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DIN 267-27(2009)

September 2009

Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.

English price group 11

No part of this translation may be reproduced without prior permission of

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany,has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).

ICS 21.060.10

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1701860

www.din.de D

DIN 267-27

Fasteners –

Part 27: Steel screws, bolts and studs with adhesive coating –Technical delivery conditions

English translation of DIN 267-27:2009-09

Mechanische Verbindungselemente –

Teil 27: Schrauben aus Stahl mit klebender Beschichtung, Technische Lieferbedingungen Englische übersetzung von DIN 267-27:2009-09

Eléments de fixation –

Partie 27: Vis, boulons et goujons en acier avec revêtement adhésiv –Sp cifications techniques

Traduction anglaise de DIN 267-27:2009-09

Supersedes

DIN 267-27:2004-01

www.beuth.de

Document comprises pages

In case of doubt, the German-language original shall be considered authoritative.

é1809.10

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

Contents

Page

Foreword.........................................................................................................................................................3 1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................4 2 Normative references.......................................................................................................................4 3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................5 4 Dimensions and designation...........................................................................................................6 4.1 Standard coating...............................................................................................................................6 4.2 Non-standard coating.......................................................................................................................6 4.3 Designation .......................................................................................................................................7 5 Requirements....................................................................................................................................8 5.1 General...............................................................................................................................................8 5.1.1 Suitability test ...................................................................................................................................8 5.1.2 System performance test.................................................................................................................8 5.2 Test tightening torques, test torque ratios and test torques.......................................................8 5.2.1 Testing with preload.........................................................................................................................8 5.2.2 Testing without preload at ambient temperature ((23 ± 5) °C) and at temperatures of

100 °C and 150 °C ...........................................................................................................................10 5.3 Coefficient of thread friction..........................................................................................................10 5.4 Corrosion resistance......................................................................................................................10 5.5 Long-term thermal stability ...........................................................................................................11 6 Testing.............................................................................................................................................11 6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................11 6.2 Determining breakaway torques, loosening torques and torque ratios...................................11 6.2.1 Testing with preload.......................................................................................................................11 6.2.2 Testing without preload ................................................................................................................12 6.3 Determining the coefficient of thread friction..............................................................................12 6.4 Testing for corrosion resistance...................................................................................................13 6.5 Testing for long-term thermal stability.........................................................................................13 6.6 Test equipment...............................................................................................................................13 6.6.1 Test bolt...........................................................................................................................................13 6.6.2 Test nut............................................................................................................................................13 6.6.3 Test washer.....................................................................................................................................14 6.6.4 Torque meter...................................................................................................................................14 6.6.5 Test assembly for determining the coefficient of friction..........................................................14 6.6.6 Oven for thermal stability testing..................................................................................................14 7 Miscellaneous functions................................................................................................................14 7.1 Sealing function..............................................................................................................................14 7.2 Bolting..............................................................................................................................................14 7.2.1 Nut thread........................................................................................................................................14 7.2.2 Bolting procedure...........................................................................................................................15 7.3 Disassembly....................................................................................................................................15 7.4 Re-use of bolts................................................................................................................................15 8 Condition on delivery.....................................................................................................................15 9

Storage (15)

Annex A (informative) Explanatory notes regarding the system performance test..............................16 A.1 General.............................................................................................................................................16 A.2 Verifying the suitability of microencapsulated coatings on surfaces with incorporated

and/or additionally applied lubricants with regard to temperature effects..............................16 Bibliography. (18)

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

Foreword

This standard has been prepared by Working Committee NA 067-02-08 AA Schrauben und Muttern mit klebenden und klemmenden Beschichtungen of the Normenausschuss Mechanische Verbindungselemente (Fasteners Standards Committee).

Amendments

This standard differs from DIN 267-27:2004-01 as follows:

a) The scope of the standard has been extended to include thread size M3 and stainless and high

temperature resistant steels. b) Bright-finished and coated surfaces have been added to the scope of the standard. c) Normative references have been revised and updated. d) The M LB /M A ratio has been modified.

e) In Table 2, a number of test torque values have been reduced. f)

A suitability test for testing microencapsulated coatings with a specified M10 test bolt has been included.

g) A system performance test has been included. h) Subclause 7.2 has been revised.

Annex A (informative) containing explanatory notes on the locking feature of microencapsulated adhesive

coatings on surfaces with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricants and a reference test for the M LB /M A ratio have been included.

Previous editions

DIN 267-27: 1990-03, 2004-01

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

1 Scope

This standard specifies functional characteristics of microencapsulated adhesive coatings applied on steel screws, bolts and studs (“bolts” for short)

? w ith ISO metric screw thread as in DIN ISO 261,

? with a nominal thread diameter between 3 mm and 39 mm (coarse-pitch), ? with a nominal thread diameter between 8 mm and 39 mm (fine-pitch),

? assigned to property classes in accordance with DIN EN ISO 898-1, DIN EN ISO 3506-1 and DIN 267-13, ? with bright-finished and coated surfaces,

? for use at service temperatures ranging from –50 °C to 100 °C and, for special applications, up to 150 °C. This standard specifies a suitability test for microencapsulated adhesive coatings on a specified test bolt and a system performance test for bolts with microencapsulated adhesive coatings at ambient temperature and at higher temperatures. The system performance test for bolt surfaces with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricants is only applicable when carried out at ambient temperature.

The (informative) Annex A contains information regarding the system performance test of bolt surfaces with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricant at higher temperatures.

2 Normative references

The following references are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

DIN 267-13, Fasteners — Technical delivery conditions — Part 13: Parts for bolted connections with specific mechanical properties for use at temperatures ranging from –200 °C to +700 °C DIN EN 20273, Fasteners — Clearance holes for bolts and screws

DIN EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs

DIN EN ISO 3269, Fasteners — Acceptance inspection

DIN EN ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners — Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs

DIN EN ISO 4032, Hexagon nut, style 1 — Product grades A and B

DIN EN ISO 4753, Fasteners — Ends of parts with external ISO metric thread DIN EN ISO 7089, Plain washers — Normal series — Product grade A

DIN EN ISO 8673, Hexagon nut, style 1, with metric fine-pitch thread — Product grades A and B DIN EN ISO 16047, Fasteners — Torque/clamp force testing

DIN ISO 261, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — General plan ISO 4017, Hexagon head screws — Product grades A and B

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:

3.1

adhesive coating

microencapsulated adhesive coating completely covering the entire thread, the bonding properties of which are activated by the process of bolting and which, after curing, serves to prevent the bolts working loose 3.2

suitability test

test carried out with a test bolt and a test nut to classify microencapsulated adhesive coatings according to coefficient of thread friction, service temperature range, corrosion resistance and long-term thermal stability 3.3

system performance test

testing of a microencapsulated adhesive coating on a specified surface 3.4

screw-in torque M in

torque measured when a bolt is driven into a test nut 3.5

tightening torque M A

torque required to generate the required preload

3.6

breakaway torque M LB

torque directed to permit loosening and measured when a relative motion between test nut and bolt is detected in a preloaded or unloaded, adhesive-coated bolt assembly

3.7

untightening torque M LB

torque directed to permit loosening and measured when a relative motion between test nut and bolt is detected at a preloaded, not adhesive-coated bolt assembly

3.8

loosening torque M out

maximum torque measured when unscrewing an adhesive-coated bolt after breakaway from the locking position

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

4 Dimensions and designation

4.1 Standard coating

Unless otherwise specified, the coating shall cover a zone, measured from the bolt end, of length equal to

P d 21,5±.

The first two or three turns of thread should be free from coating material to facilitate bolting (see Figure 1). Adhesive residue in these turns is permitted unless this adversely affects bolting (in accordance with DIN EN ISO 3269).

Key

l b L ength of coated zone d Nominal thread diameter a Two or three turns of thread left uncoated P Pitch

Figure 1 — Length and position of coated zone on bolts with standard coating

4.2 Non-standard coating

For lengths of engagement exceeding 1 d and property classes below 8.8, or for bolts with head of reduced strength, the length of the coated zone is to be specified as a function of the property class and intended application in order to ensure disassembly. The correct length and position of the coated zone is to be established by testing, where necessary.

In the case of bolt/nut assemblies, the length and position of the coated zone shall be selected so that, after assembly, it is in complete contact with the nut thread.

If, for design reasons, a different length l b and/or distance from the bolt end a of the coated zone is required (see Figure 2), both dimensions shall be indicated in the standard designation (see 4.3, Example 2). For dimension l b a tolerance equal to ± 2 P applies.

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Key l b L ength of coated zone

Distance of coated zone from bolt end

Figure 2 — Length and position of coated zone on bolts with non-standard coating

4.3 Designation

The designation of adhesive-coated bolts conforming to this standard shall include the following items, given in the order below:

? symbol MK indicating that no special requirements regarding the coefficient of thread friction are specified

for the coating, or ? symbol MKL denoting an adhesive-coating with a specific coefficient of thread friction, or ? service temperature (for bolts suitable for use at temperatures up to 150 °C),

? l b (length of coated zone ) × a (distance of coated zone from bolt end) in millimetres, where appropriate.

Examples of designation

EXAMPLE 1 Designation of an M12 steel bolt (M12), with a nominal length, l , of 80 mm (80), of property class 8.8, provided with an adhesive coating, for which no special requirements regarding the coefficient of thread friction (MK) are specified:

Bolt …1) — M12 × 80 — 8.8 — MK

EXAMPLE 2 Designation of an M12 steel bolt (M12), with a nominal length, l , of 80 mm, with a long dog point (LD) as in DIN EN ISO 4753, of property class 8.8, provided with an adhesive coating and a specified range of coefficients of thread friction (MKL), with a length of coated zone, l b , of 30 mm and a distance from the bolt end, a , of 10 mm (30 × 10):

Bolt …1) — M12 × 80 — LD — 8.8 — MKL — 30 × 10

EXAMPLE 3 Designation of an M12 steel bolt (M12), with a nominal length, l, of 80 mm, with a long dog point (LD) as in DIN EN ISO 4753, of property class 8.8, provided with an adhesive coating and a specified range of coefficients of thread friction (MKL), for service temperatures up to 150 °C, with a length of coated zone, l b , of 30 mm and a distance from the bolt end, a , of 10 mm (30 × 10):

Bolt …1) — M12 × 80 — LD — 8.8 — MKL — 150 — 30 × 10

Applicable product standard to be designated here.

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

5 Requirements

5.1 General

This standard specifies a suitability test for classifying microencapsulated adhesive coatings and a system performance test for determining functional characteristics of microencapsulated coatings on bolt surfaces. The system performance test also serves as an in-process quality control test. 5.1.1 Suitability test

Requirements as in 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 are to be met in order to comply with the specifications of the suitability test. The responsibility for carrying out the suitability test lies with the manufacturer of the adhesive coatings.

5.1.2 System performance test

Testing procedures as in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 are approved as in-process quality control tests. In arbitration cases testing shall be as in 6.2.1. The responsibility for carrying out the system performance test lies with the manufacturer of the adhesive coatings. 5.1.2.1

Unlubricated surfaces

For the system performance test, requirements as specified in 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 for ambient temperature ((23 ± 5) °C) and for 100 °C or, for special applications, for service temperatures up to 150 °C on surfaces without incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricant are to be complied with. 5.1.2.2

Lubricated surfaces

Requirements in accordance with 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 for ambient temperature ((23 ± 5) °C) for testing surfaces with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricant shall be complied with. At higher temperatures these values may be lower than those specified. The supplemental locking feature of the adhesive is to be verified as specified in 6.2.1 by a reference test. Measured values of microencapsulated bolts shall be higher than measured values of uncoated bolts (see Annex A for explanatory notes).

The system is not suitable if the requirements specified for ambient temperature are not complied with.

5.2 Test tightening torques, test torque ratios and test torques

5.2.1 Testing with preload

When bolts are tested with preload as specified in 6.2.1, the limiting values of the test torques at ambient temperature ((23 ± 5) °C), at 100 °C and, for special applications, at 150 °C given in Table 1 shall be met. The values for screw-in torques as specified in Table 2 are not to be exceeded.

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Table 1 — Test torques and test torque ratios at ambient temperature

and at temperatures of 100 °C and 150 °C (preloaded bolt)

Test tightening torque

M A a, b

M LB ≥ 0,9 ? M A

Thread size

5.6 5.8

8.8 10.9 12.9 5.6 5.8 8.8 10.9 12.9 M out Nm max.

0,6 1,2 0,54

1,1 M4 1,3 2,8 1,2 2,5 M5 2,6 5,5 2,3 5,0 M6

4,5 9,5 4,1 8,6 M8 M8 × 1 11 23 9,9 20,7 M10 M10 × 1,25 22 46 19,8 41,4 1,5 3,0 6,5 10 26 55 M12 M12 × 1,25, M12 × 1,5

38 79 34,2 71,1 M14 M14 × 1,5 60 125 54 112,5 M16 M16 × 1,5

90 195 81 175,5 95 160 250 M18 M18 × 1,5, M18 × 2 128 280 115 252 M20 M20 × 1,5, M20 × 2 176 390 158 351 M22 M22 × 1,5, M22 × 2 240 530 216 477 335 500 800 M24 M24 × 2 310 670 279 603 M27 M27 × 2 460 1 000 414 900 M30 M30 × 2 620 1 350 558 1 215 1 050 1 300 1 700 M33

M33 × 2 825 1 850 742 1 665 M36 M36 × 3

1 100

2 350

990

2 115

M39 M39 × 3

1 400 3 000 1 260

2 700

2 400

3 000

4 000

NOTE

For lengths of engagement < 0,8 d , values for breakaway torques may be lower.

M A has been determined on the basis of an overall coefficient of friction μ ges = 0,12 assuming a 90 % utilization of the minimum

yield stress (property classes 5.6 and 5.8) or 0,2 % proof stress (property classes 8.8, 10.9 and 12.9) for the relevant lowest property class.

For bolts conforming to DIN EN ISO 3506-1 and DIN 267-13, the values for property classes 5.6 and 5.8 apply.

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

5.2.2 Testing without preload at ambient temperature ((23 ± 5) °C) and at temperatures of

100 °C and 150 °C

When bolts are tested without preload as specified in 6.2.2, the limiting values of the test torques according to Table 2 at ambient temperature, at a temperature of 100 °C and, for special applications, at 150 °C shall be met.

Table 2 — Test torques at ambient temperature

and at temperatures of 100 °C and 150 °C (without preload)

Torques Nm M in M LB

M out

Thread size

max. min. max.

M3 0,1 0,2 1,5 M4 0,2 0,4 3,0 M5 0,5 1 6,5 M6 0,8 1,8 10 M8 M8 × 1 1,5 4 26 M10 M10 × 1,25

3 10 55 M12 M12 × 1,25, M12 × 1,5 5 16 95 M1

4 M14 × 1,

5 9 22 160 M1

6 M16 × 1,5

11 35 250 M18 M18 × 1,5, M18 × 2 12 40 335 M20 M20 × 1,5, M20 × 2 14 45 500 M22 M22 × 1,5, M22 × 2 16 65 800 M24 M24 × 2 18 90 1 050 M27 M27 × 2 21 120 1 300 M30 M30 × 2 25 165 1 700 M33 M33 × 2 28 210 2 400 M36 M36 × 3 30 280 3 000 M39 M39 × 3

35 330 4 000

5.3 Coefficient of thread friction

If an adhesive-coated bolt with a specific range of friction coefficients is required, the coefficient of the thread

friction shall lie between 0,10 and 0,16. Testing of the coefficient of thread friction is to be in accordance with 6.3.

For adhesive-coated bolts for which no particular requirements regarding their coefficient of thread friction are specified, this coefficient is generally higher than for products with a specified range of thread friction coefficients. The result is a lower achievable preload in the bolt/nut assembly when tightening the bolt.

5.4 Corrosion resistance

When bolts are tested in accordance with 6.4 for resistance to the action of corrosive media, the requirements specified in Table 1 shall be complied with.

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

5.5 Long-term thermal stability

When bolts are tested in accordance with 6.5 for long-term thermal stability at high temperatures, the requirements specified in Table 2 shall be met.

6 Testing

6.1 General

For the purposes of classifiying new adhesive coatings, suitability tests with a test bolt as specified in 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 are to be carried out.

The tests specified in 6.2.1, 6.2.2 and 6.3 are also system performance tests. The test described in 6.2 is suitable for process control purposes and for determining the suitability of adhesive coatings on various surfaces. The test described in 6.3 is to be carried out for first article inspections only and requires a bolt length suitable for the test.

6.2 Determining breakaway torques, loosening torques and torque ratios

6.2.1 Testing with preload

After coating with microencapsulated adhesive and a minimum curing time of 24 hours at ambient temperature, the bolt to be tested shall be passed through a washer conforming to DIN EN ISO 7089, with a hardness between 200 HV and 300 HV, then further passed through either two distance blocks (see Figure 3)

or a spacer sleeve (see Figure 4) and tightened by screwing into a test nut at a rate of 30 min –1

, until the test tightening torque specified in Table 1 is reached. The maximum screw-in torque occurring during the test is to be measured. The thread of the test nut shall completely engage with the coated zone. For tests at a temperature of 100 °C or 150 °C, the assembly shown in Figure 4 is to be used, with washers as in DIN EN ISO 7089.

Key

1 Washer as in DIN EN ISO 7089

2 Medium series clearance hole as in DIN EN 2027

3 3 Coating

4 Distance block, with a hardness > 3

5 HRC

5 Nut as in DIN EN ISO 4032 or DIN EN ISO 8673

6 Distance block, with a hardness > 35 HRC

Figure 3 — Test assembly with distance blocks

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Key

1 Washer as in DIN EN ISO 7089

2 Medium series clearance hole as in DIN EN 2027

3 3 Coating

4 Spacer sleeve, with an external diameter ≥ 2 × d and a hardness > 3

5 HRC 5 Nut as in DIN EN ISO 4032 or DIN EN ISO 8673

Figure 4 — Test assembly with spacer sleeve

After a curing time of the adhesive of not less than 24 hours at (23 ± 5) °C, the test assembly shall be disassembled by unscrewing the bolt from the nut at a maximum rate of 30 min ?1. The breakaway torque M LB and the loosening torque M out shall be measured and their ratio determined. When using the test assembly with spacer sleeve, either the bolt or the nut may be turned.

For tests at elevated temperatures and a curing time of at least 24 hours, the bolts shall be exposed to the relevant test temperature for three hours and then tested within 10 seconds following removal from the oven. 6.2.2 Testing without preload

The bolt to be tested shall be screwed into a nut at a maximum rate of 30 min –1 so that the nut thread is in

complete contact with the coated zone, and the maximum screw-in torque M in (see Table

2) shall be measured.

After a curing time of the adhesive of not less than 24 hours at (23 ± 5) °C, the test assembly shall be disassembled by unscrewing the bolt from the nut at a maximum rate of 30 min –1. The breakaway torque M LB and the maximum loosening torque M out shall be measured and their ratio determined.

For tests at elevated temperatures, the bolts shall be cured for at least 24 hours, after which they shall be exposed to the relevant test temperature for three hours and then tested within 10 seconds following removal from the oven.

6.3 Determining the coefficient of thread friction

The bolt to be tested shall be screwed into a test nut at a maximum rate of 30 min ?1 until the stress reaches a level equal to 90 % of the yield stress for high-strength bolts of property class 5.6 or 8.8 and, at this point, the coefficient of thread friction shall be determined as specified in DIN EN ISO 16047.

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

6.4 Testing for corrosion resistance

The resistance of bolts to the action of corrosive media shall be tested as follows:

After a minimum curing time of 24 hours at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C, the test assembly shall be conditioned for seven days in a given test medium at a given temperature, the test media and conditioning temperatures being as follows:

— general purpose oils, lubricants and hydraulic oils: 120 °C, — fuels: ambient temperature, — refrigerants, water, glycol: 90 °C, — brake fluid: 90 °C.

After cooling down to ambient temperature, the test as specified in 6.2.1 is to be carried out. Other media and conditioning temperatures shall be subject to agreement.

6.5 Testing for long-term thermal stability

After a curing time of 72 hours, the unloaded test assembly shall be exposed to the test temperature (100 °C, 150 °C) for 1 000 hours and shall be tested as specified in 6.2.2 after cooling to ambient temperature.

6.6 Test equipment

6.6.1 Test bolt

The test bolt to be used is a hexagon screw complying with ISO 4017 — M10 6g × 402)

— 8.8 as manufactured. 6.6.2 Test nut

For the suitability test of bolts with a coarse pitch thread, a nut as in DIN EN ISO 4032, and for the suitability test of bolts with a fine pitch thread, a nut as in DIN EN ISO 8673 shall be used. The test nut shall meet the following requirements:

— The property class shall be at least equal to that of the bolt. — The thread surface shall be as manufactured.

— The thread of the test nut shall be free from oil, grease, burrs and machining chips. Test nuts shall be used once only.

Any deviation from the specified system test procedure shall be subject to agreement.

Other thread lengths are permissible provided requirements are met.

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6.6.3 Test washer

The test washer shall meet the requirements specified in DIN EN ISO 7089. The hardness of the washer shall be in the range between 200 HV and 300 HV, and its surface shall be bright and free from grease. 6.6.4 Torque meter

Torques shall be determined with a torque meter. The torque meter to be used shall be a torque wrench or a testing instrument with an accuracy limit not exceeding 2 % of the upper limit of the given torque range (ultimate value of the measuring range).

In arbitration cases, the device shall be chosen so that all values can be read off in the upper half of the measuring range.

6.6.5 Test assembly for determining the coefficient of friction

A test assembly in accordance with DIN EN ISO 16047 shall be used when determining the coefficient of friction.

6.6.6 Oven for thermal stability testing

For thermal stability tests, an oven providing a temperature deviation not exceeding ± 2 °C from the relevant test temperature measured in the evacuated packing space shall be used. After reaching the test temperature, the oven shall be charged. The test specimen shall be removed from the oven after the test period has expired.

7 Miscellaneous functions

7.1 Sealing function

Apart from their locking capacity, adhesive coatings are also suitable for sealing purposes.

Where the adhesive coating is also required to seal the thread, testing of the sealing characteristics and requirements regarding the sealing function are subject to agreement.

7.2 Bolting

7.2.1 Nut thread

There are no special requirements with regard to the surface roughness of the thread. However, the thread shall be free from lubricants such as silicone or molybdenum disulfide, which are difficult to remove. In addition, the thread shall be free from burrs and machining chips. Adhesive coated bolts shall not be bolted with nuts and threaded holes that do not have a countersink.

A lower breakaway torque is to be expected in cases where the thread cannot be provided free from oil and grease due to functional requirements.

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7.2.2 Bolting procedure

Tightening of the bolt and, where applicable, testing of the tightening torque shall be completed within five minutes, since the bonding property of the adhesive will be starting to take full effect by this time. Any other requirement shall be subject to agreement. Curing is inhibited at temperatures T < 10 °C. At temperatures T < 0 °C no curing will occur.

7.3 Disassembly

Slotted head screws and hexagon socket thin head cap screws with a property class below 8.8, and screws with a head of reduced strength might not be capable of being unscrewed after curing (see 4.2).

7.4 Re-use of bolts

Bolts with a microencapsulated adhesive coating are designed for single use only. After disassembling a microencapsulated bolted joint, a new microencapsulated bolt is to be used when reassembling the joint. Also, a new nut shall be used, or alternatively, the thread shall be cleaned from adhesive residues with a thread cutting tap.

8 Condition on delivery

Bolts to be used with a microencapsulated adhesive coating shall be delivered free from oil and grease. Any other surface coatings shall be subject to agreement.

9 Storage

Bolts with microencapsulated adhesive coatings are to be protected against moisture.

Storage of bolts with mircroencapsulated adhesive coatings shall be such that the tested properties are maintained for at least four years. Discoloration of the coating does not affect functionality as long as the tested properties remain unchanged.

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DIN 267-27:2009-09

Annex A (informative)

Explanatory notes regarding the system performance test

A.1 General

For the system performance test of bolts with non-specified bolt surfaces, a period of at least 72 hours between the coating of the bolt and its subsequent testing is required. This test is indispensable since the surface quality of the thread is subject to wide variations or, in many cases, cannot be established.

A.2 Verifying the suitability of microencapsulated coatings on surfaces with

incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricants with regard to temperature effects

In order to verify the suitability of microencapsulated coatings on thread surfaces with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricants with regard to temperature effects, comparative testing of the surfaces without a coating (reference test) and with a coating is required. Determining the ratio of untightening torque M L to tightening torque M A (M L /M A ) or the ratio of breakaway torque M LB to tightening torque M A (M LB /M A ), respectively, are suitable for this purpose. The procedure to be followed is specified in VDA-Prüfblatt (VDA Test Sheet) 235-203 [1].

A.2.1

Ratio of untightening torque M L to tightening torque M A (M L /M A ) for thread surfaces without microencapsulated coating (reference test)

In the case of zinc coatings, sealing coats or finishing coats with incorporated and/or additionally applied lubricants, the untightening torque depends on the coefficient of friction. Thus, for coefficients of friction between 0,08 and 0,16, the ratio of untightening torque M L to tightening torque M A (M L /M A ) may have a value significantly below M L /M A = 0,9. Depending on the type of coating and lubricant, rising temperatures may additionally reduce the coefficient of friction and thus the M L /M A ratio. In order to ensure sufficient locking action against unrestrained loosening (exceeding the untightening torque) at service temperatures up to 150 °C, an M L /M A ratio of about 40 % is, according to VDA 235-203, considered sufficient for size M6 to M16 bolts. This is shown schematically in Figure A.1. For any other thread sizes, the permissible M L /M A ratio shall be determined.

A.2.2 Ratio of breakaway torque M LB and tightening torque M A (M LB /M A ) for thread surfaces

with microencapsulated coating

Where microencapsulated coatings are applied on surfaces with zinc coatings, sealing coats or finishing coats with incorporated and or additionally applied lubricants, the bonding strength of these surfaces will be reduced as a result. If the M LB /M A ratio exceeds 0,9 while determining the breakaway torque M LB as specified in 6.2.1 at ambient temperature, the microencapsulated coating is suitable for use on this surface at ambient temperature. When testing at temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C or above, it is to be verified that the M LB /M A ratio is higher by a percentage equal to × times the ratio obtained from the reference test on thread surfaces from the same batch, tested at the same temperature, but without a microencapsulated coating (see Figure A.1).

N o r m e n -T i c k e r - S E W -E U R O D R I V E G m b H & C o . K G - K d .-N r .53145 - A b o -N r .00830811/001/001 - 2010-10-25 11:15:40

DIN 267-27:2009-09

Key 1 Testing with microencapsulated adhesive coating

2 Reference test without microencapsulated adhesive coating T RT Ambient temperature X Locking action of adhesive

M L(B)/M A

Ratio of untightening torque (breakaway torque) and tightening torque μ

Coefficient of friction T

Temperature

Figure A.1 — Ratio of untightening torque M L or breakaway torque M LB and tightening torque M A of bolted assemblies without (reference test) and with microencapsulated adhesive coating as a function

of temperature (ambient temperature, 100 °C and 150 °C) and coefficient of friction (schematic) For surfaces with microencapsulated adhesive coatings tested at temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C or above, the difference between M LB /M A (test with microencapsulated coating) and M L /M A (reference test without microencapsulated coating), based on empirical values, is about 10 % to 20 %.

N o r m e n -T i c k e r - S E W -E U R O D R I V E G m b H & C o . K G - K d .-N r .53145 - A b o -N r .00830811/001/001 - 2010-10-25 11:15:40

DIN 267-27:2009-09

Bibliography

[1] VDA 235-203, Verschraubungsverhalten, Reibungszahlen — Praxis- und montageorientierte Prüfung

N o r m e n -T i c k e r - S E W -E U R O D R I V E G m b H & C o . K G - K d .-N r .53145 - A b o -N r .00830811/001/001 - 2010-10-25 11:15:40

德国化学成分牌号与DIN17007系统的数字材料号对照表

QUALITY OUTLINE Following is a brief summary of available types of quality. Types not listed can be made available upon request. For further information, please feel free to contact us! Cold working steels DIN AISI/SAE/ASTM MATERIAL NO. DESCRIPTION/ OSSENBERG 1.1545 WO 10 Extra C 105 W 1 W 1 1.1645 WO 10 Prima C 105 W 2 W 1 1.1730 WO 3 C 45 W 1045 1.1740 WO 5 C 60 W 1.2056 KP 6 90 Cr 3 1.2063 NSZ 145 Cr 6 1.2067 NSK 102 Cr 6 L 3 1.2080 ESC X 210 Cr 12 D 3 1.2083 BPS 2 X 42 Cr 13 420 1.2101 SPCR 62 SiMnCr 4 1.2109 KLS 125 CrSi 5 1.2127 MNC 105 MnCr 4 1.2162 BPS 21 Mn Cr 5 5120 1.2201 ESW X 165 CrV 12 1.2206 Wo 120 140 CrV 1 1.2208 1.2208 31 CrV 3 1.2210 CRV 115 CrV 3 L 2 1.2241 OV 51 CrV 4 1.2242 OVH 59 CrV 4 1.2243 GBV 6 61 CrSiV 5 1.2248 GBN 38 SiCrV 6 1.2249 GBV 45 SiCrV 6 1.2304 1.2304 85 CrMo 7 1.2319 BSC X 64 CrMo 14 1.2341 BPS 7 X 6 CrMo 4 1.2353 1.2353 27 CrMoV 6 12 1.2357 1.2357 50 CrMoV 13 14 S 7 1.2358 1.2358 60 CrMoV 18 5 1.2363 EPS 52 X 100 CrMoV 51 A 2 1.2369 EPS 69 81 MoCrV 42 16 M 50 1.2376 BSC 2 X 96 CrMoV 12 1.2378 ESV 2 X220 CrVMo122 1.2379 ESMo 2 X155 CrVMo121 D 2 1.2378.10 ESV 2 Sonder 1.2410 WO 410 74 CrW 1 1.2419 UVW 105 WCr 6 1.2436 ESS X 210 CrW 12 D 6 1.2442 1.2442 115 W 8 1.2453 SS 511 X 130 W 5 1.2510 1.2510 100 MnCrW 4 0 1 1.2516 CW 11 120 WV 4 F 1 1.2519 1.2519 110 WCrV 5 1.2542 EPM 45 WCrV 7 S 1 1.2550 EKL 60 WCrV 7 S 1 1.2562 ERW 3 142 WV 13 1.2601 ESMo X 165 CrMoV12 D 2 1.2631 BSC 3 X 50 CrMoW911 1.2710 1.2710 45 NiCr 6 1.2718 ELB 1 55 NiCr 10 6 F 5 1.2721 ELB 50 NiCr 13 1.2735 NE 35 15 NiCr 14 1.2745 NE 45 15 NiCr 18

花键轴规格表

内花键：6×23H7×26H10×6H11，GB/T1144—2001。外花键：6×23f7×26a11×6d10，GB/T1144—2001。花键副：6×23H7/f7×26H10/a11×6H11/d10 GB/T1144—2001。在机械制图中，花键的键齿作图比较繁琐。为提高制图效率，许多国家都制订了花键画法标准，国际上也制订有ISO标准。中国机械制图国家标准规定:对于矩形花键，其外花键在平行于轴线的投影面的视图中，大径用粗实线、小径用细实线绘制。扩展资料：

花键的工作长度的终止端和尾部长度的末端均用细实线绘制。对于渐开线花键，画法基本上与矩形花键相同，但需用点划线画出其分度圆和分度线花键的齿数较多，总接触面积较大，因而可承受较大的载荷；轴上零件与轴的对中性好，这对高速及精密机器很重要；导向性好，这对动联接很重要；可用磨削的方法提高加工精度及联接质量；制造工艺较复杂，有时需要专门设备，成本较高。 1.矩形花键的画法 1.1外花键：在平行于花键轴线的投影面的视图中，大径用粗实线、小径用细实线绘制，在径向剖视图中画出一部分或全部齿形。 1.2内花键：在轴向剖视图中，大径及小径均用粗实线绘制，在径向部视图画出一部分或全部齿形。

1.3花键工作长度的终止端和尾部长度的末端均用细实线绘制，并与轴线垂直，尾部则画成斜线，其倾斜角度一般与轴线成30°，必要时，可按实际情况画出。 2.矩形花键长度标注花键长度应采用下列三种形式之一标注：标注工作长度标注工作长度及尾部长度标注工作长度及全长

3.渐开线花键渐开线花键的分度圆及分度线用点划线绘制。 4.花键联接 4.1 花键的联接部分在剖视图中按外花键绘制。矩形花键

花键的画法

1 花键的画法及其尺寸标注 1.1 矩形花键的画法 1.1.1 外花键：在平行于花键轴线的投影面的视图中，大径用粗实线、小径用细实线绘制，并用剖面画出一部分或全部齿形(图1)。 1.1.2 内花键：在平行于花键轴线的投影面的剖视图中，大径及小径均用粗实线绘制，并用局部视图画出一部分或全部齿形(图2)。 1.1.3 花键工作长度的终止端和尾部长度的末端均用细实线绘制，并与轴线垂直，尾部则画成斜线，其倾斜角度一般与轴线成30°(图1)，必要时，可按实际情况画出。 1.1.4 外花键局部剖视的画法见图3；垂直于花键轴线的投影面的视图按图4绘制。国家标准局1984-07-11发布 1985-07-01实施

1.2 矩形花键的尺寸标注 1.2.1 大径、小径及键宽采有一般尺寸标注时，其注法如图1、图2所示。采用有关标准规定的花键代号标注时，其注法如图3所示。 1.2.2 花键长度应采用下列三种形式之一标注： a.标注工作长度(图1、2、5)； b.标注工作长度及尾部长度(图6)； c.标注工作长度及全长(图7)。

1.3 渐开线花键的画法如图8。分度圆及分度线用点划线绘制。 2 花键联结的画法及代号标注 2.1 花键联结用剖视表示时，其联结部分按外花键的画法，见图9、图10。

2.2 需要时，可在花键联结图中标注相应的花键代号。矩形花键代号的注法如图9所示。渐开线花键代号的注法如图10所示。在花键联结图中应按有关标准的规定标注花键代号。 * 花键的标注：键数（N）、小径（d）、大径（D）、键宽（B）、国标 * 以矩形花键为例：内花键6×23H7×26H10×6H11 GB/T1144—2001 外花键6×23f7×26a11×6d10 GB/T1144—2001 花键副6×23H7/f7×26H10/a11×6H11/d10 GB/T1144—2001 花键的标注方法有两种： o 方法一、分别标出N、d、D、B； o 方法二、用指引线引出标注

din数字材料对照修订版

d i n数字材料对照 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

谢谢坛主！在百忙中答疑。德国金属金属材料的表示方法我有，但还是谢谢。实际上DIN 17007 系统的数字材料号是自成一体的。所有的DIN标准材料，都有对应的材料号。资料中经常出现的是材料号，所以想找一份比较齐全的DIN标准材料和材料号。因为数字相对比较难搞懂，而DIN标准相对就容易理解，所以想找这方面的资料。下面是我自己收集的部分（大部分是从DIN17445里找到的，也有从网上搜得的，因不是出自权威的标准，对不对也说不清），有需要的朋友可考去用。希望有知道的朋友能改正并填补齐全。数字号德国牌号 1.4000 X6Cr13 1.4001 X7Cr141.4002 X6CrAl131.4003 X2Cr11/X2CrNi121.4005 X 12 CrS131.4006 X10Cr131.4008 G-X8CrNi131.4011 GX12Cr121.4016 X6Cr17 1.4021 X20Cr131.4024 X15Cr131.4027 G-X20Cr14 1.4028 X 30 Cr 131.4034 X46Cr13 1.4057 X20CrNi172 1.4059 G- X22CrNi171.4085 G-X70Cr291.4086 G-X120Cr291.4104 X12CrMoS171.4106 G-X10CrMo131.4112 X 90 CrMoV 181.4113 X6CrMo1711.4117 X38CrMoV151.4120 G-X20CrMo131.4122 G-X35CrMo171.4125 X 105 Cr Mo 171.4136 G-X70CrMo29-21.4138 G-X120CrMo29-21.4300 X12CrNi18-81.4301 X5CrNi18-101.4303 X 5 CrNi 18.121.4305 X10CrNiSi891.4306 G-X2CrNi19-111.4308 G-X6CrNi18-91.4308 GX5CrNi19-101.4309 GX2CrNi19-111.4310 X12CrNi1771.4311 X2CrNiNb18101.4312 G-X10CrNi18-81.4313 G-X5CrNi13- 41.4317 GX4CrNi13-41.4335 X 1 CrNi 25.211.4336 G-X20CrNi2481.4339 G-X30CrNi28 101.4340 G-X40CrNi27-41.4347 G-X8CrNi26-71.4347 GX6CrNiN27-61.4350 X5CrNi1891.4361 X 1 CrNiSi 18.151.4362 2 CrNiN 23.41.4401 X5CrNiMo17121.4404 G-X2CrNiMo18-101.4405 G-X5CrNiMo16- 51.4406 GX4CrNiMo16-5-11.4407 G-X5CrNiMo13 41.4408 G-X6CrNiMo18- 101.4408 GX7CrNiMo12-11.4408 GX5CrNiMo19-11-21.4409 GX2CrNiMo19-11- 21.4410 G-X10CrNiMo18-91.4411 GX4CrNiMo16-5-21.4412 GX5CrNiMo19-11- 31.4413 G-X3CrNiMo13 41.4414 G-X4CrNiMo13 41.4416 GX2NiCrMoN25-20-

国内外常用材料对照表

中国、美国、日本、德国常用相当材料对照表（仅供参考）材料中国 (GB 、 JB)美国（ ASTM 、 ASME ）日本（ JIS）德国（ DIN ）类别牌号标准号牌号标准号牌号标准号牌号数字表示法标准号碳GB912SA36ASTM SS400JIS G3101St37-2 1.0037DIN17100素Q235-B,C GB3274SA283GrC ASTM Rst37-2 1.0038DIN17100纲RsT37-3 1.0116DIN17100 SA285GrC ASTM SGV410JIS G3101HⅡ 1.0425DIN17155 20R GB6654SA516Gr60ASTM SB410JIS G3106Rst42 1.0498DIN17100 SA515Gr60ASTM SPV235JIS G3115 SA516Gr70ASTM SPV355JIS G311519Mn6 1.0473DIN17155 16MnR GB6654 SA662GrC ASTM 16MnDR GB3531SA516Gr70ASTM SLA325A JIS G3126TTST35N (-40 ℃ ) 09MnNiDR SA662GRC ASTM SLA325B JIS G3126TTST41V 1.0437SEW680 (-70 ℃ )GB3531 SA738ASTM 压力容器SA737GrC ASTM 15MnVR GB6654 用钢SA612ASTM 12-1SA387SCMV2-1JIS G410913CrMo44 1.7335DIN17155 15GrMoR GB6654 12-2SA387SCMV2-2JIS G4109 11-1SA387SCMV3-1JIS G4109 14GrMoR GB6654 11-2SA387SCMV3-2JIS G4109 22-1SA387SCMV4-1JIS G410910CrMo910 1.7380DIN17155 12Gr2Mo1 22-2SA387SCMV4-2JIS G4109 5-1SA387SCMV6-1JIS G4109 1Gr5Mo 5-2SA387SCMV6-2JIS G4109 0Cr13GB4237410S SA240 SUS410S JIS G4304X6Cr13 1.4000DIN17440 SUS410S JIS G4305 X15Cr13 1.4024DIN17440 1Cr13GB4237410SA240SUS410JIS G4305 X10Cr13 1.1006DIN17440 0Cr13Al GB4237405SA240SUS405JIS G4305 304SA240SUS304JIS G4305X5CrNi1810 1.4301DIN17440 0Cr18Ni9GB4237 304H SA240 0Cr18Ni10Ti GB4237321SA240SUS321JIS G4305X6CrNiTi1810 1.4541DIN17440不锈 1Cr18Ni9Ti321H 钢板 00Cr19Ni10GB4237304L SA240SUS304L JIS G4305X2CrNi1911 1.4305DIN17440 316SA240SUS316JIS G4305X5CrNiMo17122 1.4401DIN17440 0Cr17Ni12Mo2GB4237 316H SA240X5CrNiMo17122 1.4401DIN17440 316L SA240SUS316L JIS G4305X2CrNiMo17132 1.4404DIN17440 00Cr17Ni14Mo2GB4237 X2CrNiMo18143 1.4435DIN17440 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti GB4237316Ti SA240X6CrNiMoTi17122 1.4571DIN17440 0Cr19Ni13Mo3GB4237317SA240SUS317JIS G4305 00Cr19Ni13Mo3GB4237317L SA240SUS317L JIS G4305

花键画法(超实用)

第二十一课键、花键及其连接的表示法学习目的掌握键、花键的画法及装配画法。知识要点 1、让学生了解键和销的分类、作用及联结方式（画法）。 2、滚动轴承的种类及代号教学要求 1、掌握内容：了解键和销的分类、作用及联结方式。 2、图示方法：图示讲授相结合。方法：讲授法，图示法。课时：2学时作业： 8-3 授课内容： 8.2 键、花键及其连接的表示法键主要用于轴和轴上的零件（如齿轮、皮带轮等）间的连接，以传递扭矩。如图8-14所示，将键嵌入轴上的键槽中，再把齿轮装在轴上，当轴转动时，通过键连接，齿轮也将和轴同步转动，达到传递动力的目的。

图8-14 键连接一、常用键及其标记常用的键有普通平键、半圆键和钩头楔键等。普通平键又有A型、B型和C 型三种，表8-3列出了几种常用键的标准编号、形式和标记示例。表8-3 键及其标记示例二、键连接的画法及尺寸标注

1. 普通平键连接画法普通平键的长度L 和宽度b 要根据轴的直径d 和传递的扭矩大小从标准中选取适当值。轴上的键槽若在前面，局部视图可以省略不画，键槽在上面时，键槽和外圆柱面产生的截交线可用柱面的转向轮廓线代替。如图8-11 2. 半圆键连接画法半圆键连接常用于载荷不大的传动轴上，其工作原理和画法与普通平键相似，键槽的表示方法和装配画法如图8-9所示。 3. 钩头楔键连接画法钩头楔键的上顶面有1∶100的斜度，装配时将键沿轴向嵌入键槽内，靠键的上、下面将轴和轮连接在一起，键的侧面为非工作面，其装配图的画法如图8-10所示。三、花键表示法（GB/T 4459.3—2000）

德国DIN系统的数字材料号表示方法介绍

A) 德国DIN 17007 系统的数字材料号表示方法介绍 1. 材料号W-Nr 系由7位数字组成数字表示的含义如下类别位位数字中 1 钢和铸钢 2 重金属除钢铁外 3 轻金属 4 ~ 8 非金属材料 3. 在钢和铸钢的材料号中其中主要的是第2位和第3位的数字表示钢种组别其中 00 ~ 06 碳素钢其中01的大部分钢种现已并入00组 90 ~ 96 碳素钢的专用钢 07和97 硫磷含量较高的易切削钢 08 ~ 0998 ~ 99 硅锰含量较高的钢种其中08的大部分钢种现已并入04 和05组09的一部分钢种现已并入 06组 10 特殊物理性能的碳素钢及电工纯铁 11 ~ 12 优质碳素工具钢 15 ~ 18 碳素工具钢 20 ~ 28 合金工具钢包括铸钢 32 ~ 33 高速工具钢 34 ~ 35 耐磨钢和轴承钢 36 ~ 39 具有特殊物理性能的材料包括磁性材料 40 ~ 45 不锈钢 47 ~ 48和49 耐热钢和高温材料 50 ~ 85 合金结构钢 88 硬质合金此外尚有一些数字如13145564… 等等是暂予保留的以便今后用于新发展的材料 4. 材料号第4位和第5位数字无一定规律或按其碳含量或按合金含量区分 5. 材料号第6位和第7位为附加数字一般在标准中不予标出但亦常用第6位数字用以表示钢的冶炼和浇注工艺第7位用以表示热处理状态它们的具体涵义见表 1-5

表 1-5 材料号中附加数字第6位和第7位数字的涵义第6位数字具体涵义第7位数字具体涵义 0 不定的或不重要的 0 不经材料或自由材料在变形加工后不希望或不保证进行热处理 1 碱性转炉沸腾钢 1 正火 2 碱性转炉镇静钢 2 软化退火 3 特殊冶炼法沸腾钢 3 热处理后具有良好的可切削性 4 特殊冶炼法镇静钢 4 韧性调质 5 平炉沸腾钢 5 调质 6 平炉镇静钢 6 硬性调质 7 氧气吹炼沸腾钢 7 冷变形 8 氧气吹炼镇静钢 8 弹簧硬化冷变形 9 电炉钢 9 根据特殊规定的处理 B) 低合金钢和合金钢德国DIN 标准规定当钢中的 Wsi 0.5 %, W M n 0.80%, W a l 和W Ti 0.10% W C u 0.25%这些元素才称为合金元素这个规定和ISO 国际标准近年发布的钢分类 ISO 4948/1中对非合金钢和合金钢的合金元素规定含量界限值略有差异这大概由于 DIN 17006 制定的年代较早的缘故 DIN标准的钢号主体是由表示含碳量为万分之几的数字合金元素符号和表示其含量的数字组成合金元素采用化学符号来表示并按其含量的多少依次排列当含量相同时按字母次序排列合金元素含量值的表示方法见表 1-4 表1-4 低合金钢和合金钢元素含量值的表示方法合金元素数平均含量的%乘以 Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Si, W 4 Al, Be, Cu, Mo, Nb, Pb, Ta, Ti, V, Zr 10 Ce, N, P, S 100 B 1000 由于钢号中元素符号后的数字是表示合金元素平均含量与表1-4 中的乘积所以欲求该钢号中的化学成分时应除以原来的数例如 13Cr2 表示平均含碳0.13%平均含铬2/4% = 0.5 %的铬钢 25CrMo4 表示平均含碳0.25%平均含铬4/4% =1%还含钼的铬钼钢高合金钢钢中含有合金元素含量在5%以上者称为高合金钢它的钢号冠以字母X接着是表

齿轮和渐开线花键的画法

变位齿轮或花键快速建模方法现有的教材以及网上的资料很少讲解如何快速对渐开线齿形进行建模，而且针对快速建模几乎找不到带变位的参数方程；经过整理我把操作步骤公布如下：1、建好齿坯模型（齿坯模型其实就是实际滚齿加工前的坯子） 2、建一个坐标系，x-y平面垂直轴线，原点取轴线上齿轮端面的中心 3、创建基准曲线，选择“从方程”-->“完成”-->选取上步的坐标系-->坐标系类型选择“笛卡尔”-->系统自动创建并打开一个“rel.txt”文件。 4，往文件的下面拷贝如下内容： /* xx=0.51是对变位系数赋值 /* α=t*60中的60是表达所画渐开线从压力角0-60的范围，可以根据实际需要的长度调整 m= zz= a= xx=-0.20088 d=zz*m

db=d*cos(a) r=db/2 α=t*60 x=r*cos(α)+pi*r*α*sin(α)/180+xx*m y=r*sin(α)-pi*r*α*cos(α)/180 z=0 HA=(HAX+X)*M HF=(HAX+CX-X)*M D=M*Z DA=D+2*HA DF=D-2*HF DB=D*COS(ALPHA) 上面的程序m、zz、a、xx分别是模数、齿数、压力角和变位系数，把自己的参数填进去 5、保存“rel.txt”文件之后关闭改文件，系统跳回到绘图界面 6、点击“确定”，渐开线L1已经在定的坐标系上画好了 7、以齿轮端面创建草绘平面，绘分度圆，退出草图 8、创建基准点，为分度圆和渐开线的交点 9、创建基准平面DM1，以基准点和齿轮轴线为参考

外齿操作方法： 10、创建基准平面DM2，以DM1和齿轮轴线为参考，设角度偏移量n(根据x轴的方向不同可能要取负值)，n的计算公式如下：n=(0.5*E/(π*m*z))*360 (E 为分圆弧齿齿槽宽)(现有的教材以及网上都是用360/(4*z),这里不用读者可以自己分析一下) 11、以DM2中心镜像L1，得到渐开线L2 12、以齿轮端面创建草绘平面 13、使用“通过边创建图元”命令提取渐开线L1和L2到草绘中、画小径圆，再画1个圆，直径大于大径，修建曲线直至保留由该圆和“提取的2条渐开线”以及“小径”组成的一个封闭线框,倒齿根圆角。 14、退出草绘，使用“拉升工具”拉升草绘即可创建第一个齿槽，设置如下：深度值需大于或等于齿宽即可-->拉升方向切换到齿坯上-->选择“去除材料”，点击“√”-->得到第一个齿槽15、阵列第一个齿槽，操作：右键点击上步的“拉伸”步骤-->选择“阵列”-->方向选“轴”-->选取齿轮轴线--> 数量为齿数z-->角度范围为“360”（跳过“成员间的角度”）-->第二方向保持

DIN数字材料对照

D I N数字材料对照标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]

X46Cr13 X20CrNi172 G-X22CrNi17 G-X70Cr29 G-X120Cr29 X12CrMoS17 G-X10CrMo13 X 90 CrMoV 18 X6CrMo171 X38CrMoV15 G-X20CrMo13 G-X35CrMo17 X 105 Cr Mo 17 G-X70CrMo29-2 G-X120CrMo29-2 X12CrNi18-8 X5CrNi18-10 X 5 CrNi X10CrNiSi89

G-X2CrNi19-11 G-X6CrNi18-9 GX5CrNi19-10 GX2CrNi19-11 X12CrNi177 X2CrNiNb1810 G-X10CrNi18-8 G-X5CrNi13-4 GX4CrNi13-4 X 1 CrNi G-X20CrNi248 G-X30CrNi28 10 G-X40CrNi27-4 G-X8CrNi26-7 GX6CrNiN27-6 X5CrNi189 X 1 CrNiSi 2 CrNiN X5CrNiMo1712

DIN 267-27(2009)

德国化学成分牌号与DIN17007系统的数字材料号对照表

花键轴规格表

花键的画法

din数字材料对照修订版

国内外常用材料对照表

花键画法(超实用)

德国DIN系统的数字材料号表示方法介绍

齿轮和渐开线花键的画法

DIN数字材料对照

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