专业英语：中华人民共和国公会法(法律双语英语)
专业英语：中华人民共和国公会法（法律双语英语）
中华人民共和国工会法
The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China
1992年4月3日第七届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过（Adopted 3 April 1992 at the 5th Session of the 7th National People's Congress.）
第一条为保障工会在国家政治、经济和社会生活中的地位，确定工会的权利与义务，发挥工会在社会主义现代化建设事业中的作用，根据宪法，制定本法。
Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution in order to protect the position of trade unions in State political，economic and social life，to clarify the rights and obligations of trade unions and to enable them to play their proper role in the development of China's socialist modernization.
第二条工会是职工自愿结合的工人阶级的群众组织。
Article 2 Trade unions are mass organizations formed by the working classes of their own free will.
第三条在中国境内的企业、事业单位、机关中以工资收入为主要生活来源的体力劳动者和脑力劳动者，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、宗教信仰、教育程度，都有依法参加和组织工会的权利。
Article 3 All workers doing physical or mental work in enterprises，public institutions and government organs within Chinese territory who earn their living primarily from wages shall have the right to participate in and form trade union organizations pursuant to the law，regardless of their nationality，race，sex，occupation，religious beliefs or level of education.
第四条工会必须遵守和维护宪法，以宪法为根本的活动准则，依照工会章程独立自主地开展工作。
Article 4 Trade unions must abide by and safeguard the Constitution and use the Constitution as the standard for their basic activities. Trade union work shall be carried out independently and voluntarily in accordance with the Constitution of Trade Unions.
工会会员全国代表大会制定或者修改《中国工会章程》，章程不得与宪法和法律相抵触。The trade union members national representative assembly shall formulate or amend the Constitution of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions，which shall be prohibited from conflicting in any way with China's Constitution and laws.
国家保护工会的合法权益不受侵犯。
The State shall protect the legal rights and interests of trade unions and any infringement of these rights and interests shall be prohibited.
第五条工会组织和教育职工依照宪法和法律的规定行使民主权利，发挥国家主人翁的作用，通过各种途径和形式，参与管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务；协助人民政府开展工作，维护工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家政权。
Article 5 Trade unions shall organize and educate workers to exercise their democratic rights pursuant to the provisions of China's Constitution and laws，give full play to the nation's role as master，participate through various channels and formats in the management of national affairs，economic and cultural institutions and social matters，assist the people's governments to develop work opportunities，uphold the leadership or the working classes and support the worker-peasant alliance which forms the basis of the people's democratic dictatorship of socialist state power.
第六条工会在维护全国人民总体利益的同时，维护职工的合法权益。
Article 6 While upholding the overall rights and interests of the whole nation，trade unions shall，at the same time，safeguard the rights and interests of workers.
工会必须密切联系职工，听取和反映职工的意见和要求，关心职工的生活，帮助职工解决困难，全心全意为职工服务。
A trade union must liaise closely with workers，listen to and reflect their views and requirements，care for their livelihood，assist them in overcoming difficulties and serve them wholeheartedly.
第七条全民所有制和集体所有制企业事业单位的工会，组织职工依照法律规定参加本单位的民主管理和民主监督。
Article 7 The trade union of an enterprise or public institution owned by the whole people or a collectively owned enterprise or public institution shall organize its workers to participate in the said unit's democratic management and democratic supervision pursuant to the provisions of the law.
第八条工会动员和教育职工以主人翁态度对待劳动，爱护国家和企业的财产，遵守劳动纪律，发动和组织职工努力完成生产任务和工作任务。
Article 8 A trade union shall mobilize and educate workers to approach work with the attitude of being the master，to care for State and enterprise property and observe labour discipline and shall urge and organize workers to conscientiously complete production and work assignments.
工会组织职工开展社会主义劳动竞赛，开展群众性的合理化建议、技术革新和技术协作的活动，提高劳动生产率和经济效益，发展社会生产力。
A trade union shall organize workers to launch socialist labour emulation campaigns，develop mass rationalization proposals，technological reform and technological cooperation activities，improve work productivity rates and economic performances and develop society's productive forces.
第九条工会对职工进行爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义教育，民主、法制、纪律教育，以及科学、文化、技术教育，提高职工的思想、道德和科学、文化、技术、业务素质，使职工
成为有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的劳动者。
Article 9 A trade union shall educate workers in matters of patriotism，collectivism and socialism，democracy，legality and discipline and science，culture and technology，raise the ideological thoughts，ethics and scientific，cultural，technological and professional qualities of workers and enable them to become labourers with ideals，ethics，education and discipline.
第十条中华全国总工会根据独立、平等、互相尊重、互不干涉内部事务的原则，加强同各国工会组织的友好合作关系。
Article 10 The All-China Federation of Trade Unions shall，in accordance with the principles of independence，equality，mutual respect and mutual non-interference in internal affairs，improve the relations of friendly cooperation held with the trade union organizations of various other nations.
第二章工会组织CHAPTER II TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS
第十一条工会各级组织按照民主集中制原则建立。
Article 11 Trade union organizations at the various levels shall be established in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism.
各级工会委员会由会员大会或者会员代表大会民主选举产生。
Trade union committees at the various levels shall be elected by their general assemblies or representative assemblies.
各级工会委员会向同级会员大会或者会员代表大会负责并报告工作，接受其监督。
Trade union committees at the various levels shall be responsible to and shall submit work reports to general assemblies or representative assemblies at their respective levels and shall be subject to their supervision.
工会会员大会或者会员代表大会有权撤换或者罢免其所选举的代表或者工会委员会组成人员。
Trade union general assemblies and representative assemblies shall have the right to change or dismiss their elected representatives or committee members.
上级工会组织领导下级工会组织。
Higher level trade union organizations shall provide leadership to lower level trade union organizations.
第十二条企业、事业单位、机关有会员二十五人以上的，可以建立基层工会委员会；会员不足二十五人的，选举组织员一人，组织会员开展活动。
Article 12 The trade union of an enterprise，public institution or government organ with 25 or more members may establish a primary trade union committee. If members number less than 25，one organizer may be elected to organize activities for members.
县级以上地方建立地方各级总工会。
A locality at county level or above shall establish a local all-level federation of trade unions.
同一行业或者性质相近的几个行业，可以根据需要建立全国的或者地方的产业工会。Several enterprises operating in the same industry or in industries of a similar nature may establish a national or local specific industry trade union，depending on their requirements.
全国建立统一的中华全国总工会。
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions shall operate uniformly at a national level.
第十三条基层工会、地方各级总工会、全国或者地方产业工会组织的建立，必须报上一级工会批准。
Article 13 The establishment of a primary trade union，local all-level federation of trade unions or a national or local specific industry trade union must be reported to the trade union organization at the next highest level for approval.
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第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
土木工程专业英语原文及翻译
土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：
最新中国政法大学 法律英语口语试题及答案整理
1. To discuss the differences between the civil law system and the common 1 law system. (P4 ) 2 There are many differences between civil law system and common law 3 system. 4 Ⅰ The original places are different. The civil law system originated 5 in ancient Rome, and the common law system originated in England. 6 起源地不同，民法起源于古罗马，普通法起源于英格兰 7 Ⅱ The main traditional source of the common law is cases, while the 8 main traditional source of the civil law is legislation. Thus there are 9 many codes in civil law countries instead of unwritten laws in common law 10 system. 11 普通法的主要传统渊源是案例法，民法的主要传统渊源是成文法。因此民法国12 家用许多成文法典取代普通法国家的不成文法 13 Ⅲ The civil law system pays more attention to substantive law; the 14 common law system pays more attention to procedural rules. 15 民法法系更多关注实体法，普通法更关注程序规则 16 Ⅳ The classification of law is different. The civil law is separated 17 into public law and private law, the common law is separated into common 18 law and equity. 19 法的分类不同，民法法系分为公法和私法，普通法法系分为普通法和衡平法20 Ⅴ The role of judges and professors is another difference. Since theory 21 and doctrines is important in legal education of civil law system, 22 professor plays the important role to expose laws to students. In the 23 contrary, case-law is the main source of common law, thus the judges has 24 the discretion to make laws while trialing cases. 25
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
合同法词汇大全------法律英语
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
专业英语原文和翻译
Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action. Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as: ·two-position or on-off controllers; ·proportional controllers; ·integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-integral controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative controllers; ·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers. Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size? Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor. The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal. Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening. The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.
力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元
1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中，假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F，并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm，我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P，在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的，类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度，也就是单位面积上的力，叫做应力，通常是用希腊字母，来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】，我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度，乘以杆的横截面积A。而且，从图1所示的物体的平衡，我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等，方向相反。因此，我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是，力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时，如图所示，产生的应力是拉应力，如果力在方向是相反，使杆被压缩，它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是，应力，必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处，那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时，杆会发生弯曲，这就需要更复杂的分析。目前，我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处，除非有相反情况特别说明。同样，除非另有说明，一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的，如我们讨论图1的杆
一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量，用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】，单位长度的伸长量，或者应变，可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的，应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态，应变就是拉应变，代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态，那么应变就是压应变，这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时，也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质，包括多数金属，塑料，木材，混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下，杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数，叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后，弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说，压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式，被安置在测试机上，承受拉力。当载荷增加时，测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力，伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式，材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状，轴向应变显示在水平轴，对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点，应力和应变之间是