基于认知语言学理论下的英语隐喻研究

基于认知语言学理论下的英语隐喻研究

摘要：目前隐喻研究已超越了语言学范围，从各自不同角度，不同领域建立了不同的隐喻理论。隐喻即人类通过一个概念域的事体来理解和经历另一个概念域事体的方式，是一种特定的心理映合，这种映合对人们的日常思维、推理和想象都产生很大的影响。隐喻拥有普遍性和系统性的特点，隐喻产生于认知，是人类认知的重要组成部分，又是认知的结果，同时又促进了认知的发展。

关键词认知语言学隐喻最佳关联

一、引言

隐喻的本质问题一直是语言学家、心理学家、哲学家等所共同关注和探讨的问题，尤其是二十世纪以来，隐喻更多地是作为横跨心理学、哲学、文艺学、语言学等学科的多维性研究课题。从古希腊Aris－totle以来，修辞学都将隐喻作为一种修辞格来进行研究，认为隐喻能够给文章带来意想不到的美学效果。Richards等人对隐喻的研究当然要比Aristotle的认识深刻和全面得多，但是有一个事实是不能回避的：无论是Aristotle的“类比理论”，还是Richards的“相互作用理论”，都始终把研究的视角和层次放在语言本身，没有能够深刻地揭示隐喻的本质问题。认知语言学家立足于“现实—认知—语言”这一基本原则，在人们经验感知的基础上，从人类认知的角度来研究隐喻认知机制的实质和特点。

二、隐喻研究

隐喻的研究由来已久，是“旧得不能再旧的题目”（叶子南，2008）。但是很多时候，问题的解决与否并不是取决于研究所投入的时间的。而且语言的创造性本质决定了新的隐喻必定会不断出现。这就要求我们的研究也要不断跟进。

Lakeoff和Johnson在上个世纪八十年代初期提出隐喻意义的实质是源域（source domain）和目标域（target domain）映射关系。Lakoff 和Johnson 将隐喻分成了三种：结构隐喻（structural metaphor）、方位隐喻（orienta－tional metaphor）和本体隐喻（ontological metaphor）。结构隐喻是将一个域中的概念转化到另一个域中，比如“Argument is a war”。方位隐喻是用诸如上下、内外、前后、左右等表达空间方位的概念来组织另外一种概念系统。“I’m falling asleep”、“he dropped dead”及“You are under my control”

此类隐喻提供了人类主体和世界上其他事物之间的一种空间关系。本体隐喻指的是用实体词来表达一些非物质性的概念，比如感情、活动和想法，从而对其进行分类、量化和引用。

三、关联理论对隐喻的阐释

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