哈佛文献引用标注harvard referencing

Harvard referencing guide

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A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for someone else or yourself to trace the item in a library. It is very important to be consistent and accurate when citing references. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Citations in the text should give the author's name with the year of publication and then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of the paper/dissertation.

This guide aims to outline how to reference using the Harvard method. The Harvard method is not the only standard of referencing and you should consult with your lecturers which they recommend. For a more interactive tutorial on how to reference correctly refer to the …Tutorials by department? tab on the Information Skills Resource website.

Harvard method of citation in the text

All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. In the Harvard System cited publications are referred to in one of the forms shown below:

Single author:-

In a study by Seedhouse (1997) coping with illness was investigated ....

In a study (Seedhouse,1997) coping with illness was investigated ....

When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets. Burnard (1992a) wrote about communication for health professionals that ....

Two authors :-

In the book by Basford and Slevin (1995) .....

More than two authors:-

Benner et al (1996) conclude that ....

If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:-

There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health.......... ( Francome and Marks, 1996; Bunton, 1995; Lupton, 1995)

Harvard method of quoting in the text

When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.

Short quotations e.g. up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:-

Weir (1995) states that "defining roles and their remits is not simple"(p.10).

Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-

Thomas and Ingham (1995) in discussing staff development state that: "Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course have been encouraged by the success of others"(p.33).

If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:-

Weir and Kendrick (1995) state that "networking is no longer solely within the male domain . . ."(p.88).

Secondary referencing

Secondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996). Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.

Harvard method of listing references at the end of the text

References should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc). Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors' forenames can be included if given on the title page but they are not

required to be. The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics:

A book by a single author:

Seedhouse, D. (1997) Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester, John Wiley.

A book by two authors:

Burns, Nancy and Grove, Susan K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition. London, Saunders.

A book by more than two authors:

Mares, Penny et al. (1995) Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge, Health Education Council.

A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation):

Health Visitors' Association (1992) Principles into practice : an HVA position statement on health visiting and school nursing. London, Health Visitors' Association.

An edited book:

Basford, Lynn and Slevin, Oliver (eds) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care. Edinburgh, Campion.

A chapter in a book:

Weir, Pauline (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds) Innovations in nursing practice. London, Edward Arnold. p. 5- 22.

An article in a journal:

Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1), 43-5.

An article in a newspaper:

White, M. (1998) ￡68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. If no author name is given then anon should be used instead.

Anon (1998) Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8. Government publications

In broad terms White Papers contain statements of Government policy while Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion. They are cited in the same way.

A White paper:

Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future.

Cm.3390. London, Stationery Office.

A Green paper:

Department of Health (1998) Our Healthier Nation: a contract for health. Cm 3854. London, Stationery Office.

An Act of Parliament:

Great Britain (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Chapter 19. London, HMSO.

Conference proceedings:

Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):

Banks, S. et al (1998) Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Paper from published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):

Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al. Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative

A thesis or dissertation:

Stones, Marian (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation, University of Sheffield.

A secondary reference:

Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman & Co. Cited in: Douglass, Laura Mae (1996) The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th edition. St. Louis, Missouri, Mosby. Acknowledgements:

The following documents have been used in the compilation of this guide and further information can be obtained from them.

Bournemouth University. Academic Services Group. Library and Information Services.

(1996) Harvard System. [online] Bournemouth, Bournemouth University. [Accessed 9th June 1996].

British Standards Institution (1989) BS Recommendations for references to published materials. BS.1629:1989. London, BSI.

Citing electronic sources of information

There is a separate guide giving details of how to cite electronic sources of information: “Citing electronic sources of information”.

Citing online and audio visual sources of

information

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Data is available in various formats apart from printed documents such as books and journals. Increasingly information is becoming available electronically. This guide

sets out to provide examples of how to cite these electronic sources of information in the Harvard style. There is a separate document outlining how to cite printed material. The standard copyright law applies equally to electronic sources and any reference

to other people's work should be acknowledged with citations in your text and inclusion in your reference list.

The Information Skills Resource includes interactive tutorials on how to reference correctly. Select the ‘Tutorials by department’ tab for tutorials tailored for your subject area. Always check which referencing method your department recommends before submitting finished work.

INTERNET SOURCES

Individual works

Author/editor surname, Initial. (Year) Title [online].Edition. Place of publication, Publisher. Available from: URL[Accessed date].

Example:

Marieb.E. (2000) Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site.[online]. 6th edition. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/bookbind/pubbooks/marieb-essentials/ [Accessed 4th July 2001].

Include the year of publication in brackets. Most Web pages are updated on a regular basis. Date of publication is the date the pages were last updated. If you are not sure of the date click on View and page source to check when last modified. If no publication date is given write (No date).

Only mention an edition statement if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated.

The accessed date is when you viewed, downloaded or printed the Web page. This statement is necessary to allow for any subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available.

The term publisher is used here to cover both the traditional idea of publisher of printed sources, as well as organisations responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of Sheffield. If the place of publication is not stated and cannot be ascertained then leave out.

Often information is put on the Internet by organisations without citing a specific

author. In such cases, ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit (this is similar to the standard method of citing works produced by a corporate body) or start with the title.

Example:

The University of Sheffield Library (2001) Nursing and Midwifery in the Library and on the Internet. [online]. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/library/subjects/subnurse.html [Accessed 4th July 2001]. Citing electronic journals

Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title[online], Volume (part), location within the host. Available from:URL [Accessed date].

The "location within host" is the equivalent of page numbering used with printed sources. If the document does not include pagination an alternative may be used eg date, labelled part, or the the total number of lines, paragraphs or screens. Example of an article from a journal available in print and electronic form: Handwashing Liaison Group (1999) Hand washing. BMJ[online], 318 (7185),686. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/cgi/content/full/318/7185/686 [Accessed 4th July 2001].

Examples of articles from journals only available online:

Snyder, M. (2001) Overview and Summary of Complementary Therapies: Are These

Really Nursing? Online Journal of Issues in Nursing [online], 6(2), 31st May 2001. Available from: http://www.nursingworld/ojin/topic15/tpc15ntr.htm [Accessed 4th July 2001.

Peterson, M. (1997) Skills to enhance problem-based learning. Medical Education Online [online], 2,3. Available from: http://www.med-ed-

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/f0000009.htm#reference [Accessed 4th July 2001].

Citing a full text item from an online bibliographical database

Author surname, Initial. (Year) Title of article. Journal title.Volume (part), pages. Full-text [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].

Example of full text article from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:

Newens, Andrew J. et al (1997). Changes in reported dietary habit and exercise levels after an uncomplicated first myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Nursing 6(2), 153-160. Full-text [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc.[Accessed 28th May 1998].

Citing an abstract from an online bibliographical database

An abstract should only be cited if it has proved impossible to obtain the full text of the article and it is essential to your work to do so.

Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal title. Volume (part), pages. Abstract [online]. Online database name on host [Accessed date].

Example of abstract from CINAHL via the Ovid online service:

Redman, G. M. (1997). LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36(3), 121-7. Abstract [online]. CINAHL, Ovid Technologies Inc. [Accessed 28thMay 1998].

Citation from a database that includes citation instructions

Sometimes the database instructs you on how to cite references. This might be at the end of the article. You must cite the reference as they state. Put in brackets at the end of the citation that this is the case.

Example of such a citation:

Renfrew MJ and Lang S. Early initiation of breastfeeding. (Cochrane Review) In: the Cochrane Library, issue 2. Oxford:Update Software;1998. Updated quarterly. (Citation as instructed)

JISCmail/Listserv email lists

These discussion lists generate email messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Many lists will archive the messages sent. References to these messages should be treated in a similar fashion to journal references; using the list name in place of the journal title and the subject line of the message in place of the article title.

For "Available from" use the email address of the list administrator. These details,

together with the author, will appear in the message header.

Author, (Day Month Year). Subject of message. Discussion list [online]. Available from: JISCmail/Listserv email address [Accessed date].

Examples:

Nott, A.J. (26 Jan 2000) Integrated care pathways. Psychiatric- nursing [online]. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/lists/psychiatric-nursing.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].

Sandall, J. (24 May 2001) Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research [online]. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/lists/midwifery-research.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].

Please note that items may only be archived on discussion group servers for up to a year. A local copy could be kept by the recipient, who is giving the citation, but a note should be given to this effect. It is also in your interest to print a copy of potentially temporary sources in case you need to prove a source after it has been

deleted/moved/changed.

Usenet newsgroups/Bulletinboards/Blogs

Usenet newsgroups allow people with similar interests to read and post messages in a common location on the Internet.

Author (Day Month Year). Subject heading of message. Newsgroup [online].

Available from: Name of Usenet newsgroup [Access date].

Clark, D. & Young, J. (8 June 2001) Substance Misuse resource. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001].

If the author's name and initial is not given, use the email/username.

Example:

news@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html, (7 June 2001) UK Learning Difficulty Website. Uk.sci.med.nursing [online]. Available from: news:uk.sc.med.nursing [Accessed 5th July 2001]. Example:

Doctorow, C. (17 Jan 2010) Britain’s Business Secretary wants to turn the nation’s back on basic science [online]. Available from:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,/2010/01/17/britains-business-se.html [Accessed 19th January 2010].

Personal email

If you wish to make reference to personal email messages then the following format is recommended. You should get a sender's permission to quote a message especially if you quote their email address.

Sender (Sender's Email address) (Day Month Year). Subject of Message. Email to recipient (Recipient's Email address).

Example:

McConnell, D. (D.McConnell@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,) (28th November 1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal email to L.Parker (l.a.parker@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,).

Audio visual materials

Audiocassettes, CD-ROMs, film, microform, radio broadcasts,television, and videos When citing one of the above items information about the nature of the item should be given where necessary after the title.

Example:

Peters, T. (1991) Tom Peters Live. [Audiocassette]. Boulder,USA, CareerTrack Publications.

Many CD-ROMs, films, videos and broadcasts are the co-operative work of many individuals. These should either be cited with the title as the first element, or if there is an individual with clear responsibility for the intellectual content his name should be used e.g. the director.

Examples:

Pride and Prejudice. [Video]. (1997) London, BBC.

Encarta 98 Encyclopaedia. [CD-ROM]. (1998) New York, Microsoft Ltd. Henderson, David. (1985) Reith Lectures. BBC Radio 3 and 4. Nov - Dec 1985. Individual items within a programme should be cited as contributions.

Example:

Thatcher, Margaret. (1986) Interview. In: Six O'Clock https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html,, BBC 1. 1986 Jan 29.

18.00hrs.

哈佛商学院英文参考文献格式

BOOK______________________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Doss 2003) REFERENCE Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Laudon & Laudon 2003) REFERENCE Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Coveney, Ganster, Hartlen & King 2003) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Coveney et al 2003) REFERENCE Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J. Corporate author IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(DFAT 2002) REFERENCE Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra. Editor IN-TEXT ...(Shaw 2003) REFERENCE Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London. BOOK CHAPTER_____________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Howard 1998) REFERENCE Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272- 274.2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Degen & Pedell 2004) REFERENCE Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Johnston, Mak & Kurnia 2001) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Johnston et al 2001) REFERENCE Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E- Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249. JOURNAL ARTICLE__________________ Single author IN-TEXT ...(Hammer 1990) REFERENCE Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112. 2 authors IN-TEXT ...(Lamb & Kling 2003) REFERENCE Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197. 3 or more authors IN-TEXT (INITIALLY) ...(Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) IN-TEXT (THEREAFTER) ...(Lacity et al 1995) REFERENCE Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES_ IN-TEXT ...(Karlof 2002) REFERENCE Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.

哈佛类型论文引用方式说明与举例- Citing quotations (Harvard style)

Citing quotations (Harvard style) What is quoting? Quoting is where you copy an author's text word for word, place quotation marks around the words and add a citation at the end of the quote. Quotes should be using sparingly as over quoting can suggest a lack of understanding of the text you are referring to. In scientific writing, it is generally the case that you should paraphrase from sources, rather than quote directly. Quoting more extended sections of text tends to be more common in arts and humanities subjects where it may be appropriate to quote frequently from the literature that is being analysed. As you take notes, ensure you clearly mark where you have quoted directly from the source. Direct quotations 1．If you use a direct quotation from an author, you should: ?enclose this in quotation marks ?give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. Example: "Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67). 2. If the quotation is more than two lines: ?It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below ?It is indented at left and right margins ?It may be in a smaller point size ?It is preceded by a colon ?It does not use quotation marks ?The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from. Example: One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance. Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable...

参考文献的标注方法

参考文献的标注方法 文献综述和毕业论文的参考文献标注方法一定要按下列国内通用的“参考文献的标注方法”进行列示： 在文献综述和毕业论文正文后所列参考文献要同时将其顺序号以“上标”形式标注在正文中，正文所列序号应与的参考文献的序号一致，正文后所列的参考文献表示方法如下： （1）期刊：[序号] 作者．题名．期刊名称，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码．（2）书籍：[序号] 著者．书名．版次（第一版应省略）．出版地：出版者，出版年份：起止页码． （3）论文集：[序号] 著者．题名．编者．论文集名．出版地：出版者。出版年份：起止页码． （4）学位论文：[序号] 作者．题名．保存地：保存单位，年份． （5）专利文献：[序号] 专利所有者．专利题名．专利国别：专利号，发布日期．（6）国际、国家标准：[序号] 标准代号．标准名称．出版地：出版者，出版年份．（7）电子文献：[序号] 作者．电子文献题名．电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期（任选）． 例示： 进入21世纪以来，中国西部部分省份相应制定了省域旅游发展ⅹⅹ目标[ 1 ]，据统计1993年西部各省份共接待入境旅游者ⅹⅹ万人次[ 2 ]，旅游业呈良好的发展态势，但对生态旅游的认识及生态旅游的实践还处在ⅹⅹ阶段[ 3 ] [4 ]，…… 参考文献 [1]刘锋．中国西部旅游发展战略研究（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，2001：11－45． [2]国家旅游局中．国旅游统计年鉴（1993）（第1版）．北京：中国旅游出版社，1993：2－32． [3]刘德谦．中国生态旅游的面临选择．旅游学刊，2003 ，18（2）：63－69． [4]张延毅，董观志．生态旅游及其可持续发展对策．经济地理，1997,17（2）：100－112．

哈佛_论文引用格式!

哈佛_论文引用格式! 1 A brief guide to the Harvard System The University of Greenwich as with all universities requires that students give credit to the authors of the evidence they use to support the arguments within their essays and other assignments. Most schools within the University require that students use the Harvard system of referencing citation. This is a guide to that system giving some useful examples to which you can refer when referencing yourself. Function A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used. It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work. The same set of rules and grammar colons and commas should be followed every time you cite a reference consistency. Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor normally the Harvard system. The components of the Harvard system The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source a book a journal article etc. there is an entry that includes the author?s family name and the year of the publication source that the information comes from. Note that

毕业论文参考文献标注方法

毕业论文参考文献标注方法 一、参考文献的主要作用 1、反映研究者的研究基础。科研工作具有继承性，大多研究成果是对前人研究的一种深化和拓展。 2、尊重前人和他人的知识成果。参考文献是前人研究成果的一种表现形式，引用参考文献是论文作者的权利，而著录参考文献则是其法律义务，引用了前人的资料又不列出参考文献，会被认为是抄袭或剽窃行为。 3、反映论文作者的科学态度。说明本文所引用的论点、资料和数据均有出处可查，以便读者核查。 4、向读者推荐一批经过精选的文献。参考文献能为读者深入探讨某些问题提供有关文献的线索，帮助其查阅原始文献，进一步研读作者引用的内容，以求证自己的观点和解决自己的需求。 5、节约论文篇幅。在科研论文中，作者引用或借鉴别人的方法和观点来佐证自己将要展开的论点等，如果把所涉及的内容全都写下来，有时候容易造成论文内容繁琐、重点不明。正确列出了所引的参考文献，论文中所需表述的内容凡已有文献所载者不必详述，只需标注参考文献号码即可解决。 二、参考文献写法的误区 1、文献引用不符合要求

具体表现有：(1)所列文献范围过宽，凡所参阅过的均列入其中，如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等;(2)所列文献过多，如有些同学认为文献越多越好，将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录，有些文献同学们并没有亲自阅读，只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边，也凑数其后;(3)所列文献过少，有些同学怕自己文章引述别人东西太多，被人认为抄袭，故意将一些重要参考文献略去;(4)对文献的理解偏面，以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出;(5)大而不当，将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献，如有的同学参阅了一期《人民教育》杂志中的一篇文章，参考文献会写：《人民教育》2004年1—12期。 2、文献著录不符合规范 具体表现有：(1)漏写项目，如有的文献只有著者和篇名，有的书籍漏掉出版社，有的期刊漏掉年份期号等;(2)项目过杂，如有的丛书文献总主编、分册主编甚至副主编以及丛书名称，分册名称、主副标题等写了一大堆;(3)次序杂乱，如有的文献条目先写篇名，有的先写著者，有的先写期刊名等不统一，不按定规;(4)数字、标点符号不规范，如一会儿是中文数字，一会儿是阿拉伯数字，一会儿是用黑点，一会儿用书名号;(5)不按标注排列，参考文献在文内有标注的一般要按顺序排列，不能杂乱无序。 三、常见文献的类型及标识

参考文献在正文中的标注方法.doc

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Harvard Referencing – a quick guide Learning and Information Services When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various books, journal articles etc you have consulted. To do this a formal referencing system is required – Harvard is the preferred method for LJMU. So why reference? To avoid plagiarism Acknowledge the work of others Verify quotes Follow-up reading – easier for academics to trace information Abide by Copyright Law Help a reader understand how you have reached your conclusions. Full details of these sources must then be listed at the end of your work in a section called References or List of References. Some terms you will come across are: Citing – the formal recognition of the sources within your text. Citation – is the passage of words/quote used within your text. Bibliography –a list of resources used/consulted during your research or for further reading Reference List - List of resources referred to in your work. Some examples: 1) Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. 2) Electronic Book. HUGO, W.B. and RUSSELL, A.D. (1998) Pharmaceutical microbiology . 6th ed. Blackwell Science. Available from: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cd11491819.html, [Accessed 10 April, 2005] 4) Chapter from a Book. MORT, D. (2000) The way ahead. In: BUSHELL, T. (2004) Sources of Education. 4th ed. Gower. London. pp.153-182

哈佛参考文献注明方法

哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method 当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的： ●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。 ●使你的观点和论点充实； ●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来； ●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的； ●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。 哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面 哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。这一体系有两个方面。首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。 请注意： 请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。如果有疑问，请询问教员。 在文中标注参考标记 参考标记通常是以下的形式： ◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。例如： 最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。 ◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。例如： 最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。 ◆若有两名作者，应同时出现在括号中。例如： 一份最近的研究（Williams及Reynolds，1996）推翻了先前的发现。 ◆若有3个或以上的作者，只列出第一个，其余人员用“等”表示。例如： 在最新的一份报告中，Smith等（1996）提供了另一种方案。