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路桥毕业设计外文翻译

路桥毕业设计外文翻译
路桥毕业设计外文翻译

浅析公路路基边坡防护

摘要:本文通过分析公路路基边坡的破坏形式及原因,分析了路基边坡防护设计原则,详细介绍了公路边坡的防护方法,以保证路基的稳定和防治各种路基病害,确保公路的正常使用品质及投资效益。

关键词:公路路基边坡防护

路基防护是保证路基强度和稳定性的重要措施之一,防护的重点是路基边坡,由于地形的变化,适路设计标高与天然地面标高的相互关系不同,会出现高于天然地面的填方路基即路堤、低于天然地面的挖方路基即路堑和介于前两者之间的半填半挖路基。由岩土体填挖而成的路基,改变了原地层的天然平衡状态,且暴露于自然环境中,长期受各种自然因素的影响,岩土体的物理力学性质会发生较大的变化,引起岩土体变形、移动,破坏边坡的稳定,甚至导致一系列环境地质问题和生态环境问题,如崩塌滑坡、泥石流、土壤侵蚀和植被破坏等。因此为保证路基的稳定和防治各种路基病害,除做好路基排水工作外,还需结合当地水文、地质及材料等情况,采取有效措施,对各类土、石边坡进行必要的防护。

一、边坡破坏形式及原因

路基边坡的滑塌是最常见的路基病害之一,根据边坡土质类别、破坏原因和规模不同,主要破坏形式为溜方、滑坡、剥落和碎落崩塌四种。溜方是由于少量土体沿土质边坡向下移动所形成,即边坡上薄的表层土下溜,通常是由于降水、降雨等流动水冲刷边坡或施工不当而引起的。滑坡是指一部分土体在重力作用下沿边坡的某一滑动面滑动,主要是因土体的稳定性不足引起的。路堤边坡发生滑坡的主要原因是边坡坡度过陡或坡脚被挖空,或填土层次安排不合适等;路堑边坡发生滑坡的主要原因是边坡高度和坡度与天然岩土层次的性质不相适应。剥落和碎落是指边坡风化岩层表面,在各种外界环境的影响下使表层岩石从坡而上剥落下来的破坏形式。崩塌通常是指较大的石块脱离边坡表面沿坡而滚落下来。

二、路基边坡防护设计原则

公路边坡沿公路分布的范围广,对自然环境的破坏范围大,如果在防护的同时,能够注意保护环境和创造环境,采用适当的绿化防护方法来进行,则会使公路具有安全、舒适、美观、与环境相协调等特点,也将会产生可观的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。因此,边坡设计应遵循“安全绿色、水土保持、恢复自然、环保之路”的设计原则。

三、路基边坡防护方法

1.植草防护。植物防护则是在边坡上种植草或植树,以减缓边坡上的水流速度,利用植物根系固结边坡表层土壤以减轻冲刷,从而达到保护边坡的作用。植物防护不仅可以美化公路环境,调节边坡的湿温,起到固结和稳定边坡的作用,而且又比较简单、经济。

植草防护应选择根系发达、茎矮叶茂耐旱草种,严禁采用生长在泥沼地的草皮。直接植草护坡方法如下:其一,在土质坡面上用草籽、肥料、水拌和,直接喷洒在坡面上,优点是方法简单、施工方便、成本较低,但易受风雨的侵蚀;其二,在修整好的坡面上,将粘土、种子、肥料、水等混合物用喷浆机直接喷射于坡面,与原土壤粘合,种子发芽后便会植根于边坡土壤中,形成整体保护。上述两种方法在植草初期,应免受风雨的侵蚀,可覆盖纤维网,由于坡面没有任何的加筋处理,在暴雨和径流的冲蚀下极易导致坡面破坏,因此一般应在每年3-5月进行。

2.工程防护。工程防护主要是针对不适宜植物生长的土质填、挖方边坡或风化严重、节理发育不良的岩石路基边坡等,采取工程防护措施即设置人工构造物防护。

3.干砌片石。干砌片石适用于保护边坡免受大气降水和地面径流的侵害,以及保护浸水路堤边坡免受水流冲刷。对严重潮湿或有冻害的路段、长期承受主动土压力地段一般不宜采用干砌片石防护,可用于下边坡中的土质边坡防护,坡度为1:1.5-1:2。

4.浆砌片石。浆砌片石设置在浸水路堤及可能发生坡面被冲刷的土质边坡,应做好排水与防护的结合,否则不宜采用。当水流速度较大时(如4-5m/s),波浪作用较强,以及河流可能有流木及其他撞击物等冲击作用时,宜采用浆砌片石防护,必要时可与浸水挡墙或护面墙同时设置。浆砌片石护坡优点是耐久性较好,适宜防护不同控制边坡中的岩土层和不同位置的边坡,且造价适中,故适用于上下边坡中的一般坡面。

5.拱式、网格防护。这种防护方式克服了鱼鳞状砌石防护排水抗冲刷能力弱和污工量大的特点,最大限度地绿化坡面,外观较好,在高填方、长直线的护坡段,能达到美化、绿化的双重效果,是近年来公路防护常用的方法之一。缺点是施上较繁琐,劳动强度大,对坡面要求严格,拱内必须填土植草或进行其他工程防护,否则易被雨水冲蚀。

6.预制块铺砌防护。这是目前高速公路上应用较多的护坡方法之一,由于预制块的规格一致,易于施工,外观整齐,最大限度地减少了坡面防护对植草绿化的依赖性,即使坡面绿化效果不好,也不容易造成太严重的冲刷现象,所以,目前大多数高速公路采用这种方式,缺点是造价高,施工难度大。

7.喷射混凝土防护。喷射混凝土法分为素喷法和锚喷法。素喷法为直接将高标号砂浆喷射在大致平整的岩面上,使坡面易松散的颗粒得以稳固,保证行车及行人的安全。它用于表层易松散的风化岩面。锚喷法,其工作原理是利用锚杆将滑动体固定在山体上,以锚杆约束山体

的滑动,并在滑动体表面锚头上加挂钢筋网并喷射混凝土,在滑动体表面形成钢筋混凝土板体结构,这样可以将松散的岩石固定为一个整体,以达到彻底根治滑坡的目的。锚喷法适用于大部分岩石土和碎石土等地质结构山体和易产生滑坡地段,它可预防早期滑坡的产生。只要产生滑动的区域面积不很大,滑动层不很厚,都可以采用此方法。

此外,对于边坡破坏较严重的情况,如出现塌方、滑坡以及可能出现失稳等,必须采取相应的措施来确保边坡的稳定性(强度方面)和安全性(变形方面)。根据边坡的不良工程地质特征和滑坡加固治理与防护工程特点,主要选取适用性强、易于操作、工程负效应小的措施,如抗滑桩、锚杆(索)、挡土墙、削坡和灌浆等,使其分别适用于不同塌方、滑坡的物理力学条件和地质条件。

参考文献

[1]黄建明.浅析高速公路路基边坡防护的施工-以甬金分离立交桥6#、7#墩施工为例[J].科技创新导报,2009,(2):.

[2]钮震雨余俊美.浅探公路工程质量通病及其预控措施[J].江西建材,2007,(4):.

[3]于跃王慧贤安震.高速公路路基边坡防护浅析[J].黑龙江交通科技,2007,(12):12,14.

According to the highway subgrade slope protection

[abstract] this article through the analysis of road foundation slope failure forms and reasons, analyzes the roadbed slope protection design principles, detailed introduces the highway slope protection method, in order to guarantee the stability of roadbed and prevention and control of all kinds of roadbed disease, to ensure the normal use of the highway quality and benefit of investment

[key words] highway subgrade slope protection

Roadbed protection is to guarantee the stability of roadbed strength and one of the important measures, protection is the focus of the embankment slope, the change of the terrain, ShiLu design elevation and natural ground conductivity of the relationship between different, there will be higher than that of the natural ground embankment fill subgrade construction of the ground below natural excavated one that cut and between the two and a half between fill subgrade in geotechnical engineering by half to dig into roadbed fill dug, change the original layer of the natural balance, and exposed to a natural environment, long-term affected by various natural factors, the physical and mechanical properties of rock mass will been great changes, cause rock mass deformation mobile, destroy the stability of the slope, and even cause a series of geological environment problems and the ecological environment problems, such as collapse landslides of soil erosion and damage to vegetation, etc .So to ensure the stability of roadbed and prevention and control of all kinds of roadbed disease, in addition to the drainage roadbed, still need to be combined with the local hydrological geology and material of case, take effective measures to all kinds of soil ShiBianPo necessary protection.

Firstly,a slope failure forms and reasons

Embankment slope of the slump is one of the most common roadbed disease, according to slope soil category damage reason and scale is different, the main failure form of slip party peel and broken down landslide collapse four slip party is due to a small soil slope moves down along the soil formed, namely the slope of thin surface soil slip under, it is often due to rainfall precipitation and flowing water erosion caused by improper slope or construction of the landslide is refers to the part of the gravity of soil slope under one of the sliding surface sliding, mainly because of the soil slope of embankment caused by inadequate stability of landslide is the main reason of the side slope steep or spend change clearly feet are hollow, or filling levels arrangement inappropriate, etc.; Cut slope is the main reason of the landslide slope height and slope

and natural geotechnical levels of nature does not adapt spalling and broken down is refers to the slope rock weathering surface. In different kinds of external environment under the influence of the top rock slope and peeling off from the destroy form of collapse usually refers to the larger stones out along the slope surface slope and tumble down.

second,Embankment slope protection design principles

Highway slope distribution along the road of the range, the destruction of the environment of natural range, if in the protection, and can also pay attention to protect the environment and create the environment, the adoption of appropriate green protective method, can make highway has safe and comfortable and beautiful in harmony with the environment and other characteristics, which will create considerable economic benefit and social benefit of ecological benefit so, slope design should follow the safety of soil and water conservation and restoration of natural green environmental protection of the way the design principles

thirdly,embankment slope protection method

1.The plant grass protection plant protection in the slope is planted on grass or trees to slow down the slope of flow velocity, the use of plant root consolidation of surface soil slope to reduce erosion, so as to achieve the function of the slope protection plant protection not only can beautification highway environment, adjust the temperature wet slope, consolidation and the stability of the slope play a role, and simple economic.

Plant grass protection should choose the root system developed stem short and leafy drought tolerant grass seed, it is strictly prohibited to the growth in mud to clear the implanted directly into the grass slope protection method are as follows: firstly, in the soil slope surface water mixing with seed fertilizer, direct sprayed in the slope surface, the advantage is simple convenient construction cost is low, but vulnerable to wind erosion; Secondly, in dressing good slope surface, will clay fertilizer water with seed mixture of spray directly injection machine in the slope, and the soil adhesion, seed will rooted in soil slope, forming overall protection of the two methods in plant grass at the initial stage, the rain should be from erosion, fabric covered, because no slope reinforcement treatment in heavy rains and runoff erosion of the slope easily result in damage, and therefore should be in commonly 3-5 months each year.

2. Engineering protection engineering protection is mainly aimed at not suitable for the growth of plant soil slope excavation or weathering fill joints growth of serious adverse rock embankment slope, take

engineering protection measures that is setting artificial slope protection.

3. Do PianShi build by laying bricks or stones do build by laying bricks or stones PianShi is designed to protect the slope from atmospheric precipitation and runoff violations, and protect water embankment slope from flow erosion of severe cold wet or sections of long-term bear active earth pressure area should not be commonly use dry build by laying bricks or stones PianShi protection, and can be used in the soil slope under the slope protection, slope of 1:1. 5-2-1..

4. Pulp PianShi plasma build by laying bricks or stones PianShi build by laying bricks or stones set in immersion embankment and possible washed the soil slope surface slope, should do well in the combination of drainage and protection, otherwise not be used as the water velocity is (such as in 4-5 m/s), wave action is stronger, and rivers flow and other wood may have hit content to wait impact, appropriate USES plasma build by laying bricks or stones PianShi protection, when necessary and water retaining wall or HuMianQiang also set pulp PianShi build by laying bricks or stones advantage is good durability slope protection, which is suitable for the protection of the different control slope rock layer and different locations of the slope, and moderate cost, it is applicable to the general up and down the slope slope

5. Arch type grid protection this protection way been overcome the QiShi protection drainage anti-scouring ability weak and the large amount of work the characteristics, the maximum slope greening, appearance is better, in long lines of the high fill slope section, can achieve beautification greening double effect, road protection in recent years is the commonly used method shortcoming is one of the more tedious;, labor strength, strict requirements on slope surface, within the filled soil arch must be planting grass or other engineering protection, or to be rain erosion.

6. Precast block slabs protection this is the current highway slope protection method widely applied one, because of the specifications of the precast block consistent, easy construction, neat appearance, minimizes the slope protection on plant grass greening dependence, even if the slope greening the result is bad, it is not easy to cause too serious erosion phenomenon, so, at the moment, most of the highway that way, defect is cost is high, difficult construction.

7. Jet concrete protective jet concrete method into meat spray method and shotcreting method for directly spray method, high standard in the

formation of the mortar injection roughly sheared off, make easy to loose particles slope stably, ensure running and pedestrian safety it used for surface layer of rock bolting and easy to loose by law, the working principle is to use sliding body will be fixed in the mountain, the mountain to the constraints of sliding, and in the sliding body surface anchor head and sprayed concrete use steel mesh, sliding body surface formation in reinforced concrete board body structure, so can will loose rock fixed for a whole, in order to achieve the purpose of cure landslide shotcreting act applies to most of the rock soil and rock soil and other geological structure mountain and produce landslide location, it can prevent the generation of landslide early as long as produce sliding area is not very big, Sliding layer is very thick, all can use this method

In addition, the slope destruction for serious, such as a landslide and collapse may appear instability, etc, must adopt corresponding measures to ensure the stability of the slope (strength) and safety (deformation) according to slope of bad engineering geological characteristics of the landslide reinforcement management and protection and the features of the project, the main selection applicability is easy to operation of small negative effect on the engineering measures, such as anti-slide pile retaining bolt (cable) cutting slope and grouting, make its are used in different collapse of the physical and mechanical landslide conditions and geological conditions

References:

[1] HuangJianMing. According to the highway subgrade construction of the side slope protection in highway overpass 6 gold separation # 7 # pier construction, for example [J]. Science and technology innovation herald, 2009, (2).

[2] NiuZhenYu, the more beautiful. Shallow ground the highway engineering quality problems and its control counter measures [J]. Jiangxi building materials, 2007, (4).

[3] to jump, WangHuiXian, AnZhen. Highway subgrade shallow slope protection [J]. J heilongjiang transportation science and technology, 2007, (12).

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原文题目:《市场定位策略》 作者:Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成:目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成:市场细分,目标(或目标市场选择),市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品,分销,促销和定价策略(4PS)的过程,旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系,有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们,分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个,通过评估每个细分市场,寻求利益的相对吸引力,而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后,定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划,共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的,尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中,营销人员往往绕过正式的定位,直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实,这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说,感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论,可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后,通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个(或多个目标市场)的过程和它的(或他们)独特的定位。目标市场策略包括:(1)市场细分,(2)市场选择,(3)市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说,在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此,使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率,管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合,根据该公司的实力,用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分:(1)实体性(即:每个细分市场的容量足够大),(2)可盈利/可辨识/可测性(即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述)(3)无障碍性(即媒体消费和

本科毕业设计外文翻译

Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1)a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2)structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and

毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 题目:A new constructing auxiliary function method for global optimization 学院: 专业名称: 学号: 学生姓名: 指导教师: 2014年2月14日

一个新的辅助函数的构造方法的全局优化 Jiang-She Zhang,Yong-Jun Wang https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c813056318.html,/10.1016/j.mcm.2007.08.007 非线性函数优化问题中具有许多局部极小,在他们的搜索空间中的应用,如工程设计,分子生物学是广泛的,和神经网络训练.虽然现有的传统的方法,如最速下降方法,牛顿法,拟牛顿方法,信赖域方法,共轭梯度法,收敛迅速,可以找到解决方案,为高精度的连续可微函数,这在很大程度上依赖于初始点和最终的全局解的质量很难保证.在全局优化中存在的困难阻碍了许多学科的进一步发展.因此,全局优化通常成为一个具有挑战性的计算任务的研究. 一般来说,设计一个全局优化算法是由两个原因造成的困难:一是如何确定所得到的最小是全球性的(当时全球最小的是事先不知道),和其他的是,如何从中获得一个更好的最小跳.对第一个问题,一个停止规则称为贝叶斯终止条件已被报道.许多最近提出的算法的目标是在处理第二个问题.一般来说,这些方法可以被类?主要分两大类,即:(一)确定的方法,及(ii)的随机方法.随机的方法是基于生物或统计物理学,它跳到当地的最低使用基于概率的方法.这些方法包括遗传算法(GA),模拟退火法(SA)和粒子群优化算法(PSO).虽然这些方法有其用途,它们往往收敛速度慢和寻找更高精度的解决方案是耗费时间.他们更容易实现和解决组合优化问题.然而,确定性方法如填充函数法,盾构法,等,收敛迅速,具有较高的精度,通常可以找到一个解决方案.这些方法往往依赖于修改目标函数的函数“少”或“低”局部极小,比原来的目标函数,并设计算法来减少该?ED功能逃离局部极小更好的发现. 引用确定性算法中,扩散方程法,有效能量的方法,和积分变换方法近似的原始目标函数的粗结构由一组平滑函数的极小的“少”.这些方法通过修改目标函数的原始目标函数的积分.这样的集成是实现太贵,和辅助功能的最终解决必须追溯到

建筑类外文翻译范例-毕业设计外文翻译范例

土木工程概论 摘要:土木工程是个庞大的学科,但最主要的是建筑,建筑无论是在中国还是在国外,都有着悠久的历史,长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变,而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现,材料的更新,不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋,现在追求舒适,不同的思想,不同的科学,推动了土木工程的发展,使其更加完美。 关键词:土木工程;建筑;力学;材料 土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中,历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering ,因为它们都具有民用性。后来,随着工程科学技术的发展,机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学,Civil Engineering 就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今,在英语中,Civil Engineering 还包括水利工程、港口工程;而在我国,水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为,要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面,也有间接的一面。要“行”,必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁;要“食”,必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等,这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么,制造汽车、轮船也好,纺纱、织布、制衣也好,乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。 土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要

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