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高中英语情态动词精讲与解析

高中英语情态动词精讲与解析
高中英语情态动词精讲与解析

高中英语情态动词精讲与解析

概说

助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, n eed, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:

1)构成否定式:

He did n't go and n either did she.

The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.

2)构成疑问式或附加疑问式:

Must you leave right now?

You have bee n lear ning French for 5 years, have n't you?

3)构成修辞倒装:

Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.

Hardly had he arrived whe n she started compla ining.

4)代替限定动词词组:

A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?

B: Tom can.

A: Shall I write to him?

B: Yes, do.

情态助动词的特征

基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词

则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:

What have you bee n doi ng since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)

I am afraid I must be going. (—定要)

You may have read some acco unt of the matter. (或许已经)除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:

1)除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought

to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带定式:

to的不We used to grow beautiful roses.

I asked if he would come and repair my televisi on set.

2)情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一:

They n eed not have bee n puni shed so severely.

3)情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare not say what she thin ks.

4)情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式:

Still, she n eed n't have run away.

5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:

Would you mind very much if I ask you to do someth ing?

She told him he ought not to have done it.

6)情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,

但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:

You should have washed the wound.

Well, you should n't be readi ng a no vel.

现将情态助动词的各种形式列表如下:

情态助动词的意义和用法

情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说,是修饰分句意义的一种方式,它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同,下面逐个分析。1)can和could的用法

1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如:

Can you finish this work toni ght?

Man cannot live without air.

—Can I go now? —Yes, you can.

注意:①could也可表示请求,预期委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用

can (即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如:

Could I come to see you tomorrow?

Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, I'm afraid not. )

②can表示能力时,还可用be able to 代替。如:

ni not be able to come this after noon.

2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中)

Can this be true?

How can you be so careless!

This cannot be done by him.

3. “ can (could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不

肯定。如:

He cannot have bee n to that tow n.

Can he have got the book?

2)may和might的用法

1. 表示许可。

表示请求、允许时,might比many的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用must n't表示"不

可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如:

You may drive the car.

—Might I use your pen? —No, you must n't.

用May I ...征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can

I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。

2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如:

May you succeed!

3. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。

He may be very busy now.

4. “ may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如:

He may not have fini shed the work.

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