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药用产品GMP指南第一部分翻译

药用产品GMP指南第一部分翻译
药用产品GMP指南第一部分翻译

PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION CONVENTION

PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION CO-OPERATION SCHEME

药品检验公约

药品检验合作计划

GUIDE TO GOOD MANUFACTURINGPRACTICE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTSPART I

药用产品良好生产规范指南第一部分

目录

第一章质量管理 (2)

第二章人员 (11)

第三章厂房设施 (17)

第四章文件 (25)

第五章生产 (41)

第六章质量控制 (53)

第七章委托生产与委托检验 (62)

第八章产品投诉和召回 (66)

第九章自检 (69)

CHAPTER 1

第一章质量管理

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPLE原则

The holder of a manufacturing authorisation must manufacture medicinalproducts so as to ensure that they are fit for their intended use, comply with therequirements of the Marketing Authorisation and do not place patients at riskdue to inadequate safety, quality or efficacy. The attainment of this qualityobjective is the responsibility of senior management and requires theparticipation and commitment by staff in many different departments and at alllevels within the company, by the company’s suppliers and b y the distributors.To achieve the quality objective reliably there must be a comprehensivelydesigned and correctly implemented system of Quality Assurance IncorporatingGood Manufacturing Practice, and thus Quality Control and Quality RiskManagement. It should be fully documented and its effectiveness monitored.All parts of the Quality Assurance systems should be adequately resourced withcompetent personnel, and suitable and sufficient premises, equipment andfacilities. There are additional legal responsibilities for the holder of themanufacturing authorisation and for the authorised person(s).

生产许可证持有人必须生产药品,从而确保药品适合预期用途、符合相应的上市许可证或临床试验许可证要求,不因为安全性问题、质量问题或有效性问题而把患者置于风险之中。实现上述质量目标是公司高级管理人员的职责,并要求公司的供应商、销售商,公司内所有各级员工与许多不同部门的员工共同参与、一起努力。要可靠地实现这一质量目标,必须综合设计一个整合药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)和质量控制、质量风险管理的制药质量保证体系并正确实施。质量体系应当全面文件化,并监察其有效性。整个制药质量体系应当配备充足的具有资质的人员,以及充分并适用的建筑物、设备和设施。生产许可证持有人以及质量受权人有额外的法律责任。

The basic concepts of Quality Assurance, Good Manufacturing Practice, QualityControl and Quality Risk Management are inter-related. They are describedhere in order to emphasise their relationships and their fundamental importanceto the production and control of medicinal products.

质量保证、药品生产质量管理规范、质量控制以及质量风险管理的基本概念是相互关联的。

在这里对其进行描述是为了强调它们之间的联系以及其对药品生产和控制的重要性。QUALITY ASSURANCE

质量保证

1.1 Quality Assurance is a wide-ranging concept, which covers all matters, whichindividually or collectively influence the quality of a product. It is the sum total ofthe organised arrangements made with the objective of ensuring that medicinalproducts are of the quality required for their intended use. Quality Assurancetherefore incorporates Good Manufacturing Practice plus other factors outsidethe scope of this Guide.

质量保证是一个宽泛的概念,涵盖所有因素,这些因素单独或共同影响产品质量。质量保证是为了保证药品质量符合预期用途,而进行的有组织的安排的总和。因此,质量保证中包含着药品生产质量管理规范以及本指南的范围内的其他因素。

The system of Quality Assurance appropriate for the manufacture of medicinalproducts should ensure that:

一个适当的质量保证体系应当确保:

i. medicinal products are designed and developed in a way that takesaccount of the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practice ;

药品的设计和开发应考虑药品生产质量管理规范的要求;

ii. production and control operations are clearly specified and GoodManufacturing Practice adopted;

对生产和控制操作进行明确规定,并符合药品生产质量管理规范的要求;

iii. managerial responsibilities are clearly specified;

明确规定管理职责;

iv. arrangements are made for the manufacture, supply and use of thecorrect starting and packaging materials;

对下述活动均有协议约束:生产、供应、使用正确的起始物料与包装材料。

v. all necessary controls on intermediate products, and any other inprocess controls and validations are carried out;

对中间产品以及其他任何中间过程控制与验证实施所有必要的控制;

vi. the finished product is correctly processed and checked, according tothe defined procedures;

成品根据确定的程序进行正确生产和检测;

vii. medicinal products are not sold or supplied before an authorised personhas certified that each production batch has been produced andcontrolled in accordance with the requirements of the marketingauthorisation and any other regulations relevant to the production,control and release of medicinal products;

质量受权人需签发证明以确认每一批次药品的生产和控制均符合上市许可要求以及与药品生产、控制和放行相关的任何其他法规要求,未经质量受权人签发证明的药品不得销售或供货;

viii. satisfactory arrangements exist to ensure, as far as possible, that themedicinal products are stored, distributed and subsequently handled sothat quality is maintained throughout their shelf life;

药品贮存、发运和后续处理确保有满意的管理规程,从而尽量保证药品货架期内的质量

ix. there is a procedure for self-inspection and/or quality audit, whichregularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the qualityassurance system.

有自检和/ 或质量审计规程,以定期评价质量保证体系的有效性与适用性。

GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICINALPRODUCTS (GMP)

药品生产质量管理规范

1.2 Good Manufacturing Practice is that part of Quality Assurance which ensuresthat Medicinal products are consistently produced and controlled to the qualitystandards appropriate to their intended use and as required by the marketingauthorisation or product specification.Good Manufacturing Practice is concerned with both production and qualitycontrol. The basic requirements of GMP are that:

药品生产质量管理规范是质量管理体系的一部分,保证按适合预期用途的质量标准及上市许可、临床试验许可或产品质量标准要求始终如一地生产及控制产品。药品生产质量管理规范涉及生产和质量控制。药品生产质量管理规范的基本要求是:

i. all manufacturing processes are clearly defined, systematically reviewedin the light of experience and shown to be capable of consistentlymanufacturing medicinal products of the required quality and complyingwith their specifications;

所有生产工艺得到明确规定、按照经验经过系统的审核,并经过证明表明有能力始终如一地

生产具有所需质量且符合质量标准的药品

ii. critical steps of manufacturing processes and significant changes to theprocess are validated;

生产工艺的关键步骤以及重大的工艺变更已经验证;

iii. all necessary facilities for GMP are provided including:

提供了GM P需要的所有设施,包括:

a. appropriately qualified and trained personnel;有适当资质并经过培训的员工;

b. adequate premises and space;充足的厂房与空间;

c. suitable equipment and services;适当的设备及保养;

d. correct materials, containers and labels;恰当的材料、容器和标签;

e. approved procedures and instructions;经批准的规程与操作方法;

f. suitable storage and transport;合适的贮存与运输;

iv. instructions and procedures are written in an instructional form in clearand unambiguous language, specifically applicable to the facilitiesprovided;

操作方法与规程应当使用有指导意义的方式来书写,并且条理清楚、用语明确,特别是要适用于相应的设施;

v. operators are trained to carry out procedures correctly;

操作人员接受过正确执行规程的培训;

vi. records are made, manually and/or by recording instruments, duringmanufacture which demonstrate that all the steps required by thedefined procedures and instructions were in fact taken and that thequantity and quality of the product was as expected. Any significantdeviations are fully recorded and investigated;在生产过程中进行了记录,可由手工和/ 或仪器记录,以证明规程和操作要求的所有步骤切实得到了执行,以及产品的质量和数量达到预期要求;所有重大偏差得到了完整记录、经过了调查

vii. records of manufacture including distribution which enable the completehistory of a batch to be traced, are retained in a comprehensible andaccessible form;

生产记录包括销售记录以易懂且可获得的方式得到了保留,使整个批次的完整历史可追溯;viii. the distribution (wholesaling) of the products minimises any risk to theirquality;

降低产品销售过程中的质量风险;

ix. a system is available to recall any batch of product, from sale or supply;

有药品召回系统,确保任何一批产品都能从销售商或供应处收回;

x. complaints about marketed products are examined, the causes of qualitydefects investigated and appropriate measures taken in respect of thedefective products and to prevent re-occurrence.

对产品投诉进行检查,调查质量缺陷原因,对缺陷产品采取适当措施并防止再次发生。

QUALITY CONTROL质量控制

1.3 Quality Control is that part of Good Manufacturing Practice which is concernedwith sampling, specifications and testing, and with the organisation,documentation and release procedures which ensure that the necessary andrelevant tests are actually carried out and that materials are not released foruse, nor products released for sale or supply, until their quality has been judgedto be satisfactory.The basic requirements of Quality Control are that:

质量控制是G M P 的一部分,涉及取样、质量标准、检验,同样也涉及组织机构、文件和放行规程,以保证切实执行了必要的相关检验,并且确保物料或产品被判定符合要求之前不被放行使用或销售。质量控制的基本要求是:

i. adequate facilities, trained personnel and approved procedures areavailable for sampling, inspecting and testing starting materials,packaging materials, intermediate, bulk, and finished products, andwhere appropriate for monitoring environmental conditions for GMPpurposes;

有充足的设施设备、经过培训的人员及经过批准的规程用于起始物料、包装材料、中间体、半成品与成品取样和检验,以及G M P 要求的环境监测

ii. samples of starting materials, packaging materials, intermediateproducts, bulk products and finished products are taken by personneland by methods approved by Quality Control;

由经过批准的人员按经过批准的方法对起始物料、包装材料、中间产品、半成品、成品取样;iii. test methods are validated;检验方法经过验证;

iv. records are made, manually and/or by recording instruments, whichdemonstrate that all the required sampling, inspecting and testingprocedures were actually carried out. Any deviations are fully recordedand investigated;

由手工和/ 或仪器做了记录,以证明所有要求的取样、检查和检验规程切实得到了执行。任何偏差得到了完整记录和调查;

v. the finished products contain active ingredients complying with thequalitative and quantitative composition of the marketing authorisation,are of the purity required, and are enclosed within their propercontainers and correctly labelled;

成品中的活性成分符合上市许可或临床试验许可的定性和定量要求,及符合纯度要求,并贮存在适当的容器中、贴上正确的标签;

vi. records are made of the results of inspection and that testing ofmaterials, intermediate, bulk, and finished products is formally assessedagainst specification. Product assessment includes a

review andevaluation of relevant production documentation and an assessment ofdeviations from specified procedures;

物料、中间体、半成品及成品的检查与检验结果有记录,成品按质量标准做了正式评估。产品评估包括回顾与评估相关生产文件,以及评估对特定规程的偏差;

vii. no batch of product is released for sale or supply prior to certification byan authorised person that it is in accordance with the requirements ofthe relevant authorisations;

在质量受权人确认产品批次符合相应许可要求之前,任何批次不被放行销售或供货;

viii. sufficient reference samples of starting materials and products areretained to permit future examination of the product if necessary andthat the product is retained in its final pack unless exceptionally largepacks are produced.

留有足够的起始物料和成品对照样品,以备将来有需要的时候对产品进行检验,样品包装方式与对应的产品最终包装方式相同。

PRODUCT QUALITY REVIEW产品质量回顾

1.4 Regular periodic or rolling quality reviews of all licensed medicinal products,including export only products, should be conducted with the objective ofverifying the consistency of the existing process, the appropriateness of currentspecifications for both starting materials and finished product to highlight anytrends and to identify product and process improvements. Such reviews shouldnormally be conducted and documented annually, taking into account previousreviews, and should include at least:

应当对所有获得批准的药品,包括仅供出口的药品,进行定期的或滚动式的质量回顾,质量回顾的目的是确认现有工艺的一致性、起始物料和成品现行质量标准的适宜性,强调任何趋势并识别产品和工艺改进点。通常应当每年回顾并文件化,回顾中还应当考虑以前的回顾情况,并至少应当包括:

i. A review of starting materials including packaging materials used in theproduct, especially those from new sources.

回顾产品所用起始物料、包装材料,特别是来自新供应商的起始物料和包装材料,

ii. A review of critical in-process controls and finished product results.

回顾关键中间过程控制与成品结果。

iii. A review of all batches that failed to meet established specification(s)and their investigation.

回顾未能符合既定质量标准的所有批次及其调查结果。

iv. A review of all significant deviations or non-conformances, their relatedinvestigations, and the effectiveness of resultant corrective andpreventative actions taken.

回顾所有重大偏差或不符合事件与相关调查,以及后续纠正与预防措施的有效性。

v. A review of all changes carried out to the processes or analyticalmethods.

回顾工艺或分析方法的所有变更。

vi. A review of Marketing Authorisation variations submitted/granted/refused, including those for third country (export only) dossiers.

回顾已递交的、已批准的或被拒绝的上市许可变更,包括已递交的、已批准的或被拒绝的第三国(仅供出口)上市许可变更资料。

vii. A review of the results of the stability monitoring programme and anyadverse trends.

回顾稳定性监测程序的结果以及任何不良的趋势。

viii. A review of all quality-related returns, complaints and recalls and theinvestigations performed at the time.

回顾与质量相关的所有退货、投诉与召回,以及当时实施的调查。

ix. A review of adequacy of any other previous product process orequipment corrective actions.

回顾任何其他先前产品工艺或设备纠正措施的适宜性。

x. For new marketing authorisations and variations to marketingauthorisations, a review of post-marketing commitments.

对于新的上市许可和上市许可变更,回顾上市后承诺。

xi. The qualification status of relevant equipment and utilities, e.g. HV AC,water, compressed gases, etc.

回顾相关设备与公用系统的确认状态,例如空气净化系统、制水系统、压缩空气系统等。xii. A review of any contractual arrangements as defined in Chapter 7 toensure that they are up to date.

回顾第7 章规定的所有合同、协议,以确保未过时。

The manufacturer and marketing authorisation holder should evaluate theresults of this review and an assessment made of whether corrective andpreventative action or any revalidation should be undertaken. Reasons for suchcorrective actions should be documented. Agreed corrective and preventativeactions should be completed in a timely and effective manner. There should bemanagement procedures for the ongoing management and review of theseactions and the

effectiveness of these procedures verified during selfinspection. Quality reviews may be grouped by product type, e.g. solid dosageforms, liquid dosage forms, sterile products, etc. where scientifically justified.

生产企业,或是上市许可证持有人,如果生产企业不是上市许可证持有人的话,应当在制药质量体系下评估产品质量回顾的结果,并评估是否应当釆取纠正与预防措施或是任何再验证。对于现有管理活动及这些管理活动的回顾,应当有管理规程,并通过自检确认这些规程的有效性。经过科学论证后,可以按产品类别进行质量回顾,例如固体剂型、液体剂型、无菌产品等。

Where the marketing authorisation holder is not the manufacturer, there shouldbe a technical agreement in place between the various parties that defines theirrespective responsibilities in producing the quality review. The authorizedperson responsible for final batch certification together with the marketingauthorisation holder should ensure that the quality review is performed in atimely manner and is accurate.

如果上市许可证持有人不是生产企业,各方之间应当签订技术协议,规定各自在产品貭量回顾中的责任。授权人和销售许可持有人负责最后一批认证,应确保及时准确的的进行质量回顾。

QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT质量风险管理

1.5 Quality risk management is a systematic process for the assessment, control,communication and review of risks to the quality of the medicinal product. It canbe applied both proactively and retrospectively.

质量风险管理是一个用于药品质量风险评估、控制、交流与评审的系统过程。可以采用前瞻性或回顾性形式。

1.6 The quality risk management system should ensure that:质量风险管理的原则是:

- the evaluation of the risk to quality is based on scientific knowledge,experience with the process and ultimately links to the protection of thepatient;

质量风险评估是以科学知识和对工艺的经验为基础,并最终与保护患者相关联。

- the level of effort, formality and documentation of the quality riskmanagement process is commensurate with the level of risk.

质量风险管理过程的投入、正式程度与文件应当与风险水平相适应。

Examples of the processes and applications of quality risk management can befound inter alia in

在附录20中所述的质量风险管理的过程与应用实例。

第二章人员

PERSONNEL

PRINCIPLE原则

The establishment and maintenance of a satisfactory system of qualityassurance and the correct manufacture of medicinal products relies uponpeople. For this reason there must be sufficient qualified personnel to carry outall the tasks which are the responsibility of the manufacturer. Individualresponsibilities should be clearly understood by the individuals and recorded.All personnel should be aware of the principles of Good Manufacturing Practicethat affect them and receive initial and continuing training, including hygieneinstructions, relevant to their needs.

符合要求的质量保证体系的建立和维护以及药品的正确生产依赖于人。因此,必须有足够的有资质的人员来完成与生产企业职责相应的所有工作。每个人应当清楚地理解自己的职责并记录。所有人员都应当知晓与自己相关的药品生产质量管理规范基本原则,并且接受培训与继续培训,这些培训包括与人员卫生相关的教育工作。

GENERAL总则

2.1. The manufacturer should have an adequate number of personnel with thenecessary qualifications and practical experience. The responsibilities placedon any one individual should not be so extensive as to present any risk toquality.

生产企业应当配备足够数量并具有适当资质及实际经验的人员。为防止出现任何质量风险,每个人所承担的职责不应当过多。

2.2. The manufacturer must have an organisation chart. People in responsiblepositions should have specific duties recorded in written job descriptions andadequate authority to carry out their responsibilities. Their duties may bedelegated to designated deputies of a satisfactory qualification level. Thereshould be no gaps or unexplained overlaps in the responsibilities of thosepersonnel concerned with the application of Good Manufacturing Practice.

生产企业必须具有组织机构图,针对各岗位员工应制定岗位职责说明书,对岗位职责进行书面描述并给员工充分的授权来履行职责。这些职责可以委派给其他人,但受托人必须具有相应的资质。在药品生产质量管理规范实施过程中,员工职责之间应无缝衔接,并且没有无故的重叠。

KEY PERSONNEL关键人员

2.3. Key Personnel includes the head of Production, the head of Quality Control,and if at least one of these persons is not responsible for the release ofproducts the authorised person(s) designated for the purpose. Normally keyposts should be occupied by full-time personnel. The heads of Production andQuality Control must be independent from each other. In large organisations, itmay be necessary to delegate some of the functions listed in 2.5., 2.6. and 2.7.

关键管理人员包括生产负责人和质量负责人,如果这些人中未有至少一人承担职责,则应当指定适当数量的质量受权人(至少一名)来履行该职责。通常,关键岗位人员应当为全职人员。生产负责人和质量负责人必须相互独立。构庞大的组织中,可能需要对第2.5 2.6 2.7条中所列的职责进行授权。

2.4. ...

2.5. The head of the Production Department generally has the followingresponsibilities:

生产负责人通常有以下职责:

i. to ensure that products are produced and stored according to theappropriate documentation in order to obtain the required quality;

确保产品按照造当的文件规定生产和贮存,从而达到质量要求;

ii. to approve the instructions relating to production operations and toensure their strict implementation;

批准与生产操作相关的规程,并确保规程得到严格执行;

iii. to ensure that the production records are evaluated and signed by anauthorised person before they are sent to the Quality ControlDepartment;

在送到质量控制部门前,确保生产记录经过授权人员评估和签字;

iv. to check the maintenance of his department, premises and equipment;

检查本部门厂房、设施和设备进行了维护;

v. to ensure that the appropriate validations are done;

确保实施了适当的验证

vi. to ensure that the required initial and continuing training of hisdepartment personnel is carried out and adapted according to need.

确保对本部门人员进行了必要的入职培训与持续培训,培训应符合实际需要。

2.6. The head of the Quality Control Department generally has the followingresponsibilities:

质量负责人通常有以下职责:

i. to approve or reject, as he sees fit, starting materials, packagingmaterials, and intermediate, bulk and finished products;

决定批准或拒绝起始物料、包装材料、中间体、半成品与成品;

ii. to evaluate batch records;

评估批记录

iii. to ensure that all necessary testing is carried out;

确保进行了所有必要的检验,

iv. to approve specifications, sampling instructions, test methods and otherQuality Control procedures;

批准质量标准、取样方法、检验方法以及其他质量控制规程;

v. to approve and monitor any contract analysts;

批准和监督所有的受托检验方;

vi. to check the maintenance of his department, premises and equipment;

检查本部门厂房、设施和设备进行维护;

vii. to ensure that the appropriate validations are done;

确保实施了适当的验证;

viii. to ensure that the required initial and continuing training of hisdepartment personnel is carried out and adapted according to need.

确保对本部门人员进行了必要的入职培训与持续培训,培训应符合实际需要。

Other duties of the Quality Control Department are summarised in Chapter 6.

质量控制其他职责在第6 章中汇总描述。

2.7. The heads of Production and Quality Control generally have some shared, orjointly exercised, responsibilities relating to quality. These may include, subjectto any national regulations:

生产负责人和质量负责人通常共同承担或共同履行质量相关的职责,基于各国的规定不同,这些职责可能包括:

the authorisation of written procedures and other documents, includingamendments;批准书面程序和其他文件,其中包括修订文件;

the monitoring and control of the manufacturing environment;生产环境监测与控制;

plant hygiene;车间卫生;

process validation;工艺验证

training;培训

the approval and monitoring of suppliers of materials;批准和监管物料供应商;

the approval and monitoring of contract manufacturers;批准和监管受托生产企业

the designation and monitoring of storage conditions for materials andproducts;对物料与产品的贮存条件进行确定和监管;

the retention of records;保存记录

the monitoring of compliance with the requirements of GMP;监管药品生产质量管理规范要求的符合性;

the inspection, investigation, and taking of samples, in order to monitorfactors which may affect product quality.检查、调查和取样,从而对药品质量影响因素进行监控;

TRAINING培训

2.8. The manufacturer should provide training for all the personnel whose dutiestake them into production areas or into control laboratories (including thetechnical, maintenance and cleaning personnel), and for other personnel whoseactivities could affect the quality of the product.

生产企业应对所有因工作需要进入生产区、贮存区或质量控制实验室的人员(包括技术、维护和清洁人员),以及其活动可能影响产品质量的其他人员进行培训。

2.9. Beside the basic training on the theory and practice of Good ManufacturingPractice, newly recruited personnel should receive training appropriate to theduties assigned to them. Continuing training should also be given, and itspractical effectiveness should be periodically assessed. Training programmesshould be available, approved by either the head of Production or the head ofQuality Control, as appropriate. Training records should be kept.

新员工除了接受药品生产质量管理规范的理论与实践基础培训,还应当接受与其工作相关的培训。也应当接受继续培训,并且应当定期评估培训的实际效果。应当有培训计划,培训计划应当经过生产负责人或质量负责人适当批准。应当保存培训记录。

2.10. Personnel working in areas where contamination is a hazard, e.g. clean areasor areas where highly active, toxic, infectious or sensitising materials arehandled, should be given specific training.

某些区域的污染物如果是危害品,例如处理高活性、高毒性、高传染性或高致敏性物料的洁净区或处理区等,在该区域工作的人员应该经过专门的培训。

2.11. Visitors or untrained personnel should, preferably, not be taken into theproduction and

Quality Control areas. If this is unavoidable, they should begiven information in advance, particularly about personal hygiene and theprescribed protective clothing. They should be closely supervised.

应当最好不把参观者或未经培训的人员带到生产区或质量控制区。如果一定要带入,应当事先告知他们相关信息,特别是注意个人卫生和穿戴工作服。应当对他们进行密切监督。2.12. The concept of Quality Assurance and all the measures capable of improving itsunderstanding and implementation should be fully discussed during the trainingsessions.

在培训中,应对质量保证理念以及能够改善理解与实施的所有措施进行充分讨论。PERSONNEL HYGIENE个人卫生

2.1

3. Detailed hygiene programmes should be established and adapted to thedifferent needs within the factory. They should include procedures relating tothe health, hygiene practices and clothing of personnel. These proceduresshould be understood and followed in a very strict way by every person whoseduties take him into the production and control areas. Hygiene programmesshould be promoted by management and widely discussed during trainingsessions.

应制定详细的卫生规程并适应工厂内各种需要。应当包括与人员健康、卫生习惯和着装相关的规程。在生产区和控制区工作的所有员工应当理解并严格遵守这些规程。卫生规程应由管理人员进行改进,并在培训时进行充分讨论。

2.14. All personnel should receive medical examination upon recruitment. It must bethe manufacturer's responsibility that there are instructions ensuring that healthconditions that can be of relevance to the quality of products come to themanufacturer's knowledge. After the first medical examination, examinationsshould be carried out when necessary for the work and personal health.

所有员工在入职前应当接受体检。生产企业有责任获悉相关指示,以确保卫生条件与产品质量相适应。初次体检后,在员工的工作或健康状况需要时,应重新进行体检。

2.15. Steps should be taken to ensure as far as is practicable that no person affectedby an infectious disease or having open lesions on the exposed surface of thebody is engaged in the manufacture of medicinal products.

应当采取措施尽最大可能地保证无传染病患者且无体表有伤口者从事药品生产。

2.16. Every person entering the manufacturing areas should wear protectivegarments appropriate to the operations to be carried out.

进入生产区的所有人员应当穿着与其操作相适应的防护服。

2.17. Eating, drinking, chewing or smoking, or the storage of food, drink, smokingmaterials or personal medication in the production and storage areas should beprohibited. In general, any unhygienic practice within the manufacturing areasor in any other area where the product might be adversely affected, should beforbidden.

在生产区和贮存区,应当禁止饮食、饮水、咀嚼食物或吸烟,禁止存放食物、饮料、香烟或个人服用的药品。总之,杜绝在生产区内或其他可能对药品质量造成不良影响的区域内的任何不卫生行为。

2.18. Direct contact should be avoided between the operator's hands and theexposed product as well as with any part of the equipment that comes intocontact with the products.

操作人员应当避免裸手直接接触药品以及与药品直接接触的设备表面。

2.19. Personnel should be instructed to use the hand-washing facilities.

应指导员工使用洗手设施。

2.20. Any specific requirements for the manufacture of special groups of products, forexample sterile preparations, are covered in the Supplementary Guidelines.

不同类别产品的具体生产要求参见附录,如无菌制剂。

CHAPTER 3

第三章厂房设施

PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

PRINCIPLE原则

Premises and equipment must be located, designed, constructed, adapted andmaintained to suit the operations to be carried out. Their layout and designmust aim to minimise the risk of errors and permit effective cleaning andmaintenance in order to avoid cross-contamination, build up of dust or dirt and,in general, any adverse effect on the quality of products.

厂房与设备的选址、设计、建造、改造及维护必须与所要实施的操作相适应。厂房和设备的设计和布局必须能最大限度降低发生差错的风险,能允许有效清洁和维护,从而避免交叉污染、避免积尘,总之,避免对产品质量的任何不利影响

PREMISES厂房

General总则

3.1. Premises should be situated in an environment which, when consideredtogether with measures to protect the manufacture, presents minimal risk ofcausing contamination of materials or products.

应根据厂房及生产保护措施综合考虑选址问题,厂房所处的环境应能使物料或产品遭受污染的风险最小。

3.2. Premises should be carefully maintained, ensuring that repair and maintenanceoperations do not present any hazard to the quality of products. They shouldbe cleaned and, where applicable, disinfected according to detailed writtenprocedures.

应当精心维护厂房,应当确保维修和维护活动不影响产品的质量。应当按照详细的书面规程清洁厂房,必要时消毒。

3.3. Lighting, temperature, humidity and ventilation should be appropriate and suchthat they do not adversely affect, directly or indirectly, either the medicinalproducts during their manufacture and storage, or the accurate functioning ofequipment.

厂房应有适当的照明、温湿度与通风,并确保在生产与贮存期间药品质量以及相关设备的性能不直接或间接地受其不良影响。

3.4. Premises should be designed and equipped so as to afford maximum protectionagainst the

entry of insects or other animals.

厂房的设计与装备应能最大程度防止昆虫或其他动物的进入。

3.5. Steps should be taken in order to prevent the entry of unauthorised people.Production, storage and quality control areas should not be used as a right ofway by personnel who do not work in them.

应采取适当措施,防止未经批准的人员进入。生产、贮存和质量控制区不应作为非本区工作人员的通道。

Production Area生产区

3.6. In order to minimise the risk of a serious medical hazard due to crosscontamination, dedicated and self-contained facilities must be available for theproduction of particular medicinal products, such as highly sensitising materials(e.g. penicillins) or biological preparations (e.g. from live micro-organisms). Theproduction of certain additional products, such as certain antibiotics, certainhormones, certain cytotoxics, certain highly active drugs and non-medicinalproducts should not be conducted in the same facilities. For those products, inexceptional cases, the principle of campaign working in the same facilities canbe accepted provided that specific precautions are taken and the necessaryvalidations are made. The manufacture of technical poisons, such aspesticides and herbicides, should not be allowed in premises used for themanufacture of medicinal products.

为降低由交叉污染所致严重医学危害风险,一些特殊药品,如高致敏药品(如,青霉素类)或生物制剂(如,活性微生物类)必须采用专用和独立的生产设施。某些抗生素、激素、细胞毒素、高活性药物和非药品,不应在同一生产设施内生产。对于这些产品,在特殊情况下,可以采用阶段式生产,共用生产设施,但应采取特别防护措施并经过必要的验证。药品生产厂房不得用于生产杀虫剂和除草剂等工业毒性物品。

3.7. Premises should preferably be laid out in such a way as to allow the productionto take place in areas connected in a logical order corresponding to thesequence of the operations and to the requisite cleanliness levels.

厂房应当按生产工艺流程及相应洁净级别要求适当布局。

3.8. The adequacy of the working and in-process storage space should permit theorderly and logical positioning of equipment and materials so as to minimise therisk of confusion between different medicinal products or their components, toavoid cross-contamination and to minimisethe

risk of omission or wrongapplication of any of the manufacturing or control steps.

工作区和中间物料贮存区应有足够的空间,使设备和物料能够有序存放,从而使不同药品或组分之间混淆的风险降至最低,避免交叉污染,将任何生产或控制步骤遗漏或出差错的风险降至最低。

3.9. Where starting and primary packaging materials, intermediate or bulk productsare exposed to the environment, interior surfaces (walls, floors and ceilings)should be smooth, free from cracks and open joints, and should not shedparticulate matter and should permit easy and effective cleaning and, ifnecessary, disinfection.

起始物料、内包装材料、中间体或半成品暴露环境的内表面(墙壁、地面、天花板)应当平整光滑、无裂缝、接口严密、无颗粒物脱落,便于有效清洁和必要时进行消毒。

3.10. Pipe work, light fittings, ventilation points and other services should be designedand sited to avoid the creation of recesses which are difficult to clean. As far aspossible, for maintenance purposes, they should be accessible from outside themanufacturing areas.

管道、照明设施、通风口和其他公用设施的设计和安装应避免出现难以清洁的部位。应尽可能做到在生产区外部对它们进行维护。

3.11. Drains should be of adequate size, and have trapped gullies. Open channelsshould be avoided where possible, but if necessary, they should be shallow tofacilitate cleaning and disinfection.

排水设施应大小适宜,安装防止倒灌的装置。应尽可能避免明沟,不可避免时,明沟宜浅,以方便清洁和消毒。

3.12. Production areas should be effectively ventilated, with air control facilities(including temperature and, where necessary, humidity and filtration)appropriate both to the products handled, to the operations undertaken withinthem and to the external environment.

应根据所处理的产品、生产操作要求及外部环境状况配置空调控制设施(包括温度控制、必要的湿度控制和空气净化过滤) ,使生产区具有有效的通风。

3.13. Weighing of starting materials usually should be carried out in a separateweighing room designed for that use.

起始物料的称量通常应在专门设计的称量室内进行。

3.1

4. In cases where dust is generated (e.g. during sampling, weighing, mixing andprocessing operations, packaging of dry products), specific provisions shouldbe taken to avoid

cross-contamination and facilitate cleaning.

在产尘区域(如,取样、称量、混合与加工、干燥产品包装),应采取专门的措施避免交叉污染并便于清洁。

3.15. Premises for the packaging of medicinal products should be specificallydesigned and laid out so as to avoid mix-ups or cross-contamination.

应对药品包装厂房进行专门的设计和布局,以避免混淆或交叉污染。

3.16. Productions areas should be well lit, particularly where visual on-line controlsare carried out.生产区应有足够的照明,特别是产品在线目检区。

3.17. In-process controls may be carried out within the production area provided theydo not carry any risk for the production.

在生产区域内可进行中间过程控制,但不得给生产带来风险。

Storage Areas贮存区

3.18. Storage areas should be of sufficient capacity to allow orderly storage of thevarious categories of materials and products: starting and packaging materials,intermediate, bulk and finished products, products in quarantine, released,rejected, returned or recalled.

贮存区应有足够的空间,以便有序地存放各类物料和产品:起始物料、包装材料、中间体、半成品与成品,以及待验、合格、不合格、退回或召回的产品等。

3.19. Storage areas should be designed or adapted to ensure good storageconditions. In particular, they should be clean and dry and maintained withinacceptable temperature limits. Where special storage conditions are required(e.g. temperature, humidity) these should be provided, checked and monitored.

贮存区的设计或建造应确保良好的贮存条件。特别是,贮存区应当清洁并干燥,并且温度保持在可接受限度内。应提供药品所需的特殊贮存条件(如,温度、湿度),并对其进行检查和监测。

3.20. Receiving and dispatch bays should protect materials and products from theweather. Receptions areas should be designed and equipped to allowcontainers of incoming materials to be cleaned where necessary beforestorage.

收货与发放区应当能保护物料与产品免受天气影响。接收区的设计和装备配置应当确保进来的物料的外包装在贮存前可进行必要的清洁。

3.21. Where quarantine status is ensured by storage in separate areas, these areasmust be clearly

第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]

高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译(中译英)题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想,是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子,并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力,它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力,还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例,而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分;2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分;3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准,在高考中获得理想的分数呢?考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外,关键还在于学会总结规律,找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读,一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组,也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子,它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么?读出句子结构:对于简单句,辨别出主谓宾,分清定语、同位语和状语;对于并列句,记住两个语法意义上独立的分句,须由连词连接起来;对于复合句,须区分定语从句,名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说,中译英的句型可分为三大类:1.简单句;2.并列句;3.复合句;同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时,也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如:It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析:本题考查:1)简单句There be结构;2)wrong的用法;3)中英文表达的差异。 译句:There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候,我们需要的不是彼此埋怨,而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析:本题考查:1)复合句:when引导的状语从句;what引导的主语从句;2)not…but结构;3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句:When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3:我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢?(prevent) 分析:如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话,就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”,而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分,就太不应该了。 译句:What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4:他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。(likely) 译句:He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析:有些学生一看到有可能,就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible,想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实,学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的,完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5:上海近几年经历了许多变化,如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。(go through) 分析:乍一看,学生很容易轻易下笔,Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…,这已成为很多学生的一个习惯,句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开,英语不像中文,必须要考虑到句子的结构,逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中,就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。

各学科名称英文翻译

各个学科名称英文翻译 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws 经济法学Science of Economic Law 环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law) 军事法学Science of Military Law

必修三古文翻译一、指南录后序

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