英语双语阅读训练

关于世界献血日的那些事儿

Interesting Facts about WorldBlood Day

Transfusionof blood and blood products help save and health of people worldwide every year. Ithelps and support complex medical conditions improving health of patientssuffering from life threatening circumstances. Various patients however do notget timely admission of safe blood. The shortage of blood can only be reducedby regular unpaid blood donation.

每年，在全世界范围内，输血和血液制品帮助拯救人的生命。它帮助和改善复杂的医疗条件，拯救病人的生命。然而病人得到的血液并不能被证明是安全无害的。血液短缺的问题只能通过无偿献血来改善

In the world today about 62 countries only have 100% bloodsupply from the unrewarded voluntary blood donors. With around 40 countriesdepending on the paid or family donors. Every year around 92 million units ofblood is collected internationally from voluntary blood donations. Eachyear thecountries celebrate world blood donor day on 14 June to raise awareness andthank the voluntary unpaid donors.

当今世界，大约只有62个国家能通过自愿献血者保证血液的供应。约有40个国家都需要购买或在家人那里采的血液。每年国际上大概能采得约有9200万单位的血液。每年很多国家都会在6月14日庆祝世界日，目的是感谢自愿无偿献血者、提高人们的献血意识。

Theoccurrence of blood borne infections is low among the voluntary blood donorswhich is the safe group. WHO encourages people both from urban or rural areasto continue donating blood and the young people who are in good health areencourage to begin doing so. The goal of every country is to obtain their bloodsupplies from voluntary blood contribution.

自愿献血者身体状况良好，所以血液传播疾病的几率还是很低的。世界卫生组织鼓励不管是生活在农村还是城市的人都去献血，同时也鼓励身体状况良好的年轻人去献血。每个国家都希望人们自愿献血以满足血液需求。

1.Safe Blood 血液安全

In developing countries safe blood supplies arescarce despite the 92 million units of blood donations. The demand of safeblood is increasing every day while the supply does not meet this demandespecially in third world countries. For safety blood transfusions the ABOblood group system is used which was created by Karl Landsteiner on 14thJune1868.

尽管有9200万单位的血液量，但是发展中国家还是缺乏安全血液的供应。有尤其是在第三世界国家，安全血液的需求与日俱增而供应无法满足这种需求。卡尔·兰德斯坦纳在1868年6月14日创建的ABO型安全血液系统开始使用。

2. A Global Observance 全球性的庆祝

On world Donor day many events and activities are heldglobally to increase the awareness and knowledge about the significance of safeblood supplies. It is not a public holiday but instead it’s a worldwideob servance. On June 14tha number of events which are heldincludes; blood donation clinics, football matches, concerts and many other funactivities.

为了让人们对献血有更多的认识以及增强人们的献血意识，在世界献血日这一天世界各地都会举行很多盛会和活动。它不是一个公共假日，而是一个全球性的庆祝。6月14日会举办的一系列有趣活动,包括献血、足球比赛、音乐会和等其他有趣的活动。

3. History and Foundation 创建及其历史

In 2004 the World Health Organization and the Red Crossand Red Crescent societies started the world donor day. It takes place on 14thJuneevery year where an opportunity is provided for the nation and globalcelebration to take place. This day has another significance as well since itmarks the birthday of Karl Landsteiner who is a Nobel Prize winner for hisdiscovery of the ABO group system. The national blood transfusion wasestablished in1983, and since then it been supporting research 。

2004年,世界卫生组织和红十字会和红新月会把这一天定为世界献血日。世界各地都在每年6月14日这一天庆祝。这一天也有另一种意义,因为那天是卡尔的生日，他建立ABO血型系统并因此获得诺贝尔奖。自1983年建立输血库后,此后他一直致力于这方面的研究。

4. Target to save lives 目标是治病救人

It identifies humble blood donors who use some few minutesof their valuable time to donate blood and save lives of thousands of peopleworldwide in every year. The blood collected from donations help patients whoare suffering from dangerous conditions live a higher quality and longer life.It also very important for playing a role in both perinatal and maternal care,and supports surgical and the complex medical procedures.

能确定的是，每年献血者只需花几分钟时间献血就能拯救世界上成千上万人的生命。从捐赠者那里采集来的血液能帮助徘徊在危险边缘的病人活好一些、活得久一些。不管是在产期还是孕期都在复杂的医疗过程中发挥了很重要的作用。

5. A Day to Say Thank You 对献血者表示感谢的一天

This daytakes place on 14 June every year worldwide which also honors birth of KarlLandsteiner, the Nobel Prize winner for discovering the ABO blood group system.The day is devoted to thank and celebrate voluntary unpaid blood donors fortheir good work of ensuring easy availability of safe blood for transfusion.There are millions of people around the world who are happy to give blood and14thofJune is set aside to thank them and encourage them to continue doing so.

每年的6月14日，诺贝尔奖得主，卡尔·兰德斯坦纳的生日当天，世界各地都会举行活动庆祝，纪念他建立了ABO血型系统。这一天是专门感谢和赞扬自愿无偿献血者，因为有他们，安全的血液才有了保证。世界各地有成千上万的人们愿意献出血液，6月14日是专门用来向他们表示谢意的，并也希望他们继续这样做。

6. Yearly Theme 每年的主题

Each year the World Donor Day operates underdifferent theme which focuses on specialized issues related on blood donation.For example the theme set for the year 2011 is more blood more life.

每年世界献血日的主题都不相同,不同的主题的侧重点也不同。例如2011年的主题是：更多的血就是更多人的生命。

7. Four core Agencies thatSupport World Blood Day

支持世界献血日的四大核心机构

The four core agencies are the World Health Organization(WHO), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies(IFRC), the International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations and theInternational Society of Blood Transfusion. The establishment includes 193 WHOmember countries, 186 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, with morethan 60 national blood donor organization and over 3000 blood transfusion specialists.The World Blood Donor Day movement is supported by the American Association ofBlood Banks (AABB), Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) withothers like the Association of Donor Recruitment Professionals(ADRP),Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) also in the list isUnited Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),World Council of Churches (WCC) andRotary International.

这四大核心机构分别是：世界卫生组织（WHO）、国际红十字会和国际红新月会(IFRC)、国际献血联合组织以及国际输血会。它的建立包括了193个成员国,186个国家红十字会和红新月会,超过60个国家献血组织和超过3000人的输血专家。

世界献血者日运动是由美国血库联合银行(AABB),联合国艾滋病规划署(UNAIDS)和其他类似的协会捐赠的招聘专家(ADRP)、科学和文化组织(UNESCO)也在联合国人口基金(人口基金)、世界基督教协进会(WCC)及国际帮扶组织。

8. PrimaryIntention 主要意图

The main aim of World Blood Day is to provide a chance forthe world to bond in volunteerism and harmony globally and not to replacenational blood days. To create awareness for the responsibilities people aresupposed to fulfil in saving and improving lives. Put educational programs andoperations to support blood transfusion services for long term. Encourage peopleto enroll as voluntary blood donors.

世界献血日这一天将世界各地的自愿者联系到一起，提供一个和谐相处的机会,并不是想要取代国内的献血日。给人们树立起一种有责任挽救生命，改善病人生活状况的的意识。为支持长期的输血服务采取相应的教育计划和行动措施。鼓励人们自愿参与献血。

9.Facts supported byfigures 数据支持

Only 62 countries get 100% of thenational blood supplies from the unpaid voluntary blood donors. Statisticscollected show that 92 million units of blood donated are collectedinternationally from voluntary donors.

只有62个国家能依靠无偿自愿献血者献血满足需求。据统计数据显示,9200万个单位的血是从世界各地的自愿者那里采集来的。

10. Other Focuses 其他

The major intention of the World Blood Donor Day is toencourage more people to donate blood. It focuses on the countries to increasethe safety supply of voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. Where emphasize isput on individuals to be regular blood donors.

世界献血日的主要目的是鼓励更多的人去献血。它侧重于国内无偿献血者自愿献血的人数增加。主要强个人要定期去献血。

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研究：为什么心情不好时爱吃垃圾食品

研究：为什么心情不好时爱吃垃圾食品Why Do We Eat Junk Food When We're Anxious?

The pantheon of science includes individuals who have made enormous contributions to human health -- the likes of Pasteur and Salk. A pedestal in that temple awaits the scientist who solves the following mystery: Why do we eat junk food when we feel unloved?

在科学的万神庙里，有一些人为人类的健康做出了巨大贡献，比如巴斯德(Pasteur)和索尔克(Salk)等人。神庙里还有一个位子，正等着那位解决了这样一个迷题的科学家：为什么当我们感到没人爱的时候就会吃垃圾食品？

This isn't a silly question, certainly not during September, which happens to be National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month. There's an epidemic of obesity-related health problems, with adult-onset diabetes leading the way throughout the world. The fact that we eat when we're not actually hungry contributes a lot to this problem.

问这个问题并不愚蠢，至少在9月份时肯定不，因为这个月正好是“全国警惕儿童肥胖月”(National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month)。在世界各地，与肥胖有关的健康问题都普遍存在，成年型糖尿病尤为突出。而问题背后的一个重要原因，是我们在不饿时吃东西。

So why do we do it? It can be because everyone around us is eating. Or because food ads can be so persuasive. Or because we want to bankrupt a hated party host by eating all his Cheetos.

那我们为什么在不饿时吃东西呢？可能是周围的人都在吃，也可能是食品广告说服力太强。还有可能是我们不喜欢某场聚会的东道主，想把他的薯片吃光，吃到让他破产。

One of the best-understood examples of non-nutritive eating is the fact that stress tends to make us eat more. It makes sense psychologically, in that the people most prone to stress eating are those most actively

restricting food intake the rest of the time: When the going gets tough and they need to be nice to themselves, this is how they ease up. They prefer to eat fats and carbs. If the boss is a creep, why not run wild on the chocolate-covered walrus blubber?

非营养性进食最容易理解的一个例子，是压力往往导致我们吃得更多。这可以从心理学角度解释，最容易在压力下进食的人，就是平时最积极限制进食的那些人：当处境不顺、需要善待自己的时候，进食便是他们放松的方式。他们更喜欢摄入脂肪和碳水化合物。如果老板是个混蛋，不如狂吃包巧克力的海象肉吧？

But we can't trace these habits merely to the complexities of the human psyche, because it's not just humans who exhibit them. Stress a lab rat by, let's say, putting an unknown rat in its cage, and it will eat more and show a stronger preference for high-fat/high-carb options than usual.

但我们不能把这些习惯一股脑儿地归到人类心理的复杂性上面，因为表现出这些习惯的不只是人类。给一只实验鼠施加压力（比如在它的笼子里放一只陌生老鼠），它就会吃得更多，并且比平时更加倾向于吃高脂肪、高碳水化合物的东西。

This phenomenon's occurrence in many species makes evolutionary sense. For 99% of animals, stress involves a major burst of energy use as they, say, run for their lives. Afterward, the body stimulates appetite, especially for high-density calories, to rebuild depleted energy stores. But we smart, neurotic humans keep turning the stress-response on for purely psychological reasons, putting our bodies repeatedly into the restocking mode.

这种现象出现在很多物种当中，这可以从进化论角度解释。对于99%的动物来说，压力都涉及能量消耗的大幅增加（比如说在逃命的时候）。在这之后，身体刺激食欲、特别是对高热量的食欲，以重新积累耗尽的能量储备。但聪明而又神经兮兮的人类因为纯粹心理上的原因而不断出现应激反应，使我们的身体反复进入重新积累能量的模式。

Scientists are beginning to understand how this stress-related junk-food craving works. Stress increases the release of 'endogenous opioids' in some brain regions. These neurotransmitters resemble opiates in their structure and addictive properties (and opiates work by stimulating the receptors that evolved for responding to the brain's opioids). This helps to account for the hugely reinforcing properties of junk food at such times.

科学家正在开始理解压力导致垃圾食品渴求的机理。压力会增加大脑中某些区域“内源性阿片口”的释放，而这些神经传导物质的结构和成瘾属性类似于阿片口（阿片口是通过刺激受体起作用，这些受体是为了应脑部的阿口片进化而成）。这有助于理解垃圾食品在压力时刻的巨大强化属性。

Stress also activates the 'endocannabinoid' system in the brain. Yes, there's a class of chemicals in

the brain that resemble the ingredient in cannabis that famously links pot to getting the munchies. And stress activates another brain chemical called neuropeptide Y that can stimulate the craving for fat and sugar.

压力还会激活脑中的“内源性大麻素”系统。是的，大脑中有一类化学物质就像大麻中所含那种导致吸食后想吃东西的成分一样。此外，压力还会激活另一种名叫“神经口Y”的大脑化学物质，它可以激发人对脂肪和糖的欲望。

The most fundamental mechanism to explain this stress effect is that comfort food is, well, comforting. As first demonstrated by Mary Dallman and colleagues at the University of California, San Francisco, working with lab rats, fat and carbs stimulate reward systems in the brain, thereby turning off the body's hormonal stress-response.

这种压力效应背后的最基本机制，在于安慰食物真的让人感到安慰。玛丽?多尔曼(Mary Dallman)和加州大学旧金山分校(University of California, San Francisco)的同事利用实验鼠首次证明，脂肪和碳水化合物会刺激大脑中的激励机制，进而屏蔽掉身体激素的应激反应。

It may seem unlikely that one type of pleasure works to offset the effects of a very different source of displeasure. Why should fat-laced rat chow lessen angst about a new cage mate? Yet we regularly make much bigger leaps. Burdened with unrequited love? Shopping often helps. Roiled with existential despair? Bach might do the trick. The common currency of reward in the brain makes for all sorts of unlikely ports in a storm.

一种快感抵消另一种来源非常不同的不快感，看起来或许是不太可能。为什么富含脂肪的食物会减轻老鼠对新同伴的紧张感呢？然而我们人类的跳跃常常要大得多。饱受单相思之苦？大购物常会有帮助。因怀疑人生而烦恼？听巴赫或许有用。大脑中的激励机制就成了“病急”之中乱投的“医”。

But despite the varied possibilities of sources of comfort, some exert particularly strong primal pulls -- to the detriment of our health. It is a sign of our evolutionary legacy that, at the end of a stressful day, far fewer of us will seek solace in the poetry of Robert Frost than in a pint of double fudge brownie ice cream.

但是，尽管安慰的来源各种各样，有些安慰来源用力太猛，从而有害于我们的健康。它体现了一项我们在进化过程中的遗留物：在结束充满压力的一天之后，从罗伯特?弗洛斯特(Robert Frost)诗篇里寻求慰藉的人，远远少于来一斤双乳脂软糖巧克力冰激凌的人。

3污染使中国北方比南方折寿5.5岁

Coal pollution cuts lifespans in north China by 5.5 years -study

污染使中国北方比南方折寿5.5岁

路透社记者 Alister Doyle

大耳朵编辑 lhp_0_lhp 编译

OSLO, July 8 (Reuters) - Air pollution is shortening the lives of people in northern China by about 5.5 years compared to the south,, an international study shows.

路透社奥斯陆7月8日 - 一项国际研究发现，空气污染使得中国北方人口的寿命比南方人口短约5.5岁。

Environmental problem s are a source of rising social discontent in China; last month Beijing promised new measures to crack down on air pollution, partly by hastening a shift to renewable energy from fossil fuels.

在中国，环境污染已成了激发民愤的重要因素。上月中国政府出台新政策治理空气污染，包括加速从化石燃料转向可再生能源。

The report, by experts in China, the United States and Israel, said a communist policy of giving out free coal everywhere north of the Huai River in central China between 1950 and 1980 meant more heart and lung disease among 500 million people living in the area.

此项研究由来自中国、美国和以色列的专家完成。1950-1980年时期，中国政府在淮河以北地区通过为锅炉供应免费的煤炭燃料，从而为家庭和企业提供免费的冬季供暖。研究报告指出，这导致北部地区人口的心肺疾病发病率上升。

"Life expectancies are about 5.5 years lower in the north owing to an increased incidence of cardio-respiratory mortality," the researchers

wrote in Tuesday's edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

研究人员周二在《美国科学院院报》（PNAS）撰文称：“（中国）北部地区人口寿命要低出5.5岁左右，因心肺疾病导致的死亡率上升。”

Studying pollution and deaths in 90 cities, the experts found that life expectancy tumbled just north of the Huai River, where air pollution from burning coal was 55 percent higher than to the south between 1981 and 2000. 专家研究了90个城市的污染和死亡率，发现以淮河为界，往北地区的人口寿命明显下降，而1981-2000年期间，该地区因燃煤导致的空气污染较南方高出55%。

"The analysis suggests that the Huai River policy, which had the laudable goal of providing indoor heat, had disastrous consequences for health," the study said.

研究指出，淮河以北用煤炭进行冬季供暖的政策，对公共健康造成了严重后果。

The scientists said the findings, which firmly link air pollution to life expectancy, might help emerging economies such as China, India or Brazil to find better ways to combine a drive for economic growth with environmental controls.

科学家指出，此项研究的发现或许有助于中国、印度或巴西等新兴经济体寻求更好的方法，兼顾经济增长与环境保护。

The World Health Organization says that about 2 million people die every year from air pollution, mostly in developing countries. Cities such as Karachi, New Delhi, Kathmandu, Beijing, Lima and Cairo are among the most polluted, it says.

世界卫生组织（WHO）称，每年约有200万人死于环境污染，多数在发展中国家。而卡拉奇、新德里、加德满都、北京、利马和开罗在污染最严重的城市行列。

Even in Europe, for instance, air pollution shortens average life expectancy by 8 months, said Anke Luekewille, an expert at the European Environment Agency in Denmark, although pollution levels have fallen considerably in recent decades.

欧洲环境署专家Anke Luekewille指出，即便在欧洲，空气污染也导致人口平均寿命缩短8个月，尽管近几十年空气污染情况已明显改善。

大学英语阅读训练五篇

Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.

大学英语B 阅读理解答案

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