒适性和高安全性的今天,电控液压助力转向系统作为一种新的汽车动力转向系统,以其节能、环保、更佳的操纵特性和转向路感,成为动力转向技术研究的焦点。 本文通过查阅相关的文献，介绍了EHPS系统的结构组成和工作原理，在参考现有车型的结构数据的基础上，设计计算转向系的主要参数，确定转向器的结构参数和动力转向部分结构参数，在分析其助力特性的基础上，设计合理的助力特性曲线，并通过MATLAB作出助力特性图，同时提出一种基于车速和转向盘转动角速度的控制策略，根据EHPS系统的特点，通过AMESim和Simulink建立整个系统的模型。通过联合仿真可以得出EHPS系统比HPS系统能提供更好的助力特性和转向路感。 关键词：EHPS；助力特性；结构设计；AMESim与Simulink建模 ABSTRACT

High effective energy saving,high comfort performance and high security are thegoals of contemporary.The first goal closely concerns with environment protecting,is also the popular topic around the world.The last two goals are the important subjects must be researched and solved in making automobile high performance.To make the steering system high performance is that the system can carry out mufti-goals control according to the vehicle states and drive requirements to acquire the steering handiness,better road feeling,better anti-interfering performance and faster response. The motor turing system is the essential part which affects the automobile operation stability,the travel security and the driving comfortablet.Nowadays we pursue highly effective energy conservation,the high comforrtableness and high secure.The electrically hydraulic power steering (EHPS) taking as one kind of new automobile power steering system,it takes the power steering engineering research the focal point by its energy conservation,the environmental protection,the better handling characteristic and changes the road feeling. According to consult relevant literature, this paper introduces the structure and the principle of EHPS, bases the further study of EHPS on the structural parameter date of a certain type of the light lorry, calculates the main parameters of steering system and power steering and devises the hydraulic circuit of EHPS. On the basis of the analysis of EHPS, this paper designs a reasonable EHPS power curve, including plotting the curve with the technique of MATLAB. Taking into account the steady steering and emergency steering, it advances the control strategy plan based on speed, steering wheel angle velocity, the steering wheel torque. Based on the structural characteristics of EHPS, this paper proposed AMESIM and SIMULINK joint simulation of the entire EHPS system. Accord to the result we can know that EHPS can offer more secure handle, more saving energy and way feeling. Key words:EHPS;Characteristics of power; Structure design; AMESim and Simulink Modeling

桥梁作业答案

专业概论（桥梁类）阿依沙尔.别克 一. 桥梁工程专业有何特点？ 答：桥梁工程专业的设置根据国家建设需要和学科发展而定，具有以下特点： 1.悠久的历史 桥梁工程专业的发展与土木工程专业的发展相伴相随。1896年，山海关北洋铁路官学堂（西南交通大学前身）在山海关创建，是我国创办最早的高等学府之一。学校当时仅设有土木工程系，于1897年春在天津招收了第一届学生20名，这是我国高校成立最早的土木工程系，西南交大也由此成为中国近代土木工程高等教育的一个重要发祥地。在100多年的发展中，桥梁工程专业（方向）从最初单一的本科发展到具有了从本科生、研究生到成人教育的完整培养体系，为国家培养了大批高级专业技术人才，如著名桥梁专家茅以升美国“预应力混凝土先生” 林同炎以及中国科学院、中国工程院院士李国豪、汪菊潜、唐寰澄、范立础、项海帆等等一大批名扬海内外的学界泰斗、工程权威。 2.雄厚的师资力量 桥梁工程专业名师济济，拥有雄厚的师资力量。现有在岗教师52名，其中教授19名（博士生导师15名），副教授15名，讲师18名，超过95%的教师具有博士研究生学历（见图1-2）。教师中有享受国务院特殊津贴的专家1名，有教育部“新世纪优秀人才”3名，有铁道部“优秀中青年专家”2名，有四川省“学术技术带头人”4名及四川省“杰出青年学科带头人”1名，另有多名教师曾获得西南交大的各项优秀教师奖。主讲教师具有坚实的理论基础、科研能力和丰富的教学经验，同时与国内桥梁工程规划、设计、建设、管理等单位有长期稳定的联系，能及时在教学中反映最新研究成果。 3.优良的教学条件 拥有世界一流的抗风实验室，拥有土木工程防灾国家重点实验室，开展了大量桥梁抗风、抗震研究。建成了国家级“土木工程本科实验教学示范中心”，拥有种类齐全、数量充足、性能先进的实验设备，教学实验条件处于国内先进水平。桥梁工程领域部分的实验室建设工作已纳入“现代轨道交通国家实验室”、“交通土建抗震技术国家工程实验室（筹）”建设的范畴，大型轨道交通桥梁结构动力模拟试验子平台已纳入到“轨道交通运输工程优势学科创新平台建设”范畴。 4.理论同实践的结合 专业教学上注重理论同工程实践的结合，教学内容既重理论又重应用，教学方法强调手脑并用、练好基本功。设立了认识实习、毕业设计（论文）等教学环节。鼓励教师及学生参与到桥梁工程的设计、施工及监理工作中，为教学工作提供了有利的学习条件，使教学内容更具先进性、针对性和时代感。同时以科研工作促进专业教学，充实了教学内容，促进了教学水平的提高。 二. 请对你所了解的桥梁工程专业的任意两个研究领域（方向）加以阐述。 1、桥梁空间分析及大跨度桥梁的结构行为 这是传统的研究方向，主要研究现代大跨度桥梁与结构的空间分析理论；大跨度桥梁的空间稳定分析；桥梁结构非线性行为；大跨度桥梁的受力机理和经济性能；悬索桥和斜拉桥的极限承载力研究等。李国豪院士是桥梁空间分析和桥梁稳定与振动方向的创始人。

桥梁专业外文翻译--欧洲桥梁研究

中文1850字 附录 Bridge research in Europe A brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar. Introduction The challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency. Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial

桥梁外文翻译

毕业设计/论文 外文文献翻译 院系城市建设学院 专业班级 姓名 原文出处 评分 指导教师 华中科技大学武昌分校 20 12 年3月1日

Study on nonlinear analysis of a redundant cable-stayed bridge 1．Abstract A comparison on nonlinear analysis of a highly redundant cable-stayed bridge is performed in the study. The initial shapes including geometry and prestress distribution of the bridge are determined by using a two-loop iteration method, it is an equilibrium iteration loop and a shape iteration loop. For the initial shape analysis a linear and a nonlinear computation procedure are set up. In the former all nonlinearities of cable-stayed bridges are disregarded, and the shape iteration is carried out without considering equilibrium. In the latter all nonlinearities of the bridges are taken into consideration and both the equilibrium and the shape iteration are carried out. Based on the convergent initial shapes determined by the different procedures, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are then examined in details. Numerical results show that a convergent initial shape can be found rapidly by the two-loop iteration method, a reasonable initial shape can be determined by using the linear computation procedure, and a lot of computation efforts can thus be saved. There are only small differences in geometry and prestress distribution between the results determined by linear and nonlinear computation procedures. However, for the analysis of natural frequency and vibration modes, significant differences in the fundamental frequencies and vibration modes will occur, and the nonlinearities of the cable-stayed bridge response appear only in the modes determined on basis of the initial shape found by the nonlinear computation. 2. Introduction Rapid progress in the analysis and construction of cable-stayed bridges has been made over the last three decades. The progress is mainly due to developments in the fields of computer technology, high strength steel cables, orthotropic steel decks and construction technology. Since the first modern cable-stayed bridge was built in Sweden in 1955, their popularity has rapidly been increasing all over the world. Because of its aesthetic appeal, economic grounds and ease of erection, the