农业专业英语知识

Lesson 5 Agronomic Management Practices

Affecting Tobacco Quality

New Words & Expressions

Buyout n. a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company by buying all of its shares 全部买下、买断

Post-buyout买断后

MH maleic hydrazide 顺丁烯二酸酰肼，马来酰肼

Alkaloids n. any of numerous organic bases (as morphine) containing nitrogen and usually oxygen that occur especially in seed plants 生物碱

Top v. to remove or cut the top of 给……打顶

Sucker n. a shoot from the lower part of the stem of a plant 腋芽

Stalk n. a long narrow part of a plant supporting one or more leaves,flowers or fruits 柄、梗

Nicotine n. a poisonous alkaloid （C10H14N2） that is the

chief active material of tobacco and is used as an insecticide 尼古丁

Cure v. to preserve by drying it 晒、烘烤

Mature a. fully grown and developed 成熟的

Hornworm n. a kind of insects 天蛾幼虫

Mo(u)ld n. a superficial growth produced especially on damp or decaying organic matter or on living organisms 霉菌

Blue mo(u)ld 青霉病

Lay-by n. the final operation in the growing of a field crop 最后的田间作业

Variegated v. marked in different colored

spots,lines,areas etc 杂色的、斑驳的

Sidedress v. to apply nutrients on one side of the plant

roots 侧施肥

Nondescript a. belonging to no particular class or kind 无归类的; not easily described 难以形容的

Suckercide n. chemical product that prevents sucker from growing 腋芽抑制剂

Contacts n. chemicals that kill insects by contacting them directly触杀剂

Systemics n. a pesticide that as used is harmless to the plant, but when absorbed into its sap makes the entire organism toxic to pests 内吸剂

Versus prep. Against; in contrast to 对、和……相比

Priming n. picking up 采收，采摘

Burley n. a thin-bodied air-cured tobacco grown mainly in Kentucky白肋烟

Text

In 2005, tobacco will be produced and marketed without price support for the first time since 1939. Price schedules will reflect an emphasis on quality, with deep discounts for unripe and immature grades. In the post-buyout environment, profitability will be directly related to the marketing of quality tobacco produced at the lowest cost. A number of management practices affect tobacco quality. Some of the most important are as follows:

在2005年，烟草将自1939年以来第一次在没有价格支持下生产和销售。价格表将反映对烟叶质量的重视，未熟等级将大幅降价。在后烟草配额买断的环境下，利润将直接与以最低成本生产的优质烟草的销售相关。

专门多农艺措施阻碍烟草的质量，最重要的一些措施有：

? Nitrogen rate and time of application

? Topping and sucker control with minimal MH residues ? Harvest rate and ripeness

? Leaf separation by stalk position

●氮肥的施用量和施用时刻

●打顶和最少马来酰肼残留的腋芽操纵

●采收速率和成熟度

●叶片分部位采收

Nitrogen Rate and Time of Application Nitrogen is the most important nutrient affecting tobacco yield and quality. As nitrogen rate increases, the following occur:

? Yield increases to a point then decreases.

? Leaf size increases, but leaf thickness decreases.? Total alkaloids, including nicotine, increase and sugars decrease in the cured leaf.

? Maturity and ripening are delayed. ? Cured leaf darkens.

? Sucker growth increases and sucker control decreases.? Leaf drop and leaf break increase. ? Blue mold is more severe.

? Hornworm and aphid populations increase.

氮肥的施用量和施用时刻

氮素是阻碍烟草产量和质量的最重要的营养元素。随着氮用量的增加，将会出现以下情况：

●产量增加到一定值，然后下降。●叶面积增大，但叶厚度减小。

●在调制后叶片中，总生物碱、烟碱增加，糖减少。

●成熟延迟。●调制后叶片变黑。●腋芽数增加，腋芽操纵效果降低。

●残伤增加。●霜霉病更加严峻。●天蛾幼虫和蚜虫的虫口增加。

Many growers spend considerable time choosing among sidedressers such as calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, 30 percent UAN liquid, and 24S UAN liquid. However, the data indicate that in the southeastern United States the rate and time of application are more important than the sidedresser. Unless leaching occurs, nitrogen should not be applied after lay-by. Late season application delays ripening and results in variegated-unripe grades.

许多种植者花费了相当多的时刻选择侧施肥料，比如硝酸钙、

硝酸钠、30％的UAN(尿素硝铵)液体肥料和24S的UAN液体肥料。然而，数据表明：在美国东南部，氮肥的施用量和施用时刻比侧施肥料更重要。除非发生淋洗，氮肥不应在烟草侧施肥后施用。后期施用延迟烟叶成熟，导致杂色-未熟等级的产生。

Topping and Sucker Control

Topping tobacco in the button stage (soon after the flower begins to appear) rather than later increases yield and body if suckers are controlled. When tobacco plants are not topped for three weeks after reaching the button stage, yields are

reduced by 20 to 25 pounds per acre per day, or about 1 percent

per acre per day when normal yields are in the 2,000- to

2,500-pounds-per-acre range.

打顶和腋芽操纵

假如操纵腋芽，烟草在现蕾期打顶比现蕾期之后打顶能够提高产量、增加身份。假如烟株在现蕾期后三周不打顶，则每天每英亩减少产量20～25磅，或者在正常产量在每英亩2000～2500磅的范围内时每天减少l％的产量。

Higher yields reduce per-pound production costs for acreage-related inputs such as chemicals, fertilizers, and some labor expenses. Topping early also improves chemical and physical qualities of the leaf by stimulating root development and alkaloid production and by reducing buildup

of insects.

高产减少了与面积相关的生产成本，如农药、肥料和一些劳动力支出。早打顶还通过刺激根系的发育、生物碱的生成以及减少害虫的危害而提高烟叶的化学和物理品质。

Control of sucker growth is critical to maximizing yield because it allows the plant to concentrate resources on the production of leaves instead of suckers. Suckers can also interfere with mechanical harvesting and become a significant source of foreign matter in cured leaves. The key to successful sucker control is proper timing of suckercide application and use of proper rates of contacts and systemics.

抑制腋芽生长对最大限度地增产是专门关键的，因为它使植株

把资源集中到叶片而非腋芽的生产。腋芽也会阻碍机械采收并成为调制后烟叶中杂质的一个重要来源。成功操纵腋芽生长的关键是适时施用腋芽抑制剂以及适量施用接触性和内吸性抑制剂。

Harvest Rate and Ripeness

When it comes to quality, there is no substitute for harvesting ripe tobacco. The ripening rate is determined by nitrogen uptake, rainfall, temperature, root health, and variety. Thus, ripening is greatly affected by weather conditions and varies considerably from one season to another. The 2002 versus 2003 and 2004 growing seasons were at opposite extremes. The 2002 season was one of the driest seasons on record, with 2003 and 2004 among the wettest.

采收速率和成熟度

从烟叶品质方面考虑，没有比采收成熟烟叶更重要的了。成熟

速率是由氮汲取、降雨量、温度、根系健康状况和品种所决定的。

因此，成熟受气候条件阻碍专门大，季节之间差异专门大。2002

生长季节与2003和2004生长季节是两个相反的极端。2002季节是历史上最干旱的季节之一，2003和2004则是降雨量最大的两个季节。

In 2002, tobacco matured quickly in our tests and held for 10 to 20 days before quality declined due to excessive heat. In 2003 and 2004, tobacco ripened slowly, followed by a rapid decline in quality due to excessive rainfall. As a result, there was only a 10 day window to harvest tobacco at the

optimum value per acre.

2002年，在我们的试验中，烟叶成熟专门快，但由于过多的热量烟叶在质量下降之前保持了10～20天。在2003～2004年，烟叶成熟专门慢，但由于过多的降雨，烟叶质量专门快下降。结果为了获得最佳亩产值只有1 0天的时刻采收烟叶。

The variety data collected in the 2002 through 2004 holding ability tests are shown in Figures 8-1, 8-2, and 8-3. The study was designed to measure the ripening rate and holding ability by completing the final harvest at various stages of ripeness. The first and second primings were completed at normal times. However, the third (final) priming

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