大学电大专科《土壤肥料学》2022期末试题及答案(试卷号：2091)

国家开放大学电大专科《土壤肥料学》2022期末试题及答案

（试卷号：2091）

国家开放大学电大专科《土壤肥料学》2022期末试题及答案一、单选题1．一旦表层土壤形成干土层，土壤水分蒸发损失()。

A．仍然比较多B．比较少C．决定于土壤有机质的含量D．决定于土壤质地2．水稻吸收氮素最多的时期是()。

A．苗期B．分蘖期C．返青期D．分蘖期和孕穗开花期 3. 长期大量施用硫酸铵的土壤，pH值会()。 A．升高B．降低C．不会受到影响D．大幅度变化4．关于磷酸铵，错误的是( )。

A．含磷量高于含氮量B．含氮量高于含磷量C．适宜施用在缺磷较多的土壤D．适宜施用于需磷较多的作物5．土壤与成土母质的明显差异在于()。

A．颗粒大小B．养分含量C．质地D．有明显的发生层次6．所有作物的根际土壤与非根际土壤最明显的差异是()。

A．微生物比较多B．养分富集C．氧化还原电位低D．养分亏缺7. 作物吸收的氮素如果超过其代谢消耗，则

以( )形式存于体内。

A．硝酸盐B．铵C．两种酰胺D．核酸8．作物吸收养分物质最根本的特点就是()。

A. 养分供给越多，根吸收的就越多B．具有选择性C．优先吸收小的物质D．吸收供给量最少的那种养分物质9．一般不宜施用在水田的肥料是()。

A. 磷酸铵B．碳酸氢铵C．磷酸二氢钾D．硝酸磷肥10．叶片也能够吸收养分，并且利用率很高，所以为了获得高产和高效，应该( )。

A．以施用叶面肥为主B．适时喷施叶面肥C．减少土壤施肥D．提高叶面积系数11．在确定某地块的肥料用量时，必须知道土壤养分的供给量和作物的吸收量以及()。

A．栽培耕作制度B．灌溉条件C．肥料利用率D．土壤物理性状12．在土壤形成过程中起主导作用的因素是()。

A．生物B．母质C．地形D．时间13．玉米产生白化苗可能是因为缺乏()。

A．铁B．锌C．锰D．铜14．黏重的土壤一般含有()。

A．比较多的原生矿物B．比较多的次生矿物C．比较多的有机质D．比较多的石英15. 许多作物缺锌时

生长缓慢，植株矮小，是因为锌影响( )。

A．生长素的合成B．一些酶的合成C．核酸的合成D．蛋白质的合成二、名词解释16．质流：

溶解在土壤水中的养分随根系吸收水分而形成的水流，到达根系表面的过程。

17．闭蓄态磷：

在酸性土壤中，大部分磷酸盐常常被铁的氧化物或水化氧化物的胶膜所包被着，在石灰性土壤，磷酸盐的表面也常常形成钙质胶膜，这就是闭蓄态磷。

18．营养诊断：是对土壤养分贮量和供给能力，以及植株营养状况进行分析测试，分为土壤诊断和植株诊断两种方法。

19．土壤有机质：

有机物质在以微生物为主体的作用下，形成一类特殊的、复杂的、性质比较稳定的多种高分子有机化合物，一般包括部分半腐解的有机物质和全部的腐殖质。

20. 腐殖化系数：堆肥中，形成腐殖质与有机物质的比例，称为腐殖化系数。

三、填空题21．土壤中的速效养分一般包括水溶态和大部分吸附态养分。

22．良好的团粒结构体一般应具有三个方面的性质，具有一定的大小、具有多级孔隙和具有一定的稳定性。

23．典型的土壤胶体微粒包括三个部分：胶核、胶粒和胶团。

24．土壤有机物的转化包括矿物质化和腐殖质化两个完全对立的过程。

25．我国土壤学家将我国土壤质地分为壤土、砂土和粘土3大类。

四、问答题26．什么是中低产田?中低产田低产的原因是什么? 答：中低产田是指以当地大面积近三年平均亩产为基准，低于平均亩产20％以下为低产田，处于平均亩产±20％以内的为中产田，二者一起称为中低产田。

中低产田的低产原因包括自然环境因素和人为因素两个方面。自然环境因素包括坡地冲蚀、土层浅薄、有机质和矿质养分少、土壤质地过粘或过砂、土体构型不良、易涝或易旱、土壤盐化、过酸或过碱等；

人为因素包括盲目开荒，滥砍滥伐、水利设施不完善，落后的灌溉方法，掠夺性经营、导致土壤肥力日益下降。

27．必需营养元素的一般功能是什么？答：首先是构成作物体内的结构物质和生命物质，结构物质包括纤维素、半纤维素、果胶、木质素等，生命物质指氨基酸、蛋白质、核酸、维生素等；

其次是加速作物体内代谢活动；

另外还对作物有特殊功能，如参与作物体内的各种代谢活

动，调节细胞透性和增强作物的抗逆性等。

五、论述题28．说明什么是土壤母质以及土壤母质的来源。

答：土壤母质是指地壳表面岩石的风化产物及其各种沉积体。土壤母质来源于岩石的风化产物，而岩石是由一种或多种矿物以一定比例构成的集合体，矿物是指具有比较均匀的化学组成成分、一定内部构造和物理性质的天然物体。地壳的矿物种类按来源可分为原生矿物和次生矿物两种，按化学组成可分为硅酸盐类、碳酸盐类、氧化物类和氢氧化物类、硫酸盐类、磷酸盐类等。地壳的岩石按生成方式可分为岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩3大类。岩浆岩是指地球内部熔融的岩浆侵入地壳一定的深度或喷出地表后，冷凝所形成的岩石。沉积岩是地壳表面的岩石经过风化、搬运、沉积等作用，在一定条件下再形成的岩石。变质岩是指沉积岩或岩浆岩在高温高压等作用下，其矿物组成、结构、构造和化学成分发生剧烈变化，所形成的岩石。

29．创造良好的土壤团粒结构有哪些措施？答：第一，精耕细作，增施有机肥料，均能够使表层土壤松散，促进形成团粒结构；

第二，合理的轮作倒茬、秸秆还田、种植绿肥、粮食作物与绿肥轮作、水旱轮作等；

第三，合理灌溉、适时耕耘，充分发挥干湿交替与冻融交

替的作用，有利于形成大量水不稳定性的团粒，调节土壤结构性；

第四，施用石灰及石膏，不仅能降低土壤的酸碱度，而且还有利于土壤团聚体的形成；

第五，土壤结构改良剂作为土壤团聚体的胶结物质，可以有效改良土壤结构。

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