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英语语言学English Linguistic

Chapter 1 Introduction

1. Linguistic and English Linguistic

Linguistic 的目的 aims at developing a theory

general linguistic 一般语言学 descriptive linguistic 描述性语言学

general linguistic (一般语言学 ) 为 descriptive linguistic (描述性语言学) 提供了framework(框架), 这也就是为什么 general linguistic 能够被分析和被描述.

General linguistic and descriptive linguistic are complementary to each other (相互补充).

English linguistic is a kind of descriptive linguistics.

2.The nature of languages (语言的本质) 1. language is a system 2. language is symbolic

3. language is a system of vocal symbols

The system of language is called langue 1.

language is a system

the speaker ’s speech is called parole

Competence is the speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his language Performance is the actual use of language in concrete situation

2. language is symbolic ( 语言是象征意义的)

3. language is a system of vocal symbols ( 语言是一种声音符号)

语言学侧重研究的是 speech 不是 written form

Reason

1. Biologically (生物上来讲) 儿童学习说比学习读写早得多.

2. Functionally (功能上来讲) 日常生活中口语使用比书面语频繁的多.

3. Historically ( 历史而言) 口头语使用在书面语之前,当今世界有许多语言并没有

留下文字记录

Language is arbitrary Language is creative

Language is double-structured Language is changeable

Language is arbitrary

a linguistic symbol is composed of two things speech

sound( form)形式and the idea( meaning) 意义Language is creative

Language is double-structured

grammatically-meaningful and sound-meaningless

语法上的有意义,声音上的无意义.

Language is changeable

What is the nature of human language?

In a short , it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols

The unique features like creativity(创造力)

duality of structure (结构的双重性)

changeability(易变性)

3.Scientific method (科学方法)

1. collecting data ( 收集数据)

2.forming a hypothesis (提出假设)

3.testing the hypothesis (验证假设)

4.drawing conclusions (得出结论)

An important principle of the scientific method Objectivity 客观性

Three biases 三种偏见

1.some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced

有的语言是原始的有的语言是先进的.

2.only the standard variety is the pure form of a language

只有标准的语体才是纯正的语言

3.change is not natural for living language and such a change is a sign of

corruption and decay

语言变化是不自然的变化,变化是衰败的现象.

Sources of data 资料的来源

Collecting data 是研究的首要工作. 假如这语言学家不懂那门语言,他可以找一个informant ( 为语言学调查提供资料的当地人)

Rules construction

语言描述的首要工作是construct rules ( draw conclusion) 得出结论

How does a linguist construct a rule?

书本p15页中

4.The goal of linguistics 语言学的目的

establish a model of a native speaker’s competence建立一种本族语言的模式

literal model 具体模式physical model

model

theoretical model 理论模式conceptual model

Eg. Which types does a model of the competence of a native speaker belong to?

---- theoretical model / conceptual model 理论模式

两个特性

explicitness 明确性the rules of the langue the model contains are clearly

defined

某一门语言的规则定义非常明确

generative 生成性use a finite set of rules to generate an infinite number

of sentences

用有限的规则创造无限的句子

四种研究的方向

Phonological 音位知识

Morphological 词法知识

Syntactic 句法知识

Semantic 语义知识

Phonological 音位知识sound and sound patterns of his language

研究语音和语音模式

Morphological 词法知识how a word is formed

如何构词的模式

Syntactic 句法知识whether a sentence is true or not

句子是否符合语法

Semantic 语义知识meaning of a language 语言的意义

5.Sub-branch of linguistics 语言学的分支

6.The father of modern linguistics—Saussure现代语言学之父

(瑞士人come from Swiss)

现代语言学开始于20世纪,但是发展迅速,有两大流派(two schools) Structure linguistics 结构语言学

Transformational-generative Grammar 转换生成语法

TG-grammar

为什么说Saussure是现代语言学的奠基人呢?

1.’’ A Course in General Linguistics” is the first real essay on linguistic theory

<<普通语言学>>是第一本真正意义上的语言学专著.

2. The distinctions between synchronic and diachronic, syntagmatic and

paradigmatic,langue and parole. Show us a brief explanation of these basic and significant distinctions.

书中关于共时研究和历时研究, 横向关系和纵向关系, langue 和parole的阐述很明了.

4. A few theoretical distinctions introduced have become foundations of linguistic

study and exerted great influence on the latter development of linguistics.

其中的一些理论成为语言学的基础对后来的语言学发展影响很大.

Chapter 2 phonetics 语音学

定义phonetics is known as the science that studies speech sounds of all human language

Three sub-branches 三个分支

articulatory phonetics 发音语音学

acoustic phonetic 声学语言学

auditory phonetic 听觉语言学

发音器官articulators

What is vocal tract?

-- The speech organs above the larynx from the vocal tract 喉以上的器官称之为vocal tract

Consonants and vowels 辅音和元音

Consonant : is a speech sound where the airstream from the lungs is either completely blocked or partially blocked or where the opening is so narrow that the

air escapes with audible friction

气流完全封闭或部分封闭，或开口小并且有摩檫

V owels ：is a speech sound that the airstream from the lungs is not blocked in any way in the mouth or throat, and which is usually pronounced with

vibration of the vocal cords.

气流不受阻碍，发音时声带一定振动。（两者同时具备）

国际音标The International Phonetic Alphabet

为什么要求用国际音标

1．The spelling of words is not a reliable means, a single letter may represent different sounds 一词多音

2．Different letters or combinations of letters may represent a single sound 多音一词

在国际音标中72辅音25元音

描述辅音的四种方法

．．．．．．．．．

1．The position f the soft plate（velum）软腭的位置

2．The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration 声带是否振动

3．The place of articulation 发音部位

4．The manner of articulation 发音方式

根据position of the soft plate 可以分为oral sound

nasal sound

根据presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration 可以分为voiceless sound

清音

voiced sound

浊音

根据place of articulation 可以分为

1. bilabials 双唇音

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca4480885.html,biodentals 唇齿音

3.dentals 舌齿音

4.alveolars 齿龈音

5.post-alveolars 后齿龈音

6.alveo-palatals 齿龈腭音

7.palatals 硬腭音

8.velars 软腭音

9.glottals 声门音

根据Manner of articulation 可以分为

1.stops plosives 破裂音

nasals 鼻音

2.fricatives 摩擦音

3.affricatives 破擦音

4.liquids 流音

5.glides 滑音/音渡也称为semi-vowels ( 半元音)

描述元音的三种方法

．．．．．．．．．

1. the state of the velum 软腭的位置

2. the position of the tongue 舌头的位置

3. the shapes of lips 嘴唇的位置

Velum state 根据velum(软腭)是上还是下

Tongue position 前中后front-central-back

上中下high-middle-low

Lip rounding rounded vowels 圆唇元音

unrounded vowels 不圆唇元音

diphthongs 复合元音,双元音

英语中有8个双元音.它们可以分为3组

centering

集中双元音

diphthongs

复合元音,

双元音

closing

合口双元音

triphthongs 三重元音,三合元音

就是合口双元音+

Phonetic features

phonetic features + value = feature specification 语音特征+音值构成了语音特征的说明

8种common features 书本P43页

Chapter 3 Phonology 音位学/音系学

Different from English phonetics (英语语音学) , Phonology is not interested in the actual production of English sounds, but in abstract aspect: the function of sounds and their patterns of combinations.

它通过对音位特征的描写把语言学单位与言语声音联系起来.

Phoneme (音位)定义: meaning-distinguishing sounds are called phoneme

具有区别功能的音叫做音位

We often placed between / /. 我们经常用/ / 来标注

Phoneme is defined as a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system of a language. 音位认为是最小的区别性单位

Minimal pairs and sets 最小对立体/ 最小对立集

Minimal pairs 如何鉴别最小对立体呢?

1.they are different in meaning 意义不同

2.they differ only in one sound segment 仅有一个语音不同

3.the different sounds occur in the same position in stings 不同语音的位置相

同

如果同时符合其中两个要求

．．．．．．．．．．,则它们就是为最小对立体( minimal pairs)

如果同时符合三．个要求都符合.它们就是为最小对立集( minimal sets)

所以说minimal sets 肯定是minimal pairs, 反之不成立

Phoneme and allophones音位和音位变体.

allophone(音位变体)定义: are the realization of a particular phoneme

all allophone can be called phones (音子,单音)

怎么样鉴别音位? How to identifying phonemes?

environment and distribution 环境和分布

environment 环境

distribution 分布

分布的方式

contrastive distribution 对比分布

如果2个或更多的语音出现同样的环

境,如一个语音代替其他语音引起单词

意义的变化

complementary distribution 互补分布

2个或者更多的语音永久不能出现在

同一个环境

free variation 自由变异

如果两个语音可以出现相同的环境而

且可以相互替换不会引起单词意义的

变化

分布的原则和过程

原则P61

过程 1. are they in contrastive distribution? 是否对比分布?

2. are they always in free variation? 是否自由变异?

3. are they in complementary distribution? 是否互补分布?

4. are they phonetically similar? 是否语音相似?

Tone language 声调语音meaning of word level

Intonation language 语调语音meaning at phrase level or sentence level phonetic transcription 语音音标(严氏音标)

phonemic transcription 音位音标(宽氏音标) 使用的范围更广phonological rules 语音规则

语音规则包括了3种信息

1, the class of sounds affected by the rule 表示出所用的语音类型

2, the phonetic changes that are to occur 语音会发生什么样的变化

3, the phonetic environment in which the phonetic changes will take place

在什么样的语音环境下会发生

本章节是重点章节

English phonology is concerned with what sounds can contrast meaning and how

they are combined to form permissible sound sequences. Phoneme a minimal distinctive unit in the sound system

It is abstract and thus not directly observable, it’s always realized by it’s allophones

contrastive distribution 对比分布

当两个音为对比分布时,他们是separate phonemes

complementary distribution 互补分布

当两个音为互补分布时,并且also phonetically similar, 他们是

allophones of a phoneme.

free variation 自由变异

当两个音always 自由变异时,他们是allophones of a phoneme.

什么是切分特征?

Distinctive feature which have effects on one sound segment are called segmental feature

什么是超切分?

While those that exert influence on more than one sound segment are called

suprasegmental feature

简言之:

Suprasegmental features are not individual phonemes themselves but additional features that are functioning together with

phonemes, in English ,stress and intonation(重音和音调)

are suprasegmental features. Juncture is a potential one (连

音是潜在的超切分)

Phonetic transcription 语音音标

Phonemic transcription 音位音标

Phonological rule consists of three components

(1)segment affected

(2)phonetic change

(3)phonemic environment

Chapter 4 Morphology 形态学

Words are regarded as minimal meaningful units at the grammatical level Morphemes 词素

Morpheme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical

system

．．．．．．of a langue

强调1. a minimal meaningful unit

2. the grammatical system

区分词素

root morphemes 词根语素语义上来分semantically

affixes morphemes 词缀语素

自由语素

结构上来分structurally

粘着语素

词汇语素

自由语素功能语素All free morpheme are root.

All affixes are bound morpheme.

Phoneme (音位) minimal distinctive unit in sound system.

Morpheme (语素) minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of language.

内部曲折词缀inflectional affixes

1.serve to grammatical relations 如.时态,数词.

2.不会产生新词

3.不会导致词性的变化.

派生词缀derivational affixes

1.会产生新词

2.very often change 语法

morphs (语子) are the realizations of morpheme in general.

Allomorphs (词位变体) are the realizations of a particular morpheme. Morpheme ( 词素) minimal units in the grammatical system of a language. Phoneme( 音位) minimal distinctive unit in sound system of a language. Phones ( 音子) the realization of phoneme in general.

Allomophone (音位变体) realizations of a particular phoneme.

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca4480885.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca4480885.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca4480885.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca4480885.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时学分：4学分六、教学内容：第一章绪论本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

英语语言学2 Morphology形态学word讲义

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