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月份托福阅读真题及答案

2005年11月份托福阅读真题及答案

Questions 1-10

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth

century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as line fanners from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.

Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to

would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,

were popular items.

Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the

surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.

They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they

cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the

courts of justice.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance

(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center

(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because

(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets

(B) the High Street Market was forced to close

(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.

3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) tradition

(B) association

(D) region

4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to

(A) the crowded city

(B) a radius

(D) the period

5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) returned

(B) started

(D) continued

6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held

(A) on the same day as market says

(B) as often as possible

(D) whenever the government allowed it

7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that

(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell

(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia

(D) could easily be transported

8. The word "eradicate" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) eliminate

(B) exploit

(D) operate

9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?

(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.

(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.

(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.

10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) requesting

(B) experiencing

(D) including

Questions 11-22

Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned

how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue

to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.

line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the

(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion

of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This

temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can

contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt

are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.

(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom

sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the

water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is

heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation

environment

(15) In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots

and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the

eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural

incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.

When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors

(20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after

eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to

act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden

bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where

the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from

(25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.

Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme

temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure

place to rest.

11. What is the main idea of the passage?

(A) Nesting material varies according to the

parrots' environment.

(B) Humidity is an important factor in

incubating parrots' eggs.

nest box for parrots.

(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information

useful for artificial incubation.

12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to

(A) aviculturists

(B)birds

(C)eggs

(D) rates

13. According to paragraph 2, when the

temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg

are cooler than the top, then

(A) there may be a good chance for

successful incubation

(B) the embryo will not develop normally

a new position.

(D) the incubation process is slowed down

14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to

(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly

hatched chick

(B) hold the nest together

the nest

(D) make the nest bigger

15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to

(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity

in the nest

(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the

nest

(D) touch the bottom of the eggs

16. All of the following are part of a parrot's

incubation method EXCEPT

(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the

bottom of the nest

(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of

the nest

of the eggshell

(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the

eggshell

17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in

meaning to

(A) build

(B) paint

(C)hang

(D) move

18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in

meaning to

(A) close

(B) deadly

(D) hot

19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in

meaning to

(A) fiesh

(B)diy

(C)safe

(D)warm

20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides

(A) a constant source of humidity

(B) a strong nest box

(D) protection against cold weather

21. Which of the following is a problem with

commercial incubators?

(A) They lack the natural temperature changes

of the outdoors.

(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly

same way the parent bird does.

(D) They are expensive to operate.

22. Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage?

(A) Aviculturists (line I)

(B) Gradient (line 8)

(D) Embryo (line 24)

Questions 23-33

The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles

to large boulders. The most abundant particles—sand, silt, and clay—are the focus

of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the

line composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.

(5) To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and

weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample

weight.

In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and

squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing

(10) a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between

the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between

the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into

each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general

textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the

(15) amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,

behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined

and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.

Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called

sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered

(20) through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become

grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a

textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,

they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately;

therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the

(25) basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,

they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and

evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.

23. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of high quality soil

(B) Particles typically found in most soils

texture of soil

(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil

24. The author mentions "several representative

handrals" in line 4 in order to show

(A) the range of soil samples

(B) the process by which soil is weighed

sample

(D) how small soil particles are

25. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in

meaning to

(A) mixed

(B) replaced

(D) separated

26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three

basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect

(A) the way the soil is extracted

(B) the results of squeezing the soil

handful

(D) the difficulty of forming different

shapes

27. The word "dampened" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) damaged

(B) stretched

(D) examined

28. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?

(A) It is not very heavy.

(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.

(D) Its texture cannot be classified

29. The word "they" in line 23 refers to

(A) categories

(B) sieves

(D) clay particles

30. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because

(A) using the sieve takes less time

(B) the sieve can measure clay

(D) the sieve allows for a more exact

measure

31. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they

(A) stick to the sides of the water container

(B) take some time to sink to the bottom

(D) dissolve quickly

32. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) tiny

(B) many

(D) various

33. All of the following words are defined in the

passage EXCEPT

(A) texture (line 3)

(B) ribbon (line 11)

(D) evaporated (line 27)

Questions 34-43

A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.

The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information

by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized

line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through

(5) choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by

the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are

flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the

utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or

fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and

(10) feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's

tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of

concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually

discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication

that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or

(15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in

combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will

determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication. Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of

others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is

(20) confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few

personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person,

for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker

perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation

can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the

(25) speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the

happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities

of the depressed

34. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The function of the voice in performance

(B) The connection between voice and

personality

(D) The production of speech

35. What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen" (lines 9-10)?

(A) Feelings are expressed with different words

than ideas are.

(B) The tone of voice can cany information

beyond the meaning of words.

communication.

(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than

ideas.

36. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to

(A) interpersonal interactions

(B) the tone

(D) words chosen

37. The word "derived" in line 15 is closest in

meaning to

(A) discussed

(B) prepared

(D) obtained

38. Why does the author mention "artistic,

political, or pedagogic communication" in line

17?

(A) As examples of public performance

(B) As examples of basic styles of

communication

(D) To introduce the idea of self-image

39. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's

(A) general physical health

(B) personality

(D) vocal quality

40. According to the passage, an overconfident

front may hide

(A) hostility

(B) shyness

(D) strength

41. The word "drastically" in line 24 is closest in

meaning to

(A) frequently

(B) exactly

(D) easily

42. The word "evidenced" in line 25 is closest in

meaning to

(A) questioned

(B) repeated

(D) exaggerated

43. According to the passage, what does a

constricted and harsh voice indicate?

(A) Lethargy

(B) Depression

(D) Anger

Questions 44-50

As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United

States increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans

lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic

line life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling

(5) increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools

were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American

society.

The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn

of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal

(10) schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most

states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools,

extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling

extended the

influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger

industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were

(15) sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and

other agencies.

Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should

suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population.

Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the

(20) urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for

women was the home.

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women,

American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies,

homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it

(25) commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home,

in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however,

overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American

homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women

to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children

(30) "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees

in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite

out-of-date.

44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one

important factor in the increasing importance

of education in the United States was

(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities

(B) an increase in the number of trained

teachers

schools

(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country

45. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) advantages

(B) probability

(D) qualifications

46. The phrase "coincided with" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) was influenced by

(B) happened at the same time as

(D) ensured the success of

47. According to the passage, one important

change in United States education by the

1920's was that

(A) most places required children to attend

school

(B) the amount of time spent on formal

education was limited

nontraditional education

(D) adults and children studied in the same

classes

48. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 11-12 to illustrate

(A) alternatives to formal education

provided by public schools

(B) the importance of educational changes

(D) the increased impact of public schools on

students.

49. According to the passage, early-twentiethcentury

education reformers believed that

(A) different groups needed different kinds of

education

(B) special programs should be set up in

frontier communities to modernize them

damaged educational progress

(D) more women should be involved in

education and industry

50. The word "it" in line 24 refers to

(A) consumption

(B) production

(D) education

2005．11 1-50答案

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The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the

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