British Literature Outline
British Literature Outline
British literature' refers to literature associated with the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well as to literature from England, Wales and Scotland prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. Most British literature is in the English language.
The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest dramatist of all time. Among the earliest English writers are Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century), Thomas Malory (15th century), Sir Thomas More (16th century), and John Milton (17th century). In the 18th century, Samuel Richardson is often credited with inventing the modern novel. In the 19th century, there followed further innovation by Jane Austen, the gothic novelist Mary Shelley, children's writer Lewis Carroll, the Bront? sisters, the social campaigner Charles Dickens, the naturalist Thomas Hardy, the visionary poet William Blake and romantic poet William Wordsworth. Twentieth century writers include the science fiction novelist H. G. Wells, writers of children's classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne, the controversial D. H. Lawrence, the modernist Virginia Woolf, the satirist Evelyn Waugh, the prophetic novelist George Orwell, the popular novelist Graham Greene, crime novelist Agatha Christie, and the poets Ted Hughes and John Betjeman. Most recently, the children's fantasy Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling has recalled the popularity of J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis.
Scotland's contribution includes the detective writer Arthur Conan Doyle, romantic literature by Sir Walter Scott, children's writer J. M. Barrie and the epic adventures of
Robert Louis Stevenson. It has also produced the celebrated poet Robert Burns, as well as William McGonagall, regarded by many as one of the world's worst. More recently, the modernist and nationalist Hugh MacDiarmid and Neil M. Gunn contributed to the Scottish Renaissance. A more grim outlook is found in Ian Rankin's stories and the psychological horror-comedy of Iain Banks. Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, is UNESCO's first worldwide city of literature.
The oldest known poem from the area now known as Scotland, Y Gododdin, was composed in Cumbric or Old Welsh in the late sixth century and contains the earliest known reference to King Arthur. A great role in the development of Arthurian legend, and early development of British history, was played by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The greatest Welsh poet of all time is generally held to be Dafydd ap Gwilym. Owing to the dominance of the Welsh language in Wales until the late nineteenth century, the majority of Welsh literature was in Welsh, and much of the prose was religious in character; the nineteenth-century writer Daniel Jones is credited as the first Welsh-language novelist. In the twentieth century, the poets R. S. Thomas and Dylan Thomas became well known for their English-language poetry, Richard Llewellyn and children's works by Roald Dahl. Modern writers in Welsh include Kate Roberts.
Authors from other nationalities, particularly from Ireland, or from Commonwealth countries, have lived and worked in the UK. Significant examples through the centuries include Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and more recently British authors born abroad such as Kazuo Ishiguro and Sir Salman Rushdie.
In theatre, Shakespeare's contemporaries Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson added depth. More recently Alan Ayckbourn, Harold Pinter, Michael Frayn, Tom Stoppard and David Edgar have combined elements of surrealism, realism and radicalism.
Literature in the Celtic languages of the islands is the oldest surviving vernacular literature in Europe. The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th century to the 21st century. The oldest Welsh literature does not belong to the territory we know as Wales today, but rather to northern England and southern Scotland. But though it is dated to be from the 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries, it has survived only in 13th- and 14th-century manuscript copies.
Latin literature
Chroniclers such as Bede, with his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, and Gildas, with his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, were figures in the development of indigenous Latin literature, mostly ecclesiastical, in the centuries following the withdrawal of the Roman Empire.
The Historia Brittonum composed in the 9th century is traditionally ascribed to Nennius. It is the earliest source which presents King Arthur as a historical figure, and is the source of several stories which were repeated and amplified by later authors.
Adomnán's most important work is the Vita Columbae, a hagiography of Columba, and the most important surviving work written in early medieval Scotland. It is a vital source for knowledge of the Picts, as well as an insight into the life of Iona Abbey and the early medieval Gaelic monk. The vita of Columba contains a story that has been
interpreted as the first reference to the Loch Ness Monster.
Early Celtic literature
For a comparatively small country, Ireland has made a large contribution to world literature in all its branches. The Irish literature that is best known outside the country is in English, but the Irish language also has the most significant body of written literature, both ancient and recent, in any Celtic language, in addition to a strong oral tradition of legends and poetry.
The Ulster Cycle written in the 12th century, is a body of medieval Irish heroic legends and sagas of the traditional heroes of the Ulaid in what is now eastern Ulster and northern Leinster, particularly counties Armagh, Down and Louth. The stories are written in Old and Middle Irish, mostly in prose, interspersed with occasional verse passages. The language of the earliest stories is dateable to the 8th century, and events and characters are referred to in poems dating to the 7th.
In Medieval Welsh literature the period before 1100 is known as the period of Y Cynfeirdd ("The earliest poets") or Yr Hengerdd ("The old poetry"). It roughly dates from the birth of the Welsh language until the arrival of the Normans in Wales towards the end of the 11th century.
The stories of the Mabinogion appear in either or both of two Medieval Welsh manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch (Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch) written ca. 1350, and the Red Book of Hergest (Llyfr Coch Hergest) written about 1382–1410, although texts or fragments of some of the tales have been preserved in earlier 13th century and later manuscripts. Scholars agree that the tales are older than the existing manuscripts,
but disagree over just how much older.
Gaelic literature in Scotland includes a celebration, attributed to the Irish monk Adomnán, of the Pictish King Bridei's (671–93) victory of the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dun Nechtain(685).
Old English literature 449–1066
The earliest form of English literature developed after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England after the withdrawal of the Romans and is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon.
C?dmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known. C?dmon's only known surviving work is C?dmon's Hymn, probably dating from the late 7th century. The poem is one of the earliest attested examples of Old English and is, with the runic Ruthwell Cross and Franks Casket inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of Old English poetry. It is also one of the earliest recorded examples of sustained poetry in aGermanic language.
The epic poem Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English. A hero of the Geats, Beowulf battles three antagonists: Grendel, Grendel's mother, and a Dragon. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex. The precise date of the manuscript is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000.
Chronicles contained a range of historical and literary accounts; one notable example is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle which contains various heroic poems inserted throughout.
The Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity after their arrival in England. A
popular poem, The Dream of the Rood, was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross. Judith is a retelling of the story found in the Latin Bible's Book of Judith of the beheader of the Assyrian general Holofernes. The Old English Martyrology is a Mercian collection of hagiographies. ?lfric of Eynsham was a prolific 10th century writer of hagiographies and homilies.
Late medieval literature
Sir Bedivere casts King Arthur's sword Excalibur back to the Lady of the Lake. The Arthurian Cycle has influenced British literature across languages and down the centuries.
The linguistic diversity of the islands in the medieval period, with each of the languages producing literatures at various times which contributed to the rich variety of artistic production, made British literature distinctive and innovative.
Latin literature circulated among the educated classes. Gerald of Wales's most distinguished works are those dealing with Wales and Ireland, with his late 12th century two books in Latin on his beloved Wales the most important: Itinerarium Cambriae and Descriptio Cambriae which tell us much about Welsh history and geography.
Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the development of Anglo-Norman literature in the Anglo-Norman realm introduced literary trends from Continental Europe such as the chanson de geste. However, the indigenous development of Anglo-Norman literature was precocious in comparison to continental O?l literature: Geoffrey Gaimar produced the earliest rhymed chronicle; Benedeit, the earliest adventure narrative inspired by Celtic sources; Jordan Fantosme, the earliest eyewitness historiography; Philippe de Thaun, the earliest scientific literature.
Religious literature continued to enjoy popularity. Hagiographies continued to be written, adapted and translated: for example, The Life of Saint Audrey, Eadmer's contemporary biography of Anselm of Canterbury, and the South English Legendary.
The Roman de Fergus was the earliest piece of non-Celtic vernacular literature to come from Scotland. As the Norman nobles of Scotland assimilated to indigenous culture they commissioned Scots versions of popular continental romances, for example: Launcelot o the Laik and The Buik o Alexander.
While chroniclers such as William of Malmesbury and Henry of Huntingdon attempted to weave such historical information they had access to into coherent narratives, other writers took more creative approaches to their material.
Geoffrey of Monmouth was one of the major figures in the development of British history and the popularity for the tales of King Arthur. He is best known for his chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) of 1136, which spread Celtic motifs to a wider audience, including accounts of Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, wizard Merlin, and sword Caliburnus (named as Excalibur in some manuscripts of Wace).
Culhwch and Olwen is a Welsh tale about a hero connected with Arthur and his warriors, and is the longest of the surviving Welsh prose tales. It is perhaps the earliest extant Arthurian tale and one of Wales' earliest extant prose texts.
The 12th century Jersey poet Wace is considered the founder of Jersey literature and contributed to the development of the Arthurian legend in British literature. His Brut showed the interest of Norman patrons in the mythologising of the new English
territories of the Anglo-Norman realm by building on Geoffrey of Monmouth's History, and introduced King Arthur's Round Table to literature. His Roman de Rou placed the Dukes of Normandy within an epic context.
The Prophecy of Merlin is a 12th-century poem written in Latin hexameters by John of Cornwall, which he claimed was based or revived from a lost manuscript in the Cornish language. Marginal notes on Cornish vocabulary are among the earliest known writings in the Cornish language.
At the end of the 12th century, Layamon's Brut adapted Wace to make the first English language work to discuss the legends of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. It was also the first historiography written in English since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is a short chronicle of the Kings of Alba. It was written in Hiberno-Latin but displays some knowledge of contemporary Middle Irish orthography and probably put together in the early 13th century by the man who wrote de Situ Albanie. The original text was without doubt written in Scotland, probably in the early 11th century, shortly after the reign of Kenneth II, the last reign it relates.
Early English Jewish literature developed after the Norman Conquest with Jewish settlement in England. Berechiah ha-Nakdan is known chiefly as the author of a 13th century set of over a hundred fables, called Mishle Shualim, (Fox Fables), which are derived from both Berachyah's own inventions and some borrowed and reworked from Aesop's fables, the Talmud, and the Hindus. The collection also contains fables conveying the same plots and morals as those of Marie de France. The development of
Jewish literature in mediaeval England ended with the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.
Matthew Paris wrote a number of works in the 13th century. Some were written in Latin, some in Anglo-Norman or French verse. His Chronica Majora is an oft-cited historical source.
In the later medieval period a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners, albeit not easily. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wyclif's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language. Romances appear in English from the 13th century, with King Horn andHavelock the Dane, based on Anglo-Norman originals such as the Romance of Horn.
William Langland's Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (most likely by the Pearl Poet) during the Middle Ages. It is also the first allusion to a literary tradition of the legendary English archer, swordsman, and outlaw Robin Hood.
The most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. Often regarded as the father of English literature, Chaucer is widely credited as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. The Canterbury Tales was Chaucer's magnum opus, and a towering achievement of Western culture. The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Chaucer's Parlement of Foules of 1382. The multilingual audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the
example of John Gower, who wrote in Latin, Middle English and Anglo-Norman.
Women writers were also active, such as Marie de France in the 12th century and Julian of Norwich in the early 14th century. Julian's Revelations of Divine Love (circa 1393) is believed to be the first published book written by a woman in the English language. Margery Kempe (c. 1373 –after 1438) is known for writing The Book of Margery Kempe, a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the English language, which chronicles, to some extent, her extensive pilgrimages to various holy sites in Europe and Asia.
Dafydd ap Gwilym's main themes were love and nature. The influence of wider European ideas of courtly love, as exemplified in the troubadour poetry of Proven?al, is seen as a significant influence on Dafydd's poetry. He was an innovative poet who was responsible for popularising the metre known as the "cywydd" and first to use it for praise. But perhaps his greatest innovation was to make himself the main focus of his poetry. By its very nature, most of the work of the traditional Welsh court poets kept their own personalities far from their poetry. Dafydd's work is full of his own feelings and experiences.
Since at least the 14th century, poetry in English has been written in Ireland and by Irish writers abroad. The earliest poem in English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470. The Latin and English poem Flen flyys written around 1475, is chiefly famous for containing in coded form the first known written usage in English of a particular profane term in the English language.
Among the earliest Lowland Scots literature is Barbour's Brus (14th century).
Whyntoun's Kronykil and Blind Harry's Wallace date from the (15th century). From the 13th century much literature based around the royal court in Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews was produced by writers such as Henrysoun, Dunbar, Douglas and Lyndsay. The works of Chaucer had an influence on Scottish writers.
In the Cornish language Passhyon agan Arloedh ("The Passion of our Lord"), a poem of 259 eight-line verses written in 1375, is one of the earliest surviving works of Cornish literature. The most important work of literature surviving from the Middle Cornish period is An Ordinale Kernewek ("The Cornish Ordinalia"), a 9000-line religious drama composed around the year 1400. The longest single surviving work of Cornish literature is Bywnans Meriasek (The Life of Meriasek), a play dated 1504, but probably copied from an earlier manuscript.
Le Morte d'Arthur, is Sir Thomas Malory's 15th century compilation of some French and English Arthurian romances, was among the earliest books printed in England, and was influential in the later revival of interest in the Arthurian legends.
Sir Thomas More coined the word "utopia", a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia, written in Latin and published in 1516.
The landmark work in the reign of James IV of Scotland was Gavin Douglas's Eneados, the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglian language, finished in 1513. Its reception however was overshadowed by the Flodden defeat that same year, and the political instability that followed in the kingdom. Another major work, David Lyndsay's Ane Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis, later in the century, is a
surviving example of a dramatic tradition in the period that has otherwise largely been lost. At the end of the 16th century, James VI of Scotland founded the Castalian Band, a group of makars and musicians in the court, based on the model of the Pléiade in France. The courtier and makar Alexander Montgomerie was a leading member. However this cultural centre was lost after the 1603 Union of the Crowns when James shifted his court to London. From 1603, London was the unrivalled cultural capital of the isles.
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 盎格鲁——撒克逊时期
1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒)、Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》
( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法
3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）
二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁——诺曼时期
canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学——a new literature brought in by the Norman Conquest
the themes of it：love and adventure
the form of it：a new metrical system with even lines, exact meter and melodious thymes
2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵和绿衣骑士》是一首押头韵的长诗，它是King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》中最有名的
三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里?乔叟时代
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》(heroic couplet)——英国文学史的开端
①大致内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.
②小说特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
③小说观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.
代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教
代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》
四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期(1500-1600) Golden Age of Drama
（Greek and Roman）戏剧drama 、诗章canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama.
1、key work: humanism 人文主义（admire human beauty and human achievement）
2、代表人物：
1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》
2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯?培根第一个散文家(essayist)
3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯?怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人Italian sonnet
4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙?斯宾塞，poet’s poet诗人中的诗人，The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem史诗) his poetic innovation : the Spenserian斯宾塞风格的sonnet、the Spenserian stanza诗节
5)、Earl of Surrey 萨里initiated blank verse.
6)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗?马洛
contributed to the dramatic language and characterization
made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama
blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
7)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆?莎士比亚drama (一生共39个戏剧作品)
①great tragedies四大悲剧：Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》、Othello 《奥赛罗》、King Lear 《李尔王》、The Tragedy of Macbeth 《麦克白》
②historical plays
③romantic comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》、The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
④tragic-comedies：The Tempest 《暴风雨》
⑤poems：Venus and Adonis(1592)
Lucrece(1592-1593)
Sonnets(1593-1598)
8)、Ben Johnson contributed to the English comedies.
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文
1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
2、代表人物：
1)、John Donne 约翰?多恩metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物
sonnet 十四行诗：Death be not proud
作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
②novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
2)、John Milton 约翰?弥尔顿a great poet 诗人(the revival of blank verse)
Defense for the English People《为英国人辩护》
Paradise Lost《失乐园》“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
Paradise Regained《复乐园》
a poetical drama：Samson Agoniste《力士参孙》
3)、John Bunyan 约翰?班扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”
most important work：Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”
六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动
prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.
(启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。)
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
(启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，
而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。)
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
(无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。)
2、18th century 文学的三个方面：
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物：
1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔?笛福realistic novel 现实主义小说
Novel：Robinson Crusoe 《鲁宾逊漂流记》(1917) 、a adventure story
Jonathan Wild 《乔纳森?威尔德》、Moll Flanders 《摩尔?弗兰德斯》
2)、Henry Fielding 亨利?菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
Joseph Andrews《约瑟夫?安德鲁斯》，受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同：Richardson ——no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教
Fielding ——direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。
The History of Tom Jones, a foundling《弃婴汤姆?琼斯的故事》the best novel of him
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森?斯威夫特
Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》(四国：Lilliput小人国、Brobdingnag大人国、Laputa飞岛、Houyhnhnms慧骃国) 反讽小说
作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.
努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。
A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》
write Journal to Stella to Esther Johnson, a beautiful young woman , who had loved Swift ever since the two had met in Temple’s household
4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔?理查森
Pamela《帕美勒》the method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法
in the form of letters 书信体小说
5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德?B?谢尔丹
The School for Scandal《造谣学校》喜剧comedy
6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛?哥尔德斯密斯散文作家essayist
The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》小说novel
She Stoops to Conquer《委曲求全》欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy
The Deserted Village《荒村》诗歌poems
4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but
they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.
(感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。) 代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯?格雷
Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》(1750)“the best known poem in the English language”
the most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism：
Lauren Steren 劳伦斯?斯蒂恩Triatram Shandy 《项秋传》
七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义Emphasis on freedom of individual self-expression :sincerity ,spontaneity, originality
散文prose The Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》
1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉?布莱克poet The Songs of Experience《经验之歌》
Robert Burns 罗伯特?彭斯苏格兰诗人poet
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
2、教育意义：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉?华兹华斯发表的《抒情民谣》开始
4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge 、Southey、Wordsworth
代表人物：
1)、William Wordsworth 威廉?华兹华斯poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)
The Prelude 《序曲》自传性诗歌autobiographical poetry
With S.T.Coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 与S.T.Coleridge 一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”
作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的18世纪诗歌
2)、Lord Byron 拜伦
Childe Harold Pilgrimage 《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》cantos 诗章
成名作：Don Juan 《唐璜》poem 诗satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作
Hours of Idleness 《闲散时刻》poem 诗the first volume of poem 首卷诗
3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱
Prometheus Unbound 《解放的普罗米修斯》drama 戏剧
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》poem 诗
To a Sky Lark best known of his lyrics
4)、John Keats 济慈poet 诗人
The Eve of St. Agnes 《圣阿格良斯之夜》poem
On a Greeian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》poem
To a Nightingale 《致夜莺》poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则Hyperion heroic fragment
5)、Walter Scott 沃特?斯科特
英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档2篇
英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档2篇English major thesis outline reference document 编订：JinTai College
英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档2篇 前言：论文提纲是作者构思谋篇的具体体现，便于作者有条理地安排材料、展开论证。有了一个好的提纲，就能纲举目张，提纲挈领，掌握全篇论文的基本骨架，使论文的结构完整统一，分清层次，明确重点，周密地谋篇布局，使总论点和分论点有机地统一起来。本文档根据毕业论文提纲内容要求和特点展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。 本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】 1、篇章1：英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档 2、篇章2：关于英语专业毕业论文提纲选题文档 篇章1:英语专业毕业论文提纲参考文档 英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下： 1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国 文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因 为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批 评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。 这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》） 2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向 进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。
香港社会福利制度研究及启示
香港社会福利制度研究及启示 内容摘要：香港的社会福利制度经过多年的发展，已形成较为健全和完善的管理体制，对香港的繁荣和稳定起到了积极作用。也给一向致力于建立完善社会保障制度的内地以有益启示。 关键词：香港，社会福利制度，评价，启示 完善的社会福利制度是我国建设和谐社会的重要内容，而在社会福利制度的建设上，香港地区的发展经验值得关注和研究。 一、香港的社会福利制度 过去香港长期在经济上实行低税率，不干预的自由港制度，政府对社会福利的承担很有限。到20世纪60年代初期，香港经济高速发展，人口数量伴随着大规模的移民潮而剧增。随着各种各样社会问题的出现，社会服务需求增加，要求建立统一的社会保障制度的呼声也越来越高。60年代中期以后，香港开始逐步建立起向低收入者和弱势群体提供援助的社会福利计划。1965年香港政府发布了第一个社会福利政策白皮书，标志着香港社会保障事业的真正进入发展阶段。经过几十年的发展，目前已经建立了较为完善的社会福利制度。 (一)社会福利的管理体制 香港的社会福利管理体制可以分为两类：一类是直接管理，即与法律关系紧密的感化和社会救济这两项工作由政府直接管理的机构承担；另一类是间接管理。即大量为家庭、儿童及青少年、老年人、残疾人、社区服务的工作是通过非政府的福利机构(即民间福利机构)管理的，是由众多服务单位承担的。间接管理模式充分体现了社会福利社会化的客观要求。在香港的社会福利的管理体制中，存在着主导、中介和服务三种角色。 主导角色是政府在“卫生福利局”之下设的“社会福利署”和诸如教育、卫生、民政等相关部门以及下辖机构(如区及办事处等)，其主要职能是实施宏观管理，具体有六项：制定社会福利的发展规划和福利政策；制定各类社会福利服务的专业化标准、规则和条例，规范各类服务；拟订对非政府福利机构的资助计划；监督和评估非政府福利机构的服务；对福利服务机构的人员实施有计划的专业化培训；直接管理从事感化和社会救济工作的服务机构。 中介角色由香港200多个非政府民间福利机构充当，其中绝大部分接受政府资助，最大的机构是东华三院。这些非政府福利机构作为民间团体被政府称为“合作的伙伴”。它们主要职能是中介管理，具体有三项：根据政府社会福利发展规划和自身的条件拟定具体的服务计划；筹集资金，其主要来源是向政府申请资助，少量来源靠服务收费和募捐；对下属的服务单位实施人财物的全面管理，以确保服务计划和服务质量的落实。 服务角色由香港3200多个福利服务单位承担，其中政府直接管理的有360多个，非政府福利机构管理的有2900多个，还有少数私人开办的福利服务机构。这些单位从不同层次、不同侧面为香港市民提供福利服务。
英语专业学士学位论文学术标准及基本规范(20140515)
成都理工大学英语专业 学士学位论文（设计）学术标准及基本规范 学分：8分执笔人：丁启红、李珊审订人： 一、学士学位论文（设计）的目的 英语专业学士学位论文（设计）是本专业毕业生在教师的指导下，综合运用本学科所学基础理论和专业知识，对本学科中某一学术问题，做出较全面系统的归纳、论证和分析的一个重要教学环节。该过程主要完成以下任务： 1.综合检验学生所学基础理论、基本知识、基本技能； 2.系统培养学生综合运用所学知识，对英语语言和文学以及与英语语言相关的社 会、经济、政治、文化等问题，进行独立分析和解决实际问题的能力； 3.培养学生的创新意识和创新能力，使学生获得科学研究的基础训练； 4.培养学生形成正确的设计思想、理论联系实际的工作作风和严肃认真的科学态 度； 5.进一步提高学生英语语言运用能力和计算机操作能力，以及社会调查、文献资 料查阅和文字表达等基本技能。 总之，这一环节的根本目的在于培养和检验学生四年来的科学态度、观察能力、分析思考能力和最基本的学术训练水平，以及英语的实际综合运用能力。 二、学士学位论文（设计）的选题 （一）选题原则 英语专业毕业论文选题应符合“培养知识面广、有创新思维的外向型、应用型、复合型高级英语专门人才”的目标要求，能体现人才培养水平与质量。 题目来源包括指导教师科研题目、教师拟定、学生自拟。选题范围包括英语语言学研究、英美文学研究、翻译研究、英语国家社会与文化研究、英语教学研究，以及专门用途英语研究（如经贸英语、法律英语、新闻英语、科技英语等）。 学生应结合自己的兴趣与特长选择论文题目，做到一人一题。 （二）选题类型与主要研究设计内容 本专业选题类型主要包括理论研究和应用研究两种： 理论研究类论文主要就某一理论问题充分展开正面论证，阐述自己的理论见解。论文的关键在于有论有述，述论结合，论大于述。选题方向和内容主要涉及西方文论、美学、比较文学、文学史、翻译史、翻译理论、语言哲学等方面。 应用研究类论文主要是运用所学理论和知识来分析和解决某一实际问题。论文侧重 1
实证研究型论文提纲写法Research Paper Outline
Research Paper Outline The research paper outline is essential for any article or term paper. The outline may make a great difference on how your work is interpreted. Writing a research paper is as important as performing the actual research or experiment itself and can appear to be a very daunting task. It does not matter what conclusions you arrived at or how perfect your experimentation was, if you put no effort into writing a good report then your study will not be taken seriously. If you break report writing down into its constituent parts, it is not as complex as it seems and there is no reason to be worried. Scientific reports, for the vast majority of disciplines, are all structured in the same way; if you follow this structure then you cannot go far wrong. It is useful to note that every scientific discipline, every university and even supervisors can have their own preferred methods of constructing reports; with this in mind, do not be afraid to ask for advice on the best research paper format for your report. LAYOUT AND LENGTH For most assessed reports you will be told how long it should be, generally by the number of words. This is generally only a guide and is not set in stone; in most cases this limit does not include appendices and citation pages. If you plan to write for a specific journal, a good advice is to check the research paper outline of some of the articles to get a better idea on how to write your article. Here are a few outline samples. If your report is complex and strays over this limit, there should be no problem, as long as you have not repeated yourself or filled your work with irrelevant information. It is good practice to bear in mind that the appendix is there for any information that you feel could be omitted from the report without affecting the clarity. Your report can be shorter than the advised word limit if everything that needs to be included is there. This is preferable than trying to pad out the report in order to fulfill some ‘word count’ facility on the computer, risking being penalized for irrelevance.
preparationoutline(文稿提纲)
Introduction to the Course --- Public Speaking Outline Specific purpose: To inform the students about the aspects of the course --- Public Speaking Central idea: The four aspects of this course include five purposes of opening the course, the way the course will be conducted and the teaching schedule, 14 requirements to ensure an effective result; and the evaluation and grading. Introduction I. First let me ask you three questions: A. A. Why do you choose this course B.What is a good speech C.What is the greatest obstacle if one wants to deliver a great speech II. As a veteran teacher of English I find Chinese students are reluctant to make a public speech. A.Chinese students are more likely to have stage fright because they are not or less trained. B.Public speech is a compulsory course in most of the American universities. III. For the next 30 minutes or so I’d like to talk about 4 things: the purposes of this course, the way the course will be conducted, the requirements you should meet and grading scheme. (Transition: Let’s start with the purposes of this course.) Body I. There are five main purposes to open this course.
德国人的福利待遇
德国的经济被定义成世界上最健全的经济之一，其国民享受的社会保障足可傲视全球。例如，德国人一年工作187天休息178天、禁止节假日休息日上班、只能加工资不能减工资... ...作为苦苦挣扎在底层的九哥，对此第一反应是：这是神马福利？！第二反应是：这该令多少中国人躲在角落里黯然落泪？ 1、禁止节假日休息日上班 第一是改善受福利者的地位，首先，在劳动保护政策方面，国家法律严格规定，禁止招收童工，禁止让18岁以下的青年工人上夜班，禁止休息日和节假日上班，禁止让孕妇在产前六周，产后八周上班，除每周休息两天以外，每个工人每年享受六周带薪休假。 德国人严格遵循节假日不上班的规定，到了礼拜天，连商店都关门了，商店的服务员说，我是人，我也要休息，要尊重我的人权。 2、德国人一年工作187天休息178天 德国人现在要的不是更多的收入，而是更多的自由支配的时间。德国现在的情况是，一年工作187天，休息178天。数是这么算的：双休日102天，再加40多天的带薪假，还有圣诞节，万圣节，复活节再休20多天。 在德国，一旦企业拖欠职工的工资，则由政府先支付给员工。企业欠员工多少钱，政府就给职工多少钱，先让职工回家，接下来的事就变成了政府最后一次工资，和违法企业之间的事。德国政府先出动警察局、检察院介入欠薪事件。 3、企业欠薪政府先还 4、德国劳动局为工人提供优质培训服务 德国还成立了由工会、雇主协会和国家公务员代表各占1/3的各级劳动局，负责向工人介绍劳动岗位，提供职业咨询，促进职工教育，组织进修和改行培训，在改行培训期间，劳动局要为进修和改行培训的工人提供无息无偿的补助、信贷、生活费。一句话，德国的劳动局不是一个只收钱不干活的摆设，而是真正为职工服务的组织。 5、夫妻分居也有补助 假如夫妻不在一个城市里面工作，丈夫为了去另一个城市读进修学校而跟妻子分居，如此国家要给钱的。另外，工人回家探亲，路费由劳动局支付。假如工人不想两地分居，要妻子搬过来，全家都搬过来，那么，行李搬运的费用也由劳动局支付。 6、工资只加不减 在德国，工人工资的变动只能做出有利于工人的决定，即只能加工资，不能减工资，即使企业倒台了都不能减。假如企业真的破产，那么最后一次工资就由
英语论文outline规范范例
My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1
怎样撰写英语的outline
怎样撰写英语的outline 好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ? 比较和对照两个事物。 ? 列出因果 ? 阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ? 列出单个或两者的论证 ? 提供证据并得出结论 ? 列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ? 一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ? 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。
香港平均工资及各行业工资状况最新出炉
香港平均工资及各行业工资状况最新出炉，香港统计局 根据香港劳工统计局的最新统计，2012年全港在职工作人员约为377万人(不包括自雇人员)，平均 工资是3716美元/月，平均每小时工资是20.9美元。劳工统计局将所有行业分成22个大类，在22个大类中，平均工资最高的是管理人员，年薪102900美元，担任管理职务的有16万人;平均工资最低的是食品相关行业人员，年薪20880美元，该行业员工有31万人。 具体到每个工种来看，在所有工种中，平均工资最高的是外科医生，年薪219770美元，全港共有近0.11万名外科医生;其次是麻醉医师，年薪211750美元，共有0.13万名麻醉医师;平均工资最低的是食品制备及快餐店服务人员，年薪18120美元，从业人员约有8万人。其他工种的平均年薪如下： 会计及审计师：67430美元，从业人员3.8万人; 个人理财顾问：94180美元，从业人员0.5万人; 贷款员：63210美元，从业人员近1.2万人; 电脑程序员：74690美元，从业人员近1.4万人; 电脑应用软件工程师：90170美元，从业人员近1.7万人; 电脑系统软件工程师：96620美元，从业人员近1.3万人; 网络和计算机系统管理员：70930美元，从业人员近1.1万人; 统计师：75220美元，从业人员0.1万人; 电脑硬件工程师：101410美元，从业人员0.2万人; 律师：129020美元，从业人员近2万人; 法官：103990美元，从业人员近0.1万人; 小学教师：53150美元，从业人员近5万人; 初中教师：53550美元，从业人员近2.8万人; 大学数学教师：70550美元，从业人员近0.17万人; 大学物理教师：83320美元，从业人员近0.09万人; 大学政治学教师：76990美元，从业人员0.06万人; 普通牙医：156850美元，从业人员近0.3万人; 口腔颌面外科牙医：210710美元，从业人员339人; 消防人员：47270美元，从业人员1.1万人; **：55180美元，从业人员4万人; 大厨：44240美元，从业人员近0.27万人; 理发师：27650美元，从业人员0.03万人; 导游：25990美元，从业人员近0.13万人。 谈到收入时，还有一个统计方法，就是收入中间值(Median income)，中间值与平均值不同的是，中间值表示一半人的收入在此数值之上，一半的人收入在此数值之下，中间值从另外一个侧面反映了在职员工的收入情况。根据香港人口普查局的最新数据，2011年男性全职员工的收入中间值是46367美元，女性员工的收入中间值是35745美元。女性的收入只有男性的77%。 除了性别外，教育程度可以说是影响收入的最重要因素之一。有关教育程度与收入的关系，人口普查局所作的调查是比较权威的，这个调查虽然用的是2009年的数字，但我们可以从中看到大致的情况。根据人口普查局所作的调查，25到64岁全职员工的平均收入在1999年时为34700美元，按教育程度不同划分，可以得到以下结果： 博士学位持有者的平均收入：89400美元; 硕士学位持有者的平均收入：62300美元; 本科毕业生的平均收入：52200美元; 大专毕业生的平均收入：38200美元;
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白 Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am ｘｘｘand my supervisor is prof ｘｘｘ. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper. The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the teｘts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction. The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab. This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahabs Personality Tragedy. OK, thats all. Thank you ! 英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白（2） Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei. Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that. The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
香港福利制度的主要内容
香港福利制度的主要内容 1、社会保障及救济制度。 香港民众享有的社会保障和救济种类，主要包括： (1)老年保障方面，政府公务员享有长俸(或年积金)、恩俸等。一些私营公司和社会公用事业机构的雇员享有公积金或年积金。 (2)在失业保障方面，雇员主要享有长期服务金或遣散费，破产欠薪保障，部分雇员享有公积金或年积金，被解雇时可领取；政府公务员被辞退时，亦可领年积金。 (3)在工伤保障方面，雇员主要享有工伤死亡赔偿，伤残赔偿和职业病赔偿。 (4)在医疗保障方面，雇员主要享有疾病假期和医疗津贴。 (5)在生育保障方面，女性雇员主要享有分娩假期和分娩期工资。 (6)在福利方面，雇员主要享有有薪假期。政府公务员及一些社会公用事业机构人员还享有房屋津贴、子女受教育津贴等。 (7)在收入保障方面，凡收入低于公共援助计划厘定标准的个人或家庭，可获得包括基本援助金，长期个案援助金，老人补助金，伤残补助金等公共援助的现金补贴。 (8)在灾害保障方面，灾民可享受现金援助和物资援助，包括丧葬补助、死亡补助、伤残补助、受伤补助和临时补助、提供急需食品和必要的生活用品和临时住所等。 (9)在暴力及执法伤亡保障方面，凡遭受暴力罪行或因执法而意外伤亡的人士及死者家属，均可享受现金赔偿。 (10)在交通意外伤亡保障方面，凡因交通意外伤亡的人土及死者家属，均可享有援助金。 2、社会服务制度。 香港民众所享有的社会福利的服务种类主要包括：
(1)老年人服务。其内容和方式包括老年活动中心、老年综合服务中心、老年日间护理中心、家务助理服务、老年户外康乐巴士服务、老年度假中心、义务工作计划、老年义工计划、老年社区网络计划、老年卡计划、护理安老院、安老院、护养院、老年宿舍、疗养院照顾补助金、临时居所、老年住房以及私营安老院等。在老年社区服务方面，全港有老年活动中心260多间，老年综合服务中心28间，老年家务助理队120多个。此外，高龄人士可享有高龄津贴。 (2)残疾人服务。其内容和方式包括展能中心、庇护工场、辅助就业、康复服务市场顾问、社区康复网络、残疾幼儿照顾及训练、家居训练、社交及康乐服务、辅助医疗服务、住宿照顾、特别交通服务。此外，伤残、弱智人士可享有伤残津贴、政府和志愿机构对他们还提供包括教育和训练、职业康复、医疗、日间照顾等社会服务。 (3)儿童服务。香港的儿童服务均统一由社会福利署负责，服务内容和方式包括保护儿童服务、监护儿童服务、儿童住宿照顾服务、寄养服务、领养服务、幼儿中心服务、暂托幼儿服务、幼儿中心缴费资助计划等。对残疾儿童设有“早期教育及训练中心”和“特殊幼儿中心”。对缺乏正常家庭环境的儿童提供的服务则包括：为儿童提供住宿服务；社会福利署的“寄养服务课”及民间机构安排孤儿到认可的家庭进行寄养，由社会福利署的“儿童领养课”审批领养儿童申请，并进行追踪监督。此外，社会福利署还设有“保护儿童课”和“监护儿童事务课”，负责由于父母离婚、家庭暴力等原因导致的儿童保护和服务。 (4)青少年服务。青少年是香港社会福利服务所关注的重要群体，其目的在于帮助他们健康成长。服务的内容和方式包括青年事务办事处、儿童及青年中心、学校社会工作服务、外展社会工作服务、综合服务队以及为青少年举办的专项活动。全港设有200多个青少年中心，为青少年提供指导、辅导和援助服务，还为一些处境较为特殊的青少年提供专业的社会工作个案服务。 (5)家庭服务。家庭服务的内容和方式包括家务助理服务、家务指导服务、受虐待妇女住宿服务、临床心理服务、热线电话服务、家庭生活教育、体恤性住房安置、给予床位住客服务、露宿者服务、家居照顾示范及资源中心、医务社会服务以及禁毒服务等。 3、教育及医疗保障制度。 (1)教育保障。首先，香港推行九年强迫免费教育。香港法律规定：在政府为每一适龄学童提供学位条件下，每一儿童的家长都承担其子女人学接受文化教育的义务。从1971年开始，香港政府实行小学全部免费教育，1978年9月开始，又为所有小学毕业生提供初中学位，并在大部分官立及资助中学取消了初中各级的堂费及类似的费用，从而实现普及的初中教育。有的学校还提供学童交通车及免费午餐的服务。其次，政府的财政预算把教育列为优先考虑的一个项目。教育经费自1975~2004年平均占财政预算的17%，教育开支占香港本地生产总值比重平均为3%，教育经费开支的比例，已接近甚至超过加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和瑞
英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)
撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。 1.明确文章的主旨。 一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨： ?比较和对照两个事物。 ?列出因果 ?阐明或分析一个特殊方面 ?列出单个或两者的论证 ?提供证据并得出结论 ?列出问题然后提供解决方案 2.收集辅助材料。 这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。 3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。 举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。 4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。 如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。 ?一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。 5.确定主要类别。 根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。 ?当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。 6.确定论点。 每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。（比如A、B、C 等等） ?让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米 ?还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号 7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。 如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等） ?为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（i、 ii、 iii、 iv等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、 c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等） ?在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。
英语正式论文thesis outline范例
Class Four Katherine Topic: Abolition of the death penalty Thesis: The Chinese government should take steps to abolish the death penalty. Ⅰ. Introduction A.Definition of the death penalty B.History of the death penalty in China C.Thesis statement Ⅱ. Necessities of abolishing the death penalty in China A.The global trend 1.Consideration of the human rights 2.Quotations from the celebrities 3.Example of abolishing the death penalty abroad B.Defectiveness of the death penalty 1.Racial inequality 2.Economic inequality 3.Erroneous judgment 4.Ineffective deterrence C.Home Requirement 1.Attitudes of the party concerned 2.The need to build a harmonious society Ⅲ. Necessities of taking steps A.The enormous population and the lack of infrastructure construction B.Economic condition C.Public order condition D.Legislative condition E.Judicial condition F.Social psychology Ⅳ. How to take steps A.Revision of the laws B.Reformation of the judicature C.Promote people’s conception of the death penalty D.Promote leaders’ conception of the death penalty Ⅴ. Conclusion A.Summary of above information B.Restate thesis in different words C.Closing remark
香港的特殊薪酬福利
针对香港的特殊薪酬福利业务.做出以下整理. 香港的合约(合同) 分为连续性合约和雇佣合约 连续性合约为:雇员如连续受雇于同一雇主 4 星期或以上，而每星期最少工作18 小时的雇佣合约便属’连续性合约’ 雇佣合约是指雇主和雇员订立的雇佣协议。雇佣合约可以书面或口头方式 订立，并可包含明言或暗示的条款 工资以及雇佣记录 工资 香港政府规定,所有雇主无论何时,均须存放每一位雇员在过去12个月内的工资以及雇佣记录 包括有: A.雇员的姓名以及身份证号码 B.雇员的开始受雇日期 C.雇员的职位 D.雇员每个工资期所得的工资 E.雇员每个工资期的总工作时数 F.工资期 G.雇员可享有及已放取的有薪年假、病假、产假和假日，以及支付给雇员有关款项的细则 H.年终酬金的款额及酬金期 I.终止合约所需的通知期 J.终止雇佣日期 如果雇员离职，雇主必须在离职后6个月内继续保存这些记录 福利 香港不同于大陆的5险1金，他们只有两类 1.强制公积金（MPF） MPF 又分为MPF(MC)、MPF(VC)、MPF(MC+VC)、MPF(MC+Optional VC) MPF(MC):当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款的收入)*5% 公司,个人相同 MPF(VC): 当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款的收入)与$25000 进行比较,取最大的. *5% 公司,个人相同
MPF(MC+VC) MC 为当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款的收入)*5% . VC 为25000-当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款 的收入)*5% 公司,个人相同 MPF(MC+Optional VC) MC 为当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款的收入)*5% . VC 为当月收入(基本工资加上各种津贴、加班费、扣除假期扣款的收 入)*自己定义的VC比例+自定义的金额 2.职业退休金计划条例（ORSO） ORSO 按照Basic Salary * 5% .公司缴纳比例与个人相同 扣薪 雇主只可在下列情况下扣除雇员的工资： 1.雇员缺勤，但只能扣除实际缺勤时间的工资； 2.雇员因疏忽或失职而损坏或遗失雇主的货品、设备或财产，每次只可按值扣除，但以不 超过$ 300 为限。此外，在这些情况下扣除的工资总额，亦不得超过雇员该工资期所得工资的四分之一； 3.雇主预支或多付给雇员的工资，可按数扣除，但不得超过雇员该工资期工的四分之一； 4.雇主供应给雇员的膳食及住宿费用，可按值扣除； 5.若雇员以书面提出要求，雇主可在工资中扣除代雇员缴交的退休计划、公积金计划、离 职金计划、医疗福利计划或储蓄计划的供款； 6.雇主借给雇员的款项，但必须获得雇员的书面同意； 7.雇主根据任何法例的规定或获法例授权，可扣除雇员的工资； 8.雇主可以根据法院发出的扣押入息令从雇员的工资中扣除雇员尚未支付的赡养费。 雇主须优先扣除上列第(1) 至(7) 项后，才扣除第(8) 项目。 除非得到劳工处处长的书面批准，否则各项扣除的工资总额，不得超过雇员在该工资期所得工资的一半（因缺勤及未付赡养费而扣除的薪酬除外）。 支付工资 工资在工资期最后一天完结时即到期支付，雇主必须尽快支付所有工资给雇员，在任何情况 下不得迟于工资期届满后7 天。雇主如果未能依时支付工资，须就欠薪支付利息给雇员。