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Study Guide - Final Exam (Chapter 22-29)

Study Guide - Final Exam (Chapter 22-29)
Study Guide - Final Exam (Chapter 22-29)

NTRS 317 Final Exam (Chapter 22-29)

Chapter 22

1.What is metabolic stress?

? A disruption in the body’s chemical environment due to the effects of disease or injury (extensive tissue damage). Metabolic stress is characterized by changes in metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, hormonal status, and nutrient metabolism

2.What is the significance of the hormones released during the stress response?

?Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

-Fight-or-flight hormones: stimulate heart muscle, raise blood pressure, increase metabolic rate

-Glucagon secreted due to epinephrine, & release nutrients

-Cortisol: protein degradation, increase amino acid converting to glucose

-Aldosterone

-Antidiuretic hormone

?

?Breakdown glycogen (glycogenolysis), glucose from amino acid (glycogenesis), breakdown triglycerides (lipolysis)

?Too much cortisol: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, suppress immune response, susceptible to infection, muscle wasting, skin thinning, diabetes, osteoporosis.

3.What is the first task for a person who has been under major stress?

?Fluid and electrolyte balances

?Administering intravenous solutions to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, treating infections, repairing wounds, draining abscesses (pus), remove dead tissues

4.Know what labs would be affected by a person suffering from metabolic distress.

?C-reactive protein

?Fibrinogen, Prothrombin

?Albumin, Iron, Zinc

?Elevated metabolic rate, Increased blood Neutrophil levels, Lethargy, Anorexia, Fever

?Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: ↑heart rate, respiratory rate, WBC, body temperature

5.Know what health conditions raise energy needs (Table 22-2)

6.What are the nutrition goals for burn victims?

?Objectives: nitrogen balance, tissue losses, immune defense, body weight

?High kcal, high protein

?Micronutrient supplements (Vitamin A, C, zinc): immunity, wound healing

?Monitor fluid, electrolyte needs

?Small, frequent meals, oral supplements, nutrient-dense snacks

?Oral feeding, tube feeding, nasoenteric feeding, parenteral support

?Diet that preserves muscle issues, maintains immune defenses, promotes healing

7.What recommendations do we give to new COPD patients to increase the amount they eat?

?Correct malnutrition, prevent muscle wasting, and promote maintenance of healthy body weight

?Obesity and overweight patient benefit from energy restriction and gradual weight reduction

?Consumption of small meals, oxygen supplement

?Fluid intake

?Improve taste

Chapter 23

1.What is dysphagia and what are symptoms?

?Oropharyngeal dysphagia

-Inability to transfer food from the mouth and pharynx to the esophagus; usually cause by a neurological or muscular disorder -Inability to initiate swallowing, coughing during / after swallowing, nasal regurgitation, bad breath, gurgling noise after swallowing, speech disorder

?Esophageal dysphagia

-Inability to move food through the esophagus; usually caused by an obstruction or a motility disorder

-Sensation of food sticking in esophagus

2.How can dietitians encourage patients on mechanically altered diets to eat? (Page 709- How To)

3.What is reflux and why does it occur?

?Gastroesophageal reflux: stomach’s acidic contents back up into the esophagus

?Discomfort, tissue damage, heartburn, acid indigestion

?Sphincter muscle is weak or relaxes inappropriately

?Medical condition

?Pregnancy, obesity, asthma, hiatal hernia (stomach protrudes above diaphragm)

?Nasogastric tubes

4.Conditions that increase chances of GERD

5.What substances should someone avoid if they have GERD?

6.What is dyspepsia and how can we decrease the symptoms?

? A feeling of pain, bloating, or discomfort in the upper abdominal area, often called indigestion; a symptom of illness rather than a disease itself

?General symptoms of indigestion in the upper abdominal region (stomach pain, gnawing sensations, early satiety, nausea, vomit, bloating

?Causes of dyspepsia: MANY!!

-Potential food intolerances: Coffee, spicy foods or high-fat meals

?Bloating and stomach gas

?Decrease symptoms: avoid large meals, fatty or highly spiced foods, and specific foods trigger symptoms

7.What are major causes of peptic ulcer disease?

?An open sore that develops in the GI mucosa; may develop in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum

?H. pylori infection, use of NSAIDS (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug), excessive acid secretion

?Effects of emotional stress

?Psychological stress does not cause ulcers per se

?Cigarette smoking

8.What are the dietary guidelines for a post-gastrectomy diet?

?Meet nutritional needs and promote healing

?Prevent discomfort or nutrient deficiencies

?Small sips of water, ice chips, broth, then liquid meals, soft food diet

?Small meals & snacks, containing protein, fat, complex carbs, avoid sweet & sugars, avoid milk if lactose intolerance, soluble fibers,

9.What are the symptoms of dumping syndrome?

? A cluster of symptom that result from the rapid emptying of an osmotic load from the stomach into the SI

Chapter 24

1.What is steatorrhea, what nutrients are malabsorbed, and under what conditions does it occur?

?Steatorrhea: Excessive fat in the stools, duet o fat malabsorption; characterized by stools that are loose, froth]y, and foul smelling due to a high fat content

?Def: fat-soluble vit (A,D,E), calcium, magnesium, zinc

2.What are potential illnesses among those people diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis?

?Chronic pancreatitis: progressive, permanent damage to pancreatic tissue, resulting

in impaired secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

?Long-term illness is associated with reductions in both insulin and glucagon

secretions, and diabetes eventually develops

?Fat maldigestion

?Steatorrhea

?Abdominal pain

?Weight loss and malnutrition due to food avoidance

3.What is appropriate dietary therapy for clients with cystic fibrosis?

?110 to 200 % DRI values: energy and protein needs

?High-kcalorie and high-fat foods

?Frequent meals and snacks

?Milk shakes or liquid dietary supplement

?Tube feedings if needed

?Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy

?Multivitamin and fat-soluble vitamin

?Concern about fat soluble vit, essential fatty acids, calcium

4.What is celiac disease and what foods need to be avoided?

?Abnormal immune response to a protein fraction in wheat gluten

?Proteins in Barley and rye

?Need gluten-free diet, no wheat, barley, rye, beer, caramel coloring, coffee substitutes, communion wafers, imitation meats, malt syrup, medications, salad dressings, soy sauce, some bread, pasta, cereals

5.What is ulcerative colitis and what is Crohn’s?

?Ulcerative colitis: an inflammatory bowel disease that involves the colon. Inflammation affects the mucosa and submucosa of the intestinal wall

?Crohn’s disease: an inflammatory bowel that usually occurs in the lower portion of small intestine and the colon. Inflammatio n may pervade the entire intestinal wall.

6.What is irritable bowel and what are the symptoms?

?An intestinal disorder of unknown cause that disturbs the functioning of lower bowel

?Symptoms: abdominal pain, flatulence, diarrhea, and constipation

?Anxiety, depression

Chapter 25

1.What is fatty liver and why does it occur?

?Accumulation of fat in liver tissue

?Unknown

?Represents an imbalance between amount of fat synthesized in the liver or pick up from the blood and the amount exported to the blood via VLDL.

?Presents in alcoholic liver disease patients, exposure to drugs and toxic metals, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, disease of malnutrition (kwashiorkor, marasmus), GI bypass surgery, long term total parenteral nturtion (TPN)

2.What is cirrhosis and what are common causes?

?Final phase of chronic liver disease in which extensive scarring replaces healthy liver tissues, causing impaired liver function and liver failure.

?Alcoholic liver disease

?Hepatitis C

3.What is ascites?

?Abnormal or large accumulations of fluid in the abdominal cavity

?Liver damage reached critical stage

?Due to consequence of portal hypertension, sodium & water retention in kidney, reduced

albumin synthesis (which retain fluid in blood)

?Caused by cirrhosis

?Cause discomfort, early satiety, raise body weight

4.What nutrition intervention should be encouraged for a patient with cirrhosis and steatorrhea?

5.Most gallstones are made of what?

?Cholesterol gallstones

-Majority of cases (80%)

-Develop after bile conc. Thickens and forms a type of sludge (semisolid mass), develop after rapid weight loss, fasting, gastric bypass surgery, long term TPN, pregnancy

?Pigment gallstones

-Calcium salt of bilirubin

-Develop after infection – alters the structure of bilirubin

Chapter 26

1.What contributes to weight loss in type 1 diabetes?

?Cells are not using energy or storing the energy due to insulin insufficient, dehydration due to frequent urination, weight loss.

?Since lack energy, it uses fat and protein to obtain energy, further weight loss

2.What is a normal fasting blood glucose level?

?75 to 100mg / dL

3.What are risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes?

?Obesity and aging

?Physical inactivity

4.What is diabetic ketoacidosis and what are the symptoms?

?Diabetic ketoacidosis in Type 1 diabetes

?Features: severe ketosis (abnormal increase in ketone body conc), acidosis (acidic ketone bodies), and hyperglycemia (production of glucose from fatty acids and amino acids in liver, dehydration)

?Acetone breath: fruity odor

?Significant fluid loss: dehydration, accompanies hyperglycemia, ↓ blood volume, blood pressure, deplete electrolyte

?Fatigue, lethargy, nausea, vomiting

?Diabetic coma: mental state

?Mortality rate

5.What is glycosylated hemoglobin?

?Test for glucose in the blood

?Glucose in blood enters RBC, attaches ot hemoglobin molecules, direct proportion to amt of glucose present

?Reflects glycemic control over preceding 2 to 3M

?Goal: under 7%

6.What is carbohydrate counting and with which population does it work especially well?

?Simpler, flexible diet

?Give patients carb allowance, with patients preferences

?Choose food desired without risking loss of glycemic control.

?Different levels of complexity, depends on needs and abilities

?Works well with those patients using intensive insulin therapy

?Needs training

?Determine specific dose of insulin needed

7.When someone has hypoglycemia, how many carbs should they consume?

?15 – 20g

8.Why is uncontrolled glucose during pregnancy dangerous

?Risk in having Type 2, obesity and Type 2 in children

?Increased incidents of miscarriage, birth defects, fetal deaths

?Newborn: respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, jaundice, hypocalcemia, macrosomia (large baby body)

?Delivery difficulty, birth trauma, cesarean section

Chapter 27

1.What causes atherosclerosis?

?Reasons for development and progression are complex: direct damage to artery wall, lipid penetrating the surface

?Sheer stress/hypertension – low-grade inflammatory state (stimulate plaque formation): physical damage to arteries

?Elevated LDL and VLDL

-HDL benefits: remove cholesterol, prevent oxidation

-LDL size and density: smaller, most dense promotes atherosclerosis

?Cigarette smoking

-Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause arterial injury, increase LDL, decrease HDL, chronic inflammation, enhance blood coagulation

?Diabetes mellitus

-Hyperglycemia damages endothelia cells, disturb blood vessel function, inflammation, oxidation

-Vasoconstriction, plaque ruptures, blood clotting

?Age and gender

-Cumulative exposure to risk factors, degeneration of arterial cells

-After menopause, risk increase in women.

2.What are the classic risk factors for CHD?

?Cigarette smoking

?High LDL cholesterol

?Hypertension

?Diabetes

3.What are the effects of diets high in omega-3s?

?EPA and DHA

?Benefits for people who had a heart attack

?Reduction of CHD risk: ↓ inflammation, blood clotting, stabilize heart rhythm

?Lower triglyceride levels

?Fish oil supplements under physician supervision

4.How does alcohol reduce CHD risk?

?Beneficial effects: increase HDL cholesterol

?“Moderate” consumption

5.What is normal blood pressure?

?Systolic <120, diastolic <80

6.What conditions can hypertension cause?

?Renal failure, heart failure, stroke

7.What is a good diet for someone with hypertension?

?DASH: low in sodium and provides more fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium

?Rich in fruits, vegetables, low fat milk, reduced saturated fat intake

?Limits red meat, sweets, sugar containing beverages, saturated fat, cholesterol

?Moderate alcohol consumption

?Drug therapies

Chapter 28

1.What does the kidney do? (know what functions it performs)

?Extracellular fluid volume & osmolarity

?Electrolyte concentrations

?Acid-base balance

?Other roles

-Blood pressure, erythropoietin, vitamin D

?Filter blood, remove waste, adjust blood volume, and composition, production of enzymes (renin)and hormones to regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, activate vit D

2.What is the nutrition therapy for nephrotic syndrome?

?Protein (0.8-1.0 g/kg) and energy (35 kcal/kg)

-Minimize muscle tissue loss

-Quality of protein sources: milk, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, soy

-Adequate energy intake: sustain weight, spares protein

?Lipids

-Fats to limit, 7% of total kcal

-Avoid trans fats, cholesterol to 200 mg

?Sodium

-Limit to 1 to 2 grams per day

-Control edema

?Vitamins and minerals

-Vit B6, Vit B12, folate, iron, copper, zinc

-Calcium and vitamin D to prevent bone loss and ricket

-Vit / mineral supp

3.What are potential health implications of having nephrotic syndrome and what nutrients are needed to prevent them?

?Edema

-Hypoalbuminemia

-Sodium excretion

?Blood lipid and blood clotting abnormalities

-Elevated LDL, VLDL and lipoprotein(a)

-Loss of protein inhibit clotting

?Other effects

-Antibodies: immunoglobulins

-Vitamin D: vit D binding protein

4.What is hyperkalemia and when can it occur?

?Elevated serum potassium levels, due to acute kidney injury

5.What causes most chronic renal failure?

?Diabetes, hypertension

6.Know the two different types of dialysis.

?Hemodialysis: a treatment that removes fluids and wastes from the blood by passing the blood through a dialyzer

?Peritoneal dialysis: a treatment that removes fluids and wastes from the blood by using the body’s peritoneal membrane as a f ilter 7.How do we prevent kidney stones?

?Fluid intakes

?Calcium oxalate stones

-Dietary measures: adjust Ca (↑), oxalate, protein (moderate), Na (control intake)

-Thiazide diuretics: enhance Ca reaborption

?Uric acid stones

-Diet restrictions for purines

-Drug treatment

?Cystine and struvite stones

-High fluid intake, prevent cystine stone formation

-Prevention of urinary tract infections: antibiotic therapy

?Medical treatment for kidney stones

-Stent: promote passage

-Shockwave therapy

Chapter 29

1.What influences the development of cancer?

?Genes and environment, carcinogens

2.How is obesity and cancer related and what cancer sites are affected (i.e. pancreas).

?Obesity increases cancer risk, by altering hormone levels influencing cell growth, like sex hormones, insulin, growth factors.

?Esophagus, colon, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, kidney, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium

3.Know what lifestyle choices can decrease overall cancer risk.

?Maintain a healthy body weight throughout life

?Physically active

?Choose healthy diet: fruit, veg, folate

?Limit alcohol

?Avoid tobacco

4.How does fiber inhibit cancer development?

?Help protect against colon and rectal cancers by diluting potential carcinogens in fecal matter and accelerating removal from GI tract 5.What is cancer cachexia and how does it manifest?

? A wasting syndrome associated with cancer that is characterized by anorexia, muscle wasting, weight loss, and fatigue, poor appetite

6.What are some of the nutrition related side effects of chemotherapy and radiation?

7.What percentage of patients with cancer use CAM?

?80%

8.Why does wasting occur with HIV?

?HIV-associated wasting diagnosis: lose 7.5% of weight within 6M or 10% in 12M

?Linked with accelerated disease progression, reduced strength, fatigue

?Complications of wasting

?Causes: anorexia, inadequate food intake, altered metabolism, malabsortpion, chronic diarrhea, diet-drug interactions.

9.What does nutrition education for a person with HIV include?

?Maintain body weight, muscle mass, prevent malnutrition, cope with nutrition-related side effects of medications, nutrition assessment, counseling, follow-up measurements

?Weight management

-Protein and energy recommendations

-Energy 30 to 40 kcal/kg

-Protein: 1.2 – 2.0g

-Small frequent feedings

?Metabolic complications

-Insulin resistance

-Elevated triglyceride and LDL cholesterol: replace with monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, fibers

-No trans fat, cholesterol, added sugars, alcohol

-Frequent exercise

?Vitamins and minerals

?Food safety

-Extremely high risk for developing foodborne illness

-Sources of foodborne illness

?Enteral and parenteral nutrition support

-Enteral nutrition preferred when GI tract is functioning

思科第二学期第十章答案

1. 请参见图示。网络192.168.0.0/28 断开。Router2 会立即向Router1 和Router3 发送什么类型的数据包? 查询网络192.168.0.0/28 的查询数据包 到224.0.0.9 的确认数据包 发送到255.255.255.255 的更新数据包 包含R2 新路由表的数据包 发送到192.168.1.1 和192.168.2.1 的单播更新数据包 2.哪两种事件将会导致链路状态路由器向所有邻居发送LSP?(选择两项。) 30 秒计时器超时 网络拓扑结构发生变化时 运行贝尔曼-福特算法之后立即发送 DUAL FSM 建立拓扑数据库之后立即发送 路由器或路由协议初次启动时 3.链路状态路由过程的最后一步是什么? 将后继路由加入路由表中 SPF 计算到达每个目的网络的最佳路径 向所有邻居发送LSP 以收敛网络 运行DUAL 算法以找出到达目的网络的最佳路径 4.哪两项陈述正确描述了链路状态路由过程?(选择两项。) 区域中的所有路由器都有链路状态数据库 区域中的每个路由器都将向所有邻居发送LSP LSP 使用保留的组播地址224.0.0.10 来访问邻居 通过运行扩散更新算法(DUAL) 来防止路由环路 可靠传输协议(RTP) 是用于发送和接收LSP 的协议

5. 请参见图示。在从路由器JAX 发送到路由器ATL 的LSP 中,可以看到哪种类型的信息? 跳数 路由的正常运行时间 链路的开销 正在使用的所有路由协议的列表 6.现代链路状态协议通过哪些功能来尽可能降低处理器和内存要求? 将路由拓扑结构分割成更小的区域 为路由计算分配较低的处理优先级 使用更新计时器限制路由更新 严格执行水平分割规则以减少路由表条目 7.为使网络达到收敛,每台链路状态路由器会执行哪三个步骤?(选择三项。) 使用自动总结缩小路由表大小 构建一个链路状态数据包(LSP),其中包含每条直连链路的状态 向所有邻居发送LSP,邻居随后把接收到的所有LSP 存储到数据库中 按一定时间间隔发送Hello 数据包来发现邻居并建立相邻关系 构建完整的拓扑图并计算到达每个目的网络的最佳路径 使用DUAL FSM 选择有效且无环路的路径,并将路由插入到路由表中 8.在使用链路状态路由的网络中,什么可以加速收敛过程? 由网络变更触发的更新 按固定间隔发送的更新 仅发送给直连邻居的更新 包含完整路由表的更新 9.为什么使用链路状态路由的网络中很少发生路由环路? 每台路由器都根据跳数建立起对网络的直观印象。 路由器在网络中发送大量LSA 以检测路由环路。 每台路由器都建立起对网络的完整而且同步的印象。 路由器使用抑制计时器来防止路由环路 10.与距离矢量路由协议相比,链路状态路由协议有哪两项优势?(选择两项。)

Unit One Study Guide(学习指南)

第二册第一单元精读学习指南 Unit One Love Periods 1-2: 1. Oral preparation: 1.Now, try to use one sentence to describe your understanding of love. e.g.Love is when a girl puts on perfume and a boy puts on shaving cologne and they go out and smell each other. 2. Think about a person you love most and explain why.Try to use the words listed in P1. 2. A word game: To give some words initiated by those letters, with relative meaning to “father”: e.g. F: F may stand for “friends”…. A: T: H: E: R: 3. 预习并掌握p. 4-7新单词, 特别掌握以下单词的用法 adjust: 句型:adjust to sb./sth. 调整,适应 cling: 句型:cling to sb/sth 抓紧,抱紧… complain: 句型: complain about/of + n. ; complain that+句子。 Complain的派生词:n.______________ coordinate: vt. 协调步伐____________________ vi. 医生和护士协调一致抵御SARS病毒。 ___________________________________ co作为前缀,表示together的意思,那么与co连用的复合词还有哪些: ___________________________________ despite: prep. 尽管(= in spite of ) e.g. __________ nasty weather, he went to work. envious: 句型:be envious of sb./sth. 对……嫉妒 frustration: n. 它的v. adj. 分别是:________ ________ reluctance: e.g. She accept the invitation ______(填介词) reluctance. see to it that…确保;务必要(注意:后面跟的从句中一般不用进行时态和将来时态) e.g. 确保明天早上准时到达。翻译:_______________________________________. subject ···to ···使……承受;使遭受 e.g. The patients in that ward____________________ infection. 那间病房里的病人受了感染。 Periods 3-4: 1.预习课文并完成课后page 8-10 第一大题,第三, 第四大题。 2.思考以下问题: How do you understand the title “A Good Heart to Lean on”?

CISCO第二学期期末考试答案

客户向ISP 技术人员反映连通性问题。技术人员就相关问题询问客户之后,发现除了FTP 外,所有网络应用程序都正常。技术人员怀疑出现了什么问题? 防火墙配置有误/ 交换机或集线器端口损坏 ) / I n t e r n e t服务器将把数据发送至客户端端口8547。/ 端口过滤和访问列表通过什么方式来增强网络安全? 防止特定类型的通信到达特定网络主机。/ 遭受各类拒绝服务攻击时提醒网络管理员。 防止病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马感染主机计算机和服务器。

可对机密数据通信进行加密和身份认证。 某黑客尝试获取存储在公司网络内部某台服务器上的机密信息。网络安全解决方案检测完整的数据包,确定这是一个威胁,所以阻止该数据包进入内部网络。这一过程中哪项安全措施保护了网络? IDS IPS / 基于主机的防火墙 此命令是从哪一台路由器执行的? A B C / D

请参见图示。网络管理员使用以下命令在RTB 上配置了一条默认路由: RTB(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 fa0/0 PC3 可以成功ping 通RTB。但是当从PC3 发出的回应请求数据包到达PC1 后,却没有应答返回PC3。怎样解决此问题? 必须对RTA 进行配置,使其可以将数据包转发至192.168.2.0 网络。 需要修改ip route 命令,以便将下一跳地址设置为10.1.1.5。/ OSPF EIGRP RIP BGP / 下列关于FTP 协议被动数据连接的说法中哪一项正确?

服务器发起数据传输连接。 服务器将其IP 地址和一个随机端口号通过控制流转发给FTP 客户端。/ 防火墙不会允许与网络内的主机进行被动数据连接。 客户端将数据转发至服务器的端口21。 下列关于反向查找DNS 区域的说法中哪一项正确? 将会降低网络速度。 可对传输中的数据进行加密。 当路由协议交换有关直连网络的信息时,哪种路由将自动添加到邻居路由器的路由表中? 动态路由/ 静态路由

EAP 2 FInal Exam Study Guide

EAP 2 Final Exam Study Guide Listed below are the academic and language skills you are expected to know and apply on your final exam. For review and extra practice reference the headings and page numbers in your book and the additional material. Unit 4: Education ?Vocabulary: Classifying products, page 51 (and all exercises related to the text) Unit 4E, page 64 ?Grammar: Paraphrasing (Task 5, page 53) Passive (Task 3, page 55-56) ?Academic Skills: Identifying features of an introduction, page 54-55, Tasks 1-2 Evaluating an essay introduction, page 55, Task 2.3 and page 57, Task 7 (in reference to the introduction example on page 207) Writing an introduction, page 56-57, Tasks 4, 5, 6 Recognizing signposting language, page 59, Task 4.1 and 4.2 ?Listening Practice: 4C, audio/video files 4.1, 4.2. 4.3, 4.4

思科第二学期第三章测试答案

下列哪两项正确描述了管理距离与度量的概念?(选择两项。) 管理距离是指特定路由的可信度。 路由器会首先添加具有较大管理距离的路由。 网络管理员无法更改管理距离的值。 具有到目的地的最小度量的路由即为最佳路径。 度量总是根据跳数确定。 度量会根据所采用的第 3 层协议(如IP 或IPX)而发生变化。 请参见图示。下列关于R1 如何确定与R2 之间最佳路径的陈述中,哪一项正确? R1 会将使用网络A 的RIP 路由加入路由表,因为RIP 的管理距离比EIGRP 大。 R1 会将使用网络A 的RIP 路由加入路由表,因为RIP 的路径开销比EIGRP 低。 R1 会将使用网络B 的EIGRP 路由加入路由表,因为EIGRP 的管理距离比RIP 小。 R1 会将使用网络B 的EIGRP 路由加入路由表,因为EIGRP 的路径开销比RIP 低。 R1 会将EIGRP 路由和RIP 路由加入路由表,并在它们之间实施负载均衡。 下列关于无类路由协议的陈述,哪两项是正确的?(选择两项。) 在路由更新中发送子网掩码信息 将完整的路由表更新发送给所有邻居 受RIP 第1 版支持

允许在同一拓扑结构中同时使用192.168.1.0/30 和192.168.1.16/28 子网 减少组织中可用地址空间的大小 网络管理员可使用下列哪一条命令来确定路由器是否启用了负载均衡? show ip protocols show ip route show ip interface brief show ip interface 下列关于路由协议的陈述,哪一项是正确的? RIP 使用跳数和带宽作为路径选择的度量并定期发送更新。 OSPF 是Cisco 专有协议,它发送由拓扑结构改变触发的更新。 EIGRP 使用DUAL 计算最短路径,可将其配置为执行不等价负载均衡。 BGP 是一种路径向量内部路由协议 存在下列哪两个条件时,使用距离矢量路由协议会比较有效?(选择两项。) 网络需要特殊的分层式设计 网络必须能快速收敛 网络使用的是集中星型拓扑结构 网络使用的是平面设计 相距最远的路由器之间超过15 跳 路由协议有何作用? 用于构建和维护ARP 表。 提供分割和重组数据包的方法。 可让管理员设计网络寻址方案。

Ramesh,s Study Guide(1)-思科认证试题

Ramesh,s Study Guide(1)-思科认证试题 Here is my latest Dump of CCNA exam which i took today with a score of 810. It was quite difficult unlike my expectation. The questions were from from the normal topics except few. However most of these questions were very badly worded Both gramatically and technically to confuse the guys. I think it is deliberately done by Cisco to fail the poor guys and make more money. So Here is Comprehensive Exam Cram for many of you preparing for CCNA. This cram was prepared by myself, quite a lot of hardwork behind this, i am sure you will appreciate it. This is more than enough to pass this exam with a similar score of mine. There are quite lot of short wordings used here only to reduce the time you might take to read this. You will have no problems in understanding this if you have a reasonably good networking knowledge. Ramesh's Study Guide OSI Layers: It allows changes in one layer to occur without changing other layers, It clarifies what general function is to be done rather than how to do it. Application –file, print, message, database, application svcs. identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchng sending & receiving applictns, Eg: SMB, NCP, Telnet, FTP, WWW and SMTP, File Transfer Access and Mangt (FTAM), Virtual Term Proto (VTP), and Common Mangt Info Proto (CMIP). Presentation-Negotiating data xfer Syntax, Data encryption, compression, translation, coding and conversion functions. Eg. ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, GIF, TIFF, MPEG, PICT, MIDI, QuickTime, Session?u>Dialog Control-establishes, manages, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications, communication sessions consist of service requests and service responses that occur between applications located in different network devices. Eg. NFS (sun), SQL, RPC, X window, ASP, Zone Info Proto (ZIP), and Session Control Proto (SCP). Transport-End-End conn, hides info from upper layer, gives transparent data transfer, segments and reassembles data into data streams. responsible for both reliable and unreliable end-to-end logical conn. does flow control, windowing, acknowledgement, multiplexing, virtual circuit management, session establishment and error checking and recovery. Eg. TCP, UDP, SPX, Name Binding Protocol (NBP), Nwlink, NetBeui, ATP, NBP. Network-Routing-uses logical addressing to provide routing and related functions that allow multiple data links to be combined into an internetwork. supports both con

思科 第二学期 答案 1-4章

第一章路由和数据包转发介绍 1.哪两项说法正确描述了路由器的组件?(选择两项)(B、D) A.RAM 永久存储着在启动过程中使用的配置文件 B.ROM 含有硬件模块所执行的诊断程序 C.NVRAM 存储着在启动过程中使用的 IOS 的备份副本 D.重新启动时闪存中的内容不会丢失 E.ROM 包含最新而且最完整的 IOS 版本 F.闪存包含用于标识 IOS 位置的启动系统命令 2.图中的哪些接口可用于租用线路 WAN 连接?(选择两项)(A、D) A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 E.5 F.6 3.如果路由器在启动时无法找到有效的配置文件,将发生什么情况?? (B) A.启动过程将重置 B.路由器将提示用户进行响应,以进入设置模式 C.启动过程将停止,直到获得有效的配置文件D.路由器将根据上次的有效配置生成默认配置文件 E.路由器将监控本地流量,以确定路由协议配置要求 4.以下哪一项正确描述了路由器启动时的顺序?? (A) A.加载 bootstrap、加载 IOS、应用配置 B.加载 bootstrap、应用配置、加载 IOS C.加载 IOS、加载 bootstrap、应用配置、检查硬件 D.检查硬件、应用配置、加载 bootstrap、加载 IOS 5.加载配置文件时的默认顺序是怎样的?? (C) A.NVRAM、FLASH、ROM B.FLASH、TFTP、CONSOLE C.NVRAM、TFTP、CONSOLE D.FLASH、TFTP、ROM 6.在启动过程中,路由器可以从哪些位置加载 Cisco IOS?(选择两项)? (B、E) A.RAM B.TFTP 服务器 C.NVRAM D.设置例程 E.闪存 F.终端 7.下列哪些是路由器的功能?(选择三项)? (A、C、D) A.分组交换 B.网段扩展 C.广播域分段 D.根据逻辑编址选择最佳路径 E.根据物理编址选择最佳路径8.当路由器收到从一个网络发往另一个网络的数据包时,它会执行哪三个过程?(选择三项)? (A、D、E) A.通过解开第 2 层帧报头来解封第 3 层数据包 B.通过 IP 报头中的目的 MAC 地址在路由表中查找下一跳地址 C.解封第 3 层数据包时将第 2 层帧报头保持原样 D.通过 IP 报头中的目的 IP 地址在路由表中查找下一跳地址 E.将第 3 层数据包封装成新的第 2 层帧,并将该帧从送出接口转发出去 F.将第 3 层数据包封装成特殊的第 1 层帧,并将该帧转发到送出接口 9.网络管理员需要通过路由器的 FastEthernet 端口直接连接两台路由器。应使用哪种电缆?? (C) A.直通电缆 B.全反电缆 C.交叉电缆 D.串行电缆 10.请参见图示。从路由器的运行配置输出可得出什么结论?(D) A.口令经过加密 B.当前配置已保存到 NVRAM C.显示的配置将会是路由器下次重新启动时用到的配置 D.显示的命令决定了路由器的当前运行情况 11.关于负载均衡特征的描述,哪两条是正确的?(选择两项)? (C、D) A.负载均衡是指路由器将相同的数据包发送到不同目的网络 B.负载均衡是指通过静态路由和动态路由发送相同数量的数据包 C.负载均衡可让路由器通过多条路径将数据包发送到同一的目的网络 D.EIGRP 支持不等价负载均衡 E.如果到达同一目的地的多条路径具有不同度量,则路由器不支持负载均衡 12.请参见图示。从图中的路由表输出可得出什么结论?(选择两项)? (D、E)

Study Guide - The Great Divorce

STUDY GUIDE of THE GREAT DIVORCE By C.S.Lewis Introduction The Great Divorce arose out of Lewis’interest in the nature of spiritual choices.The idea for allowing damned spirits a“holiday”in Heaven was suggested to him by his reading of the seventeenth century Anglican divine Jeremy Taylor,who introduced him to the ancient Catholic notion of Refrigerium–that the damned are given occasional repose from the torments of Hell by being granted“days off”in other places.The title of the book was a play on William Blake’s’The Marriage of Heaven and Hell–Lewis implying that no such marriage is possible.On the title page there is a telling quote from George MacDonald: No,there is no escape.There is no heaven with a little of hell in it–no plan to retain this or that of the devil in our hearts or our pockets.Out Satan must go, every hair and feather. A word about George MacDonald George MacDonald was a nineteenth century story-teller and preacher,born in Scotland in1824. The influence his writings were to have on Lewis was profound.Lewis described his initial encounter with MacDonald’s mythopoeic fairy tale Phantastes as first“baptizing”his imagination with a taste for goodness,long before he was to accept Christianity on rational https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c616319551.html,ter on,he made no secret of the fact that he regarded MacDonald as“his master”: “I don’t think I’ve ever written a book in which I did not quote from him…”MacDonald’s appeal,for Lewis,was in the holiness of his imagination.His sermons,essays and novels were to be a great support to Lewis throughout his Christian life,and he testified constantly to the spiritual nourishment he drew from them:“I know nothing that gives me such a feeling of spiritual healing,of being washed as to read George MacDonald”;“So many clever writers strike one as quite childish after MacDonald:they seem not to understand so many things.”Not surprising then,he makes MacDonald his teacher in The Great Divorce,a figure of spiritual authority a little like Virgil or Beatrice in Dante’s Divine Comedy(another text upon which Lewis frequently drew for heavenly inspiration)to guide and support him in his journey through heaven and in his quest to understand it. Suggestions for Study The loose dream-like structure of The Great Divorce makes it harder for readers to discuss it in stages,so we have provided a set of topic/case-based questions for those who would like to discuss the book in detail,as well as the more abstract questions for those who want to use the book as a starting point for a general discussion. We recommend that you mix and match questions according to your group’s interests and needs or,alternatively,pick out provocative quotes from the text itself as alternative starting points for discussion.Have someone act as a moderator to help direct the conversation and to ensure that everyone who wishes has a chance to participate.

思科第二学期第八章答案

1. 请参见图示。从该图的输出中可以确定什么? 该路由器需要执行递归查找才能转发目的地为的数据包。 这些网络的父路由已从路由表中删除。 到的路由将被分类为路由表中所列路由的超网路由。 所列出的所有路由都是网络路由 2. 请参见图示。JAX 路由器正在处理目的地为主机的数据包。在路由表中搜索匹配此数据包目的网络的静态路由之后,路由器下一步将做什么? 搜索默认路由以转发此数据包 丢弃此数据包,因为该静态路由没有送出接口 执行递归查找以找出用于转发此数据包的送出接口 请求邻居路由器告知网络的位置 3. 请参见图示。当在 Router1 上配置了图中的三个子网时,哪个父网络将自动包含到路由表中? 4.路由表中显示以下条目: R [120/2] via 00:00:26, Serial0/0/1 这是哪种类型的路由? 1 级父路由 1 级超网路由 1 级最终网络路由 2 级子路由 2 级最终子路由 5. 请参见图示。Router1 正在运行 IOS 第版。网络管理员需要做什么工作才能确保发往未知子路由的数据包不会被丢弃? 使用?ip default-network?命令 使用 RIPv1 之类的有类路由协议 启用 OSPF 或 ISIS 作为路由协议 使用?ip classless?命令 什么都不用做,默认会启用?ip classless 6. 请参见图示。路由器 B 接收到目的地址为 10.16.1.97 的数据包。路由器 B 将会做什么? 丢弃数据包 使用默认路由 通过到 10.16.1.0 的路由转发该数据包 通过到 10.16.1.64 的路由转发该数据包 7. 请参见图示。该输出中有多少条路由可用作最终路由?

思科第二学期答案

参加考试 - ERouting Final Exam - CCNA Exploration: 路由协议和概念 (版本 4.0) 1. 请参见图示。哪一项是对连接到路由器 R1 的路由的最有效总结? 198.18.0.0/16 198.18.48.0/21 198.18.32.0/22 198.18.48.0/23 198.18.49.0/23 198.18.52.0/22 2.下列关于路由协议的陈述,哪三项是正确的?(选择三项。) EIGRP 支持不等价负载均衡。 RIP 无法配置为允许无类路由。 OSPF 在多路访问链路上选举指定路由器。 RIP 不通告跳数超过 15 的路由。 EIGRP 使用广播流量与其邻居建立相邻关系。

OSPF 能够更迅速地收敛,因为在后继路由失效时,它能够在其拓扑表中找出可行后继路由。 3. 请参见图示。该网络正在运行 RIP 路由协议。网络 10.0.0.0 突然断开。下列有关此拓扑结构中路由器如何响应该事件的陈述中,哪一项是正确的? Router4 将在 30 秒之后的下一次定期更新中获知该失效路由。 在抑制计时器超时之前,水平分割将阻止 Router4 向 10.0.0.0 网络转发数据包。 Router5 将立即从路由表中清除这一失效路由。 Router5 将向 Router4 发送触发更新,其中网络 10.0.0.0 的度量为 16。4.

请参见图示。根据图中所示的拓扑结构,要在 Paris 路由器上配置 EIGRP 需要使用哪三条命令?(选择三项。) Paris(config)# router eigrp 100 Paris(config)# router eigrp Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.6.0 Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0 Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0 Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.9.0 5. 请参见图示。多少条路由既是 1 级路由,又可作为最终路由使用?

study guide 论文proposal

Research Proposal Form Student Name: Student Number: Intake Number Module Title Proposed Project Title:An investigation into the factors affecting motivation of teachers in the School of Business 1. Subject Area of Research The topic of study must relate directly to your programme of study. (a) What is the module which your research will be based upon? [X] Human Resource Management [ ] Management Organizational Behav. [ ] Managing Change [ ] Cross-cultural management (b) Which specific topic from this module? Topic 4 of HRM HR Appraisal (c) Please indicate what the question which you intend to research in 20 words or less? What factors impact on staff motivation in the University of College Dublin? (d) What are your research objectives? (i) Indentifying the motivation factors impacting on teachers in the University of College Dublin (ii) Assessing the impact of incentive measures on staff motivation Rationale for the Selection of the Project Why is this topic worth investigating? I selected this topic for two reasons. Firstly, I was always curious about why teachers in the University of College Dublin are so dedicated to their jobs. I want to identify the hidden causing factors. As a student, I have the opportunities to keep in touch with different teachers and therefore it is possible for me to find the answers. Secondly, how to motivate employees is a question for each organization. Investigating the motivation situation of he University of College Dublin can help the school to better manage its employees. 3. Preparation for Literature Review Alugchaab Richard A. (2011): ‘Factors That Influence the Motivation of basic school

思科第二学期第七章答案

1. 请参见图示。如果所有路由器都运行 RIP 第 2 版,为什么没有 /27 网络的路由Rip 第 2 版不会在更新中发送子网掩码。 路由器 A 并未将 RIP 设置为路由协议。 Rip 第 2 版默认将自动总结路由。 路由器 B 未设置为通告 /30 网络 2. 请参见图示。下列哪个路由器上的哪条命令可让 Router1 获知 /20 网络 Router1(config)#?ip classless Router1(config-router)#?no passive-interface serial 0/1/1 Router2(config-router)#?version 2 Router2(config-router)#?neighbor 10.0.0.2 3.哪两项是选择实施 RIP 第 2 版而不是 RIP 第 1 版的原因(选择两项。) RIP 第 2 版支持 VLSM。 RIP 第 2 版支持 16 台以上的路由器。 RIP 第 2 版支持有类(而不是无类)路由。 RIP 第 2 版支持路由更新验证。 RIP 第 2 版支持多区域。 RIP 第 2 版使用 Dijkstra 算法而不是贝尔曼-福特算法 4.RIP v1 和 RIP v2 的相似点有哪些(选择三项。) 两者都使用跳数作为度量。 两者对无穷距离使用相同的度量值。 两者都向邻居广播其更新。

两者都在更新中发送子网掩码信息。 两者都对更新来源进行身份验证。 两者都使用水平分割来防止路由环路 5. 请参见图示。路由器 East 和 West 被配置为使用 RIPv1。两台路由器都会发送有关其直连路由的更新。East 路由器可以 ping 通 West 路由器的串行接口,West 可以 ping 通 East 的串行接口。但是,两台路由器都无法从对方动态获知路由。最可能的原因是什么 需要配置最后选用网关。 子网划分不受 RIPv1 支持。 VLSM 不受 RIPv1 支持。 其中一台路由器的串行接口需要时钟频率 6. 请参见图示。下列哪条命令可让 Router2 获知 /28 网络 Router1(config)#?ip classless Router1(config-router)#?network Router1(config-router)#?no passive-interface serial 0/1/1 Router2(config-router)#?version 2 Router2(config-router)#?neighbor 10.0.0.2

SAT study guide

SAT Study Guide Introduction (1) What is the SAT? (1) How is the SAT scored? (2) How do I take the SAT? (2) How do I get my scores? (3) Strategies for Test-takers (3) What is the guessing penalty? (3) When should I guess? (3) The Importance of Time (4) What should I remember on exam day? (5) The Math Section (5) The Critical Reading Section (6) The Writing Section (7) The Essay (7) WELL-SUPPORTED (9) But Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar Count! (18) Improving Sentences (22) Introduction What is the SAT? The SAT Reasoning Test, formerly the SAT I: Reasoning Test, is a college entrance examination administered several times a year by the non-profit College Board. The exam is used by many colleges and universities in the United States, among other factors, to determine acceptance into undergraduate school. The SAT is not the only test you can take for college admission, but it is the most widely used. The other most common test is the ACT. Interestingly, SAT does not stand for anything (neither does ACT). If you plan to attend college after graduating from high school, the SAT is one of the most important tests you will ever take. You should be sure to take it seriously and study hard, using books such as this one. The SAT is a timed test of approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes, divided into three sections: the Math section, the Critical Reading section, and the Writing section, which includes a written essay. Each section is graded on a scale of 200-800. Scaling allows the College Board to correct minor variations in difficulty between versions of the tests. On the test itself, there are ten sets of questions: three from each section. Each section has a different time limit; each question has five answers. One of the Writing section sets is the essay, which is also always Section 1. One of the sections is known as an equating

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