英语语法练习

1 一般现在时用动词原形

2 一般过去时用动词过去时

3 现在进行时 be + ving

4 过去进行时 was/were + ving

5 一般将来时 will + 动词原形或 be going to +动词原形

6 过去将来时 would + 动词原形或 was/were going to +动词原形

7 现在完成时 have/has + v过去分词

8 过去完成时 had + v过去分词

9 现在完成进行时 have/has been + ving

10 过去完成进行时 had been + ving

11 一般将来进行时 will be + ving

12 过去将来进行时 would be + ving

13 将来完成时 will have + v过去分词

14 过去将来完成时 would have + v过去分词

15 将来完成进行时 will have been + ving

16 过去将来完成进行时 would have been + ving

二、各时态详解

1、一般现在时

一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s ，另外be 和have 要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。

The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 长江发源于青海。

Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。

We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。

2、现在进行时

现在进行时是由助动词be 加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。

How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？

Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。

They are publishing a new version of the playscript by taso yu this autumn.

今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。

3、一般将来时

一般将来时由助动词shall (will)加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。

They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。

The teacher will not let me go home before i have finished my homework.

老师要我做完作业才能回家。

4、一般过去时

一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人称有was 和were 两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed ；

其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。

It ’s a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。

Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。

5、现在完成时

现在完成时是由助动词have 和has 加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如： Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。

The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。

注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：

现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。如： Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。

I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。

6、过去进行时

过去进行时是由助动词be 的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。 At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。 They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building.

他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。

7、过去完成时

过去完成时由助动词had 加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。

before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。

no sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。

he had not learned any english before he came to the university.

上大学前他一点英语没学过。

8、一般过去将来时

一般过去将来时由助动词would 加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：

when i thought about it, i wondered what their reaction would be.

当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。

she told me that she would go on trip to europe the next day.

她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。

whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.

无论他什么时间有空, 他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。

no matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。

9、一般将来完成时

一般将来完成时由shall (will) + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。如：

after we finish this text, we'll have learned twenty texts.

这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。

by the next month, i'll have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。

they will have hit the year’s target by the end of october.

到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。

10、现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时由have （has ）been 加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。例如：

i ’ve been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。

it has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。

where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？

she has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.

自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。

11、过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

it had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。

at last they gor the telegram they had been expecting.

最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。

定义动词以一定的词形变化形式来表达事物之动作或状态的时间性者称为时态(Tense)。

词形变化的形式共有如下四种：

1．一般式(Simple Form)

2．进行式(Progressive Form)

3．完成式(Perfect Form)

4．完成进行式(Perfect Progressive Form)

动作或状态的时间性则可分为如下三个时段：

1．现在(Present)

2．过去(Past)

3．将来(Future)

这四种词形形式和三个时段可以配合成如下的十二种动词的时态。

这十二种时态可以列表如下：

现以“I ”为主语，“do ”为动词，把这十二种时态以实例表达如下：（例序即为时态的次序）

1．I do it every day.

（我每天做这样的事。）

2．I did it yesterday.

（昨天我做了这件事。）

3．I shall/will do it tomorrow.

（明天我要做这件事。）

4．I am doing it now.

（现在我正在做这件事。）

5．I was doing it at that time.

（当时我正在做这件事。）

6．I shall/will be doing it at 9：00 tomorrow morning.

（明天早晨九时我会正在做这件事。）

7．I have done it already.

（我已把这件事做好了。）

8．I have done it before I went home yesterday.

（昨天我在回家之前就把那件工作做完了。）

9．I shall/will have done it before you come back tomorrow.

（明天在我回来之前我会把这件工作做好。）

10．I have been doing it for two days.

（这件工作我已做了两天了。──说话时工作尚未做完，所以还得继续做。）

11．I had been doing the work for two hours when the teacher came.

（老师来时那件工作我已做了两小时了。──当时工作尚未完成，所以老师来了我还继续在做。）

12．I shall/will have been doing it for an hour when you come to see me at 9：00 tomorrow morning.

（明天早上九时你来看我时，我会在做那件工作做了一小时。──当然尚未能做完，还得继续做下去。）

要求掌握动词六种时态的基本结构(一般现在时，一般过去时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时和一般将来时态) 及它们的主要用法和区别。了解过去将来、过去完成时态的基本用法，解题时注意找出关键词，正确判断出时态，按时态结构正确变化动词。注意句子时态的一致性，注意对特殊时态的处理[if引导的条件从句, when,after,before.as soon as和not …until 引导的时间状语从句，注意主(句) 将(来) ，从(句) 现(在)]。

1. - My parents have ever been to Canada.

- Really? When ________ there ?

A. have they been

B. will they go

C. had they been

D. did they go

2. -where________ ?

- He has left a(n) ________ saying that he has something important to do.

A. has Tom gone; message

B. has Tom been; note

C. will Tom go; word

D. did Tom go; excuse

3. __________ the end of last term, they ________ 500 new words.

A. By; had learned

B. At; would

C. Since; learned

D. During; have learned

4. During the last ________ years he ________ me a lot of help.

A. a few; give

B. few; gave

C. few; has given

D. a few; would give

5. Her father told her he ___________.

A. will buy her a pen

B. is buying her a pen

C. bought her a pen

D. would buy her a pen

6. - Can I see the headmaster at the moment, please ?

- I'm afraid not. He ________ out. He ________ in 10 minutes.

A. goes; comes

B. gone; came

C. will go; will come

D. has gone; will come back

7. I'll go camping with you, if I ________ free tomorrow.

A. will be

B. shall be

C. am

D. was

8. Since last year I _______ her only twice.

A. have seen

B. saw

C. have saw

D. see

9. _________ to go to the super market every day ?

A. Are you like

B. Do you like

C. Won't you like

D. Have you like

10. Middle school students _________ not to smoke.

A. is always told

B. always tell

C. are always told

D. always told

11. He said his father _______ . His father ________ in 1985. He ______ for 19 years.

A. had died; died; has been dead

B. died; had died; had died

C. was died; died; had died

D. died; had dead; has been dead

12. The class _________ for ten minutes when I went to school ________.

A. had begun; in a hurry

B. had ended; hurry

C. had been on; in a hurrying

D. had been over; in a hurriedly

答案：1―6：DAACDD 7―12：CABCAC

一、一般现在时与现在进行时的区别

一般现在时是表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作，或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性；而现在进行时是指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性，不稳定性。例如：

He usually gets up at six in the morning.(经常性、习惯性动作)

She is an Englishwoman.(现在的状态)

We are working on the farm these days.(现在这期间的动作，表示这几天暂时在农场上帮忙)

Look! The boys are fighting.(现在此刻所发生的动作)

【注意】不宜用进行时态的动词：表示心理状态、情感的动词，如：love, like, hate, care, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, agree, wish, mean等；表示存在的动词，如：be, lie(位于) 等；表示一瞬间就

发生的动作，如：get, buy, end, receive 等。例如：

I like English very much.

Mexico lies to the south of Texas.

二、表示" 将来时态" 几种形式的区别

在初中阶段，我们学了will / shall＋动词原形, be going to＋动词原形, be doing,以及一般现在时等四种形式表达将来时。

1. will / shall表示单纯的将来(即现在的之后) ，will 还可以表示" 决心" 、" 意愿" ；shall 用于第一、三人称的问句中，还可以表示征求对方的意见。例如：

He will be back in a few days.(单纯将来)

I will study hard to keep up with my classmates.(决心或意愿)

Shall I go with you?(征求意见)

【注意】在含有if 的条件状语从句时，主句中要用will 表示将来时。例如：

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go climbing.

2. be going to＋动词原形多用于口语，强调事先的" 打算、计划" 要做的事情或有某种迹象要发生的事情。例如：

What are you going to do this evening?(打算)

Look ！There are so many clouds in the sky. It's going to rain， I think. (有迹象要发生的事情)

3. be doing代表现在进行时。现在进行时表示即将发生的将来，多与表示位移的动词come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等连用。例如：

She is leaving for Beijing. 她就要启程去北京。

4. 一般现在时表示将来时，主要用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中；或者用来表示按时刻表的规定将要发生的动作。例如：

I'll tell him about it as soon as I see him.

My plane takes off at seven tomorrow morning.

三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时是现在时的范畴，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；而一般过去时是过去的范畴，表示

过去的动作或现象，与现在无关。例如：

He has come here.(说明他现在在这里)

He came here.(说明他过去来过这里，但现在是否在这里不知道)

四、一般过去时与过去进行时的区别

一般过去时表示过去发生过，强调动作结束了。而过去进行时表示动作在过去某时间内进行，强调动作没结束。例如：

Y esterday I wrote a letter.(意思是" 写了信")

Y esterday I was writing a letter.(意思是" 在写信")

五、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时的区别

过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时这三个时态是" 寄生" 时态。所谓" 寄生" 时态，就是不能单独存在，必须以某一过去时为存在的条件。过去进行时就是与某一过去时同时发生的动作，过去将来时就是在某一过去时之后发生的动作，过去完成时就是在某一过去动作之前发生的动作。请比较：

When I got there, they had done the work.当我到达那儿时，他们已经做完工作了。

When I got there, they were doing the work carefully. 当我到达那儿时，他们正在认真地做工作。

When I got there, they would do the work.当我到达那儿时，他们才做工作。

英语各时态比较

现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较

1）这两个时态的主要差别是，现在完成时表示动作业已完成，而完成进行时却不一定如此： I’ve made a cake. 我做了一个蛋糕。（已做好）

I’ve been making a cake. 我一直在做一个蛋糕。（不一定做好了）

2）许多静态动词都只能用于完成时而不能用于完成进行时：

I’ve known that for a long time. 这事我已经知道很久了。

The strike has lasted six months. 这次罢工已经持续了6个月。

Nobody has seen him since last week. 从上周起就没人见到过他。

We’ve had terrible weather for nearly two weeks. 几乎有两星期天气都很恶劣。They’ve owned the house for many years. 这房子他们已经拥有许多年了。

I’ve always thought you’re right. 我一向认为你是对的。

但当意思发生转变时也可能用于完成进行时：

I’ve been thinking of doing so for a long time. 我好久以来一直想这样做。

Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆一直在设法帮你取得工作许可证。 The children have been looking forward to this holiday for months. 孩子们好几个月来一直盼望着这个节日。

want 这个动词有时可用于完成进行时，表示“一直想”：

You’re the very man I’ve been wanting to meet. 你正是我一直想见的人.

3) 有少数动词用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大，如：

They have been working very well this term. 这学期他们学习很好。

They have worked very well this term.

It has been raining for two hours. 下了两个小时的雨。

It has rained for two hours.

I have been hearing from her regularly. 我定期收到她的来信。

I have heard from her regularly.

We have looked for mushrooms but have not found any. 我们找寻蘑菇但一无所获。We have been looking for mushrooms but have not found any.

强调时间长度用完成进行时比较好：

I’ve been coughing all night. 我咳了一整夜。（比I’ve coughed all night. 更能强调咳得久）

All the time she’s been sitting there in silence. 她一直静坐在那里。

All these years we’ve been trying to get in touch with him. 这些年来我们一直在设法和他联系。He’s been hoping for a raise in salary all the time. 他一直盼着加薪。将来进行时和过去将来时的比较

将来进行时表示在将来某一时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时有很强的推测性，因此人们往往在以下几种场合中使用它：

1. 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。

例如：

What will you be doing at this time next Monday?

下周一的这个时候你将做什么了？

When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.

明天他来我家时，我将在写报告。

2. 表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。

例如：

I wonder if it will still be raining this afternoon.

我想知道今天下午是否还会一直下雨。

I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.

我想她会一直在做这个实验直到第二天早上。

3. 表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。

例如：

Tomorrow I will be flying to Bombay.

明天我将飞往孟买。

After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.

吃完药后，你会感觉好很多。

4. 表示委婉的请求。

例如：

When shall we be meeting again？我们什么时候能再见面？

5. 表示原因。

例如：

Please come tomorrow afternoon .Tomorrow morning, I'll be having a meeting.明天下午快点来。明天早上我将有一个会议。

6. 表示结果。

例如：

Stop the child or he will be falling over. 快阻止孩子，要不然他会摔跤的。

7. 表示对将来的打算（区别于对将来的预测）

例如：

My duties will end in July, and I'll be returning to Beijing. 七月我将结束工作，返回北京。

备注：各种将来时的形式

1． we /I shall do sb. will do

2．“be going to+ 动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算.

3．“be + 动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事, 通常表示坚决的命令，“被计划好”或“被安排的事项”，“应该”或“不可避免”“必然会发生”的含意。

(表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going to+ 动词原形”，不用“be + 动词不定式”)

4．be about to+动词原形侧重表示正要做某事，常和when 连用

5．will be doing 表示在将来某一时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时有很强的推测性.

6. be doing (come，go ，leave ，arrive ，start 等动词可用于进行时替代将来时)

7． do/ does 通常使用于火车，巴士，飞机，轮船，地铁等有固定时刻表的公共交通的表达结构中。

过去将来时

一、概念

过去将来时的动词表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或呈现的状态。这个时态常用在宾语从句中。

二、过去将来时用法

1. should/would + 动词原形

例如：

He said he would be there before Monday.

他说他星期一以前将在那里。 ( be 动词肯定式 )

We hoped she should not go the next week.

我们希望下星期她不去。 ( do 动词的否定式 )

注意：这个时态是一个相对的时态，立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看未来。在一定的语境中

也可于其他从句或句子中。

例如：

It was a problem whether he would support us. 他是否会支持我们还是一个问题。It was seven o’clock. The sun would soon set. 这时是七点钟，太阳即将落山。

2. was/were going + 动词不定式

过去将来时的这种表达形式可以表示过去曾经打算或计划准备要做的事。原打算, 本打算例如：

They told me that they were going to have a picnic. 他们告诉我他们将要举行一次野餐。 We were going to have a meeting. 我们曾经打算开个会。

过去将来时的这种形式可以表示过去将要发生或很有可能发生的事，但未实现的动作。

I was just going to ring him up when she came.

我刚要给他打电话，她就来了。 ( 电话没打成 )

有时也用 was/were + coming 表示过去将来时。

例如：

She didn't know when they were coming again. 她不知道他们时候会再来。

3. was/were about + 动词不定式表示在过去看来正要做某事。

例如：

They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要走，电话铃响了。

I was just about to go to bed when she came to see me. 我正要睡觉，她来看我了。

4．was/were + 动词不定式表示定于过去某时将要做某事。

例如：

He was to meet her at 10 on the street. 他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。

注意：若表示过去没有实现(或被取消) 的计划，则用was (were) to+动词完成时。

例如：

They were to have left at 7 last night. 他们本来计划昨晚7点离开的。

5．would （should ）+动词原形把助动词be 变为过去式，把will ，shall 变为过去式。例如：

I told them that I would not go with them，if it rained.

我告诉他们，如果下雨我就不和他们一起去了。

He didn’t know how to do it. What would be their ideas？

他不知道该怎么办，他们会有什么想法呢？

6．would （should ）+动词原形过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作, 含有“总是”之意。

此时，不管什么人称，一律用would 。

例如：

Whenever she had time，she would do some reading.

她一有时间，总是看书。

I would play with them when I was a child.

当我还是孩童时，总是和他们一起玩。

英语的基本句子结构和时态

英语中有七个基本句子：

Ｐ１主语＋系动词＋表语

We are Chinese.

English is now an international language.

在这个句型中，系动词主要是be。另外还有用作系动词的有：become，fall， turn，grow， get…（表变化）；lie，stand…（表位置）；taste,smell,sound...等。该句型中的表语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、动名词和介词短语充当。

Ｐ２There be＋名词＋地点状语

该句型表示在某处有某人或物。重点表示“存在”。注意和Ｐ３区别开来。 There is a book on the table.

There stands a tall tree in front of the church.

Ｐ３主语＋have(has)＋名词

该句型表示某人有什么东西。重点表示“所有”。此句型常有定语修饰名词。特别注意不定式作定语时，不定式的动作应由主语发出，须是及物动词。

We have many friends.

I have a lot of work to do today.

Ｐ４主语＋谓语（不及物）

该句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词。不能跟宾语。只能跟状语。

He is speaking.

He works very hard.

Ｐ５主语＋谓语（及物）＋宾语

该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词。一般情况下可用名词、代词、不定式、动名词作其宾语。

He bought a new computer yesterday.

He ate two apples.

Ｐ６主语＋谓语（及物）＋宾语1＋宾语2 （双宾语）

该句型又叫双宾语句型。宾语1是表示人，宾语2表示物。如果把宾语1放在宾语2

之后，要加一介词。

Mother give me a present.

She bought her boy friend a new watch.

Ｐ７主语＋谓语（及物）＋宾语＋宾补（复合宾语）

该句型又叫复合宾语句型。宾补是补充说明宾语的。宾补一般由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语充当。

We made Jack our monitor.

He saw a wallet lying on the ground.

I am going to have my hair cut this afternoon.

一、一般现在时：

1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

6.例句：. It seldom snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words.

二、一般过去时：

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词

4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

三、现在进行时：

1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing

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