Plot Summary

Plot Summary

Act 1

The play opens on a summer afternoon in the garden of Hindhead View, a cottage south of Surrey, England. Twenty-two-year-old Vivie Warren lies in a hammock, reading and making notes, until she is interrupted by Mr. Praed, a middle-aged gentleman who is her mother's friend. During their opening conversation, Vivie reveals her negative attitude toward traditional women's roles. Praed appreciates her unconventionality until she admits that she has no interest in romance and beauty, which shocks his strong aesthetic sensibility. When Vivie asks Praed whether he thinks she will get along with her mother, with whom she has spent little time, he suggests that Mrs. Warren may be disappointed in her unconventionality. Vivie admits that she knows little about her mother's life, which clearly embarrasses Praed as he struggles to find an appropriate description of her. Vivie begins to grow suspicious about her mother as she notes Praed's unease.

Mrs. Warren arrives with Sir George Crofts. As Vivie prepares for tea inside, Praed advises her mother to "treat her with every respect," noting that Vivie is a grown woman and most likely "older" than the rest of them. Mrs. Warren dismisses this notion and goes into the cottage to help Vivie. While chatting with Praed in the garden, Crofts asks him whether Mrs. Warren has ever revealed to him the identity of Vivie's father. Praed admits he does not know and insists that the matter should be of no concern, for they must "take [Vivie] on her own merits." Crofts admits that he is attracted to Vivie and wonders whether he could be her father.

After Crofts enters the cottage, Praed is hailed by Frank Gardner, the son of the local rector, who admits that he is staying with his father after running up considerable debts. He tells Praed that he has been spending time with Vivie, whom he considers a "jolly girl." Before Frank can tell Praed how serious his affection is for Vivie, his father appears and Praed goes in to tea. When the two are left alone, Frank reveals his feelings toward Vivie to his father, who subsequently criticizes her social position. After the reverend notes Frank's extravagant lifestyle, his son reminds him of an incident in his father's past when he offered a woman money to retrieve letters he had written to her. Alarmed that someone might hear, the reverend begs Frank to drop the matter. When the two join the others for tea, Mrs. Warren exclaims in front of them all that she still has the letters the reverend has written to her, which leaves him "miserably confused."

Act 2

That evening Frank flirts with Mrs. Warren, insisting that she come to Vienna with him. She gently rebuffs him but then gives him a kiss. Angry with herself, she tells him to turn his attentions to Vivie. However, when Frank admits that he has, she is outraged until he insists that his intentions are honorable. Later, when Mrs. Warren considers the possibility of Vivie and Frank's union, the reverend deems it "impossible." His avoidance of any explanation suggests that he thinks that he might be Vivie's father. Before the matter is settled, Crofts declares that Vivie cannot marry Frank, because he is penniless. Mrs. Warren overrides Frank's protests that Vivie will marry for love, not money, by declaring, "if you have no means of keeping a wife you can't have [her]." Undeterred, Frank determines to ask Vivie to marry him immediately.

At that moment, Vivie and Praed enter the cottage, and the discussion is dropped. After the others go in to dinner, Frank and Vivie stay behind, yet Frank does not bring up the subject of marriage. Vivie condemns "wasters" like Crofts, "shifting along from one meal to another with no purpose, and no character, and no grit," and determines that she will never end up like him. When Frank admits that Croft's ability to get by without employment is appealing, Vivie cuts him short, exclaiming that he is getting "tiresome."

Later, when Crofts reveals his interest in Vivie, Mrs. Warren adopts a protective, motherly tone and insists that he is not good enough for her. Crofts ignores her insult and presses her, arguing that the three of them could live together

"quite comfortably." He then attempts to buy her approval, but she angrily refuses. Enraged, Crofts runs out when he hears the others come in.

Praed, Crofts, and Frank depart for the Gardner home to retire for the evening, leaving Mrs. Warren alone with her daughter. The two soon get into an argument about how Vivie will now live. When Mrs. Warren insists that she has the right to determine her daughter's future, Vivie admits that she knows nothing about her mother and begins to quiz her. Mrs. Warren becomes quite flustered, especially when Vivie demands to know who her father is. Suspecting that her father might be Crofts, Vivie declares that she will leave the next day unless her mother tells her the truth. Mrs. Warren explains that Crofts is not her father and reveals that she is not sure who is.

Vivie handles the news of her mother's promiscuity dispassionately. Unable to gain sympathy from her daughter, Mrs. Warren becomes increasingly agitated until she reverts to her natural, colloquial tongue and berates Vivie for her lack of understanding. She insists that she had no choice but to live as she had, for she did not have the advantages that she has provided for Vivie. When Vivie argues that her mother must have had some choice concerning her future, Mrs. Warren tells her the details of her difficult life growing up in poverty, arguing that prostitution was the only way she and her sister could survive. She explains that the "high-class," profitable brothel in Brussels, which she and her sister ran, afforded them a measure of independence in a world where women's lives were controlled by men.

After listening to her mother's story, Vivie becomes visibly moved, telling Mrs. Warren that she is "a wonderful woman stronger than all England." Her mother admits to feeling a combination of shame and pride in her ability to raise her daughter as a "lady." As Vivie insists that they will be "good friends now," the two women end the evening in a loving, familial embrace.

Act 3

In the reverend's garden the next morning, Frank chides his father for the inebriated stories of "his fiery youth" that he told long into the previous evening. Praed cautions Frank to treat his father with more respect. Frank's true feelings about Mrs. Warren's social standing then surface as he admits that his mother most likely went to town that morning to avoid her visit to their home. He warns his father to hide the truth about his relationship with Mrs. Warren and declares his disgust when he thinks about the time Vivie must spend with her.

Later, when Vivie and Mrs. Warren arrive, Vivie warns Frank about making fun of her mother and demands that he show her respect. Frank refuses and scolds her for her newfound "sentimentality" in her attitude toward her mother. Vivie angrily declares that her previous attitude marked her as a "prig" and that she has now come to understand and appreciate her mother's hardships. They continue to argue about Mrs. Warren's character and Vivie's continuing relationship with her until Frank turns romantic, calming Vivie with silly baby talk. Vivie succumbs to his lovemaking for a moment, admitting that she wants to forget about her mother but then abruptly snaps out of her romantic revelry, insisting they are being childish.

When Crofts arrives, Frank leaves. After criticizing Frank's lack of a profession, Crofts proposes an offer of marriage to Vivie, which includes considerable money and position. Vivie refuses, but Crofts continues to press his case, insisting that she would become a wealthy young widow, due to his advanced age. He then informs her that he has been and still is her mother's business partner, which shocks Vivie who had mistakenly thought that her mother had given up her life in prostitution. Crofts explains that Mrs. Warren has been quite successful running "businesses" in several European locations and that Vivie would benefit from the family's profits. When Vivie admits that she knows that these businesses are brothels, Crofts becomes enraged.

Vivie dismisses Crofts's offer of marriage with "contemptuous self-possession," as she determines him to be "a pretty common sort of scoundrel" for exploiting her mother for profit. Crofts laughs at her superior air and notes that many in the upper class have been engaged in similarly dubious transactions in order to maintain their wealth. Vivie then recognizes that her education has been paid for by her mother's gains from her businesses and ashamedly admits

that she is "as bad as" Crofts. After Crofts tries to reassure her that no one cares how one gets money as long as one gets it, Vivie angrily rebukes a society that would support the actions of men like him who exploit young women for profit.

As an enraged Crofts threatens her, Frank suddenly appears with a gun, warning Crofts that he can be "careless" with firearms. Before Crofts storms off, he tells Frank that Vivie is his half sister and that the reverend is her father. As Frank takes aim at the departing figure, Vivie seizes the gun and pulls it to her chest, insisting that Frank now fire. Frank immediately drops the gun and holds his arms out to her in a romantic gesture. Disgusted, Vivie turns away and leaves.

Act 4

Frank and Vivie meet in her office in London. He tries to convince her to enjoy the Saturday afternoon at leisure with him, but Vivie tells him that she has to work. When Frank insists that he does not believe she is his sister and even if she were, it would not alter his romantic feelings for her, she tells him that a sisterly relationship is the only type she wants with him. Frank mistakenly assumes that she has fallen in love with someone else.

Praed soon arrives to say goodbye before he leaves for Italy. He tries again to spark in Vivie an aesthetic sensibility, but Vivie insists that there is "no beauty and no romance in life" for her. When Praed mentions the beauty of Brussels, Vivie's temper flares, remembering that the city houses one of her mother's brothels. She warns them both that if they are to remain friends, they must drop the subjects of love and beauty and treat her "as a woman of business, permanently single and permanently unromantic." Vivie, however, cannot contain her distress over her mother's continued involvement in her profession and eventually blurts out the truth to Frank and Praed. The two men insist that they will remain her devoted friends, and Praed commends her for her courage. After Vivie retreats to another room, Frank admits to Praed that he could not marry Vivie now, because of the way her family's money was earned, and he could not allow her to support him.

Mrs. Warren soon arrives, and Frank and Praed leave in order to give mother and daughter some privacy. After Vivie tells her mother that she will in the future support herself and that each of them should live separate lives, Mrs. Warren tries to deter her, insisting that no one will blame Vivie for her mother's actions. She pleads with her daughter not to turn her back on a comfortable life and "break [her] heart." Vivie, however, refuses to be swayed, arguing that she would be "worthless" if she took her mother's money.

When Vivie then demands to know why her mother continued in business after she became financially independent, Mrs. Warren tells her that she is not suited for any other work and that it really does no "harm." Vivie refuses to give into what she calls her mother's "cheap tears and entreaties" to stay with her, which throws Mrs. Warren into a rage. The two part with Mrs. Warren refusing to shake Vivie's hand, and Vivie returns to her work.

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

基英课文概述summary(第三册)

Unit 1 Fresh Start I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few . Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” . Unit 3 Chinese Food Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself . Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ? Unit 5 The Company Man Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board

有关summary的写作技巧

有关s u m m a r y的写作技 巧 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

Summary的写法1 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the

author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exag geration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

summary的写法

摘要的基本结构和内容因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 所以其构成与论文主体的IMRAD结构是对应的。因此, 摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、材料、手段、装备、程序等；（3）结果：观察、实验的结果, 数据, 得到的效果, 性能等；（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用, 提出的问题, 今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息价值。 一般地说, 报道性摘要中（2）、（3）、（4）应相对详细, （1）和（5）则相对简略。指示性摘要则相反。 1 引言部分 1.1回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等。例如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. [Brain Research Reviews, 1993, 18 (3): 247-291] This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. [Annals of Statistics, 1994, 22 (4): 1701-1728] 1.2 阐明写作或研究目的常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如： We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90 (432): 1200-1224] To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. [Cell, 1993, 74 (4): 609-619] 1.3介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。 Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. [Nature, 1993, 362 (6423): 849-852] This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. [Computer Physics Communications, 1992, 67 (3): 465-508] 2 方法部分 2. 1介绍研究或试验过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. [Astrophysical Journal, 1996, 462 (2): 563-575] We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super- Kamiokande detector. [Physical Review Letters, 1998, 81 : 1562-1567]

Summary_常用句式

Summary 常用句式 1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about…… 2.This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/…… 3.In this passage (about ……), the author …… 4.In this passage about ……, the author …… 5.The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting…… 6.First/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)…… 7.Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with…… 8.Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that…… 9.Finally, the author summarizes that …… 二、常见句型 1）This paper deals with.. 2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3）This essay presents knowledge that... 4）This thesis discusses... 5）This thesis analyzes... 6）This paper provides an overview of...

高级英语6 lesson1 课文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom. Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning. It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet. Besides, the sexism with far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place. Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study. Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

summary好例子

Steps to Writing a Summary 1.Read and understand the prompt or writing directions. What are you being asked to write about? Example: Summary of an Article Write a summary of the article. Your writing will be scored on how well you: ?state the main ideas of the article; ?identify the most important details that support the main ideas; ?write your summary in your own words, except for quotations; and ?express the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 2. Read, think about, and understand the text. Review the material to make sure you know it well. Use a dictionary or context clues to figure out the meaning of any important words that you don’t know. 3. Take notes. Write down the main ideas and important details of the article. 4.Write a thesis statement. In a single sentence, state the main idea of the article. The thesis statement should mention the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 5. Organize and outline ideas. Write down the important details you need to include in the summary. Put them in a logical order. Topic Sentence: Evidence: #1: #2: #3: 6.Write your essay. ?Your summary should be about one third of the length of the original article. ?Focus on the main point of the article and the most important details. ?Use your own words; avoid copying phrases and sentences from the article unless they’re direct quotations. 7.Revise. Have you indented all paragraphs? Have you captured the main point of the article? Have you included the most important details? Is there sentence variety? Have you avoided writing short, choppy sentences? Are there transitional words and phrases to connect ideas? 8. Proofread and edit. Check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Is the verb tense consistent? Are all names spelled correctly and capitalized? Have you avoided writing run-on sentences and sentence fragments? 9. Write your draft. Use blue or black ink. Skip lines. Write on one side of the paper only. Include a title on the top line. 10. Read your summary one last time before you turn it in. Look for careless spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors, especially omitted words or letters. Cross out errors neatly with a single line and write the correction above. Original Article: Bats In the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals. Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief. Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much like those in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings. Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver in the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed. They catch the insects on their wingtip or tail membrane and fling them into their mouths while flying. There are about 1,000 species of bat, ranging in size from the bumblebee bat, which is about an inch long, to the flying fox, which is sixteen inches long and has a wingspan of five feet. Each type of bat has a specialized diet. For seventy percent of bats, the diet is insects. Other types of bats feed on flowers, pollen, nectar, and fruit or on small animals such as birds, mice, lizards, and frogs. (continued on back)

summary写法.doc

summary 的写法 Summary的写法 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨

写出文章的thesis,一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短 语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时 候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author. ）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas （主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence （连贯性），运用好transition ore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.

4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括 5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 Lushan “ He oney and ight oney and ountains like Mount Tai, Mountain, and Mount Huang, ountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them any ten years ago. ” 可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a feany, thanks to better e several Chinese and English novels, a fee and Nee textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the e a lot of books to read during the vocation. ” 8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though ，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，

上海高考Summary如何写

Summary如何写（I） 说明文的summary 我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例 The Problem of Packaging 第一段 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container. 第二段 Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution. 第三段 People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing. 第四段 The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part. 我们先来把每段的大意理一下： 第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。 第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。 第三段：中心句很清晰啊People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. 后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。 最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。