搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 兽医药理学试卷试题名词解释翻译中英版

兽医药理学试卷试题名词解释翻译中英版

兽医药理学试卷试题名词解释翻译中英版
兽医药理学试卷试题名词解释翻译中英版

(1)chemotherapeutic agents 化疗药物:对病原体通常具有较高的选择性作用,而对机体没有或只有轻度毒性的药物

(2)antimicrobial drugs 抗微生物药:能抑制或杀伤致病微生物,从而使其生长、繁殖受阻碍的药物。

(3)antiparasitic drugs 抗寄生虫药:是用于驱除或杀灭体内外寄生虫药物。

(4)chemotherapeutic triangle 化疗三角p225

(5)chemotherapeutic index CI 化疗指数:是评价化疗药物安全性的指标。一般以动物半数致死量(LD50)和治疗感染动物的半数有效量(ED50)的比值表示,即CI=LD50/ED50

(6)antibacterial activity 抗菌活性:是指抗菌药抑制或杀灭病原微生物的能力

(7)postantibiotic effect PAE 抗菌药后效应:指停药后,抗生素在机体内的浓度低于最低抑菌浓度MIC或者被机体完全清除,细菌在一段时间内仍处于持续受抑制状态。

(8)therapeutic index(LD50/ED50)治疗指数:治疗指数为药物的安全性指标。通常将半数中毒量(TD50)/半数

(9)Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs, their modes of action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. An understanding of pharmacodynamics forms the foundation of rational therapeutic drug use and provides insights into possible drug interactions as well as the design of new drugs.

药效学是研究药物的生物化学和生理作用,其作用方式和药物浓度与作用关系的研究。对药效学的认识,形成了合理用药的基础,并提供了可能的药物相互作用的见解,以及新药物的设计。

027874601兽医药理学练习题(汇总答案)

027874601兽医药理学练习题1 一、单项选择题 1. 属于分离麻醉药的是( A ) A. 氯胺酮 B. 戊巴比妥钠 C. 赛拉嗪 D. 水合氯醛 2. 治疗鸡慢性呼吸道疾病的专用红霉素制剂是( C ) 2C. 硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉 D. 琥乙酰红霉素片 3. 可应用于各种局部麻醉方法的药物是( B ) A. 普鲁卡因 B. 利多卡因 C. 丁卡因 D. 可卡因 4. 为延缓局麻药浸润麻醉时的吸收和延长其作用时间,通常在其药液中加入适量( C ) A. 安乃近 B. 安定 C. 肾上腺素 D. 酚磺乙胺 5. 无抗球虫作用的药物是( D ) A. 氨丙啉 B. 马杜霉素 C. 尼卡巴嗪 D. 伊维菌素 6. 氟喹诺酮类药物的抗菌机理是(C ) A. 影响细菌胞壁合成 B. 干扰细菌胞膜的通透性 C. 抑制细菌DNA旋转酶活性 D. 抑制细菌蛋白质合成 7. 可与乳酶生同时应用的药物是( D ) A. 抗菌药 B. 吸附药 C. 收敛药 D. B族维生素 8. 肾上腺素可用于治疗(B ) A. 慢性充血性心力衰竭 B. 急性过敏性休克 C. 因α受体阻断引起的低血压 D. 急性心肌炎 9. 生物利用度是指药物自用药部位吸收进入体循环的( D ) A. 有效血药浓度 B. 速度 C. 程度 D. 速度和程度 10. 大环内酯类类抗生素不包括( A ) A. 泰妙菌素 B. 泰乐菌素 C. 替米考星 D. 红霉素 11. 抗组胺药发挥作用的原因是(D ) A. 加速组胺的灭活 B. 加速组胺的排泄 C. 通过与组胺结合使其失活 D. 通过竞争组胺受体阻断其作用

12. 尼可刹米是(B ) A. 大脑兴奋药 B. 延髓兴奋药 C. 中枢镇静药 D. 脊髓兴奋药 13. 氨基糖苷类抗生素的主要不良反应是(B ) A. 二重感染和胃肠道反应 B. 耳毒性和肾毒性 C. 局部刺激性和软骨毒性 D. 再生障碍性贫血 14. 糖皮质激素药理作用不.包括( D ) A. 快速而强大的抗炎作用 B. 抑制细胞免疫和体液免疫 C. 提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力 D. 提高机体对细菌外毒素的耐受力 15.影响凝血因子活性的促凝血药是( A ) A. 酚磺乙胺 B. 氨甲环酸 C. 安特诺新 D. 氨甲苯酸 16. 克拉维酸是(B ) A. 抗革兰氏阳性菌抗生素 B. β-内酰胺酶抑制剂 C. 抗革兰氏阴性菌抗生素 D.广谱抗菌药 17. 不宜用于催产的药物是(C ) A. 缩宫素 B. 氯前列醇 C. 麦角新碱 D. 垂体后叶素 18. 可用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的药物是( A ) A. 强心苷 B. 肾上腺素 C. 咖啡因 D. 麻黄碱 19. 马杜霉素具有( B ) A. 抗菌作用 B. 抗球虫作用 C. 抗真菌作用 D. 抗锥虫作用 20. 筒箭毒碱过量的解救药物是( B ) A. 氨甲酰甲胆碱 B. 新斯的明 C. 碘解磷定 D. 琥珀胆碱 填空题 21. 药物在体外混合有可能产生配伍禁忌。 22. 氨基比林通过抑制前列腺素合成而产生解热镇痛作用。 23. 苦味健胃药作用机理是刺激舌味觉感受器,通过、迷走 神经反射引起消化液分泌增加。

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]:本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比,并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求,从而得知,词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文:英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时,即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法,还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈,这个障碍往往是由词汇,甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如:“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同,同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”,译文显得晦涩难懂;当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义,并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思,那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”,“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美,同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩;所以,我们将其转化,将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组,意为“对……完全陌生”,这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”,这样的搭配显得协调,不但译出了源语言想表达的意思,“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律,即词性转换。世界上的语言,不管其各有多少词类,名词和动词都占最大的比例;不管有多少句型,都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说,汉语呈动态特征,英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上,汉语的动态表现为:汉语的动词丰富,使用频率高;而英语中,名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培(2003:390)统计显示截选如下:(1)“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% (2)“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明,若要在英汉互译中,若要翻译出地道的T arget Text,就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时,根据需要将英文中的名词,介词等

翻译硕士名词解释词条

绝对翻译a b s o l u t e t r a n s l a t i o n 摘要翻译abstract translation 滥译abusive translation 可接受性acceptibility 准确accuracy 译者行动translatorial action 充分性adequacy 改编adaptation 调整adjustment 美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent 类同形式analogical form 分析analysis 感染型文本applied focused-texts 应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词archaism 元译素architranseme

关于范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts 委托commission 自动翻译automatic translation 自立幅度autonomy spectrum 自译autotranslation 逆转换back-transformation 关于范围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting 双语语料库bilingual corporal 双文本bi-text 空位blank spaces 无韵体翻译blank verse translation 借用borrowing 仿造calque 机助翻译MAT 范畴转换category shift

词汇学相关的一些名词解释 (1)

Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending: Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic Community Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries According to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation. There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form. A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc. A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly. The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form. A word is a minimum free form The morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form. 2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. 3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. 4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships: 5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tense There are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex words Conversion Conversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word

(完整版)兽医药理学

《兽医药理学》复习题参考答案 一、名词解释 1、药物代谢动力学:主要研究机体对药物的处置过程,即药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄过程中药物浓度随时间变化的规律。 2、药物的被动转运:也叫下山运动。是药物通过细胞膜从高浓度的一侧向低浓度的一侧转运的过程,主要特点包括不具有饱和性、顺浓度差、不需要载体、不耗能。 3、耐受性:指动物长期接触某种药物后,由于自身酶、受体等物质的变化,导致药物的疗效逐渐降低的现象,称之为耐受性。 4、血脑屏障:血脑屏障是指脑部毛细血管壁与神经胶质细胞形成的血浆与脑细胞之间的屏障和脉络丛形成的血浆与脑脊液之间的屏障。由于血脑屏障的结构比较致密,故其通透性较差,一般大分子、脂溶度低、与血浆蛋白结合的药物分子不能通过。 5、二重感染:长期使用广谱抗菌药,对药物敏感的细菌受到抑制,菌群间相对平衡受到破坏, 以致一些不敏感的细菌或真菌等大量繁殖,引起的继发性感染称为二重感染。 6、全身麻醉药:指一类能可逆地抑制中枢神经系统功能的药物,表现为意识丧失、感觉及反射小时、骨骼肌松弛等,但仍保持延脑生命中枢的功能。 7、受体:指对特定的生物活性物质具有识别能力并可选择性结合的生物大分子。 8、药物作用的二重性:药物在发挥治疗作用的同时,也会表现出各种不良反应。 9、表面麻醉:指将药物涂于粘膜表面,使粘膜下神经纤维麻醉的方法。用于眼、鼻、咽喉、气管、食道、生殖器粘膜浅手术的麻醉。 10、受体激动剂:既与受体具有较高亲和又具有内在活性,与受体结合后能提高受体活性的一类药物称作受体激动剂。 11、后遗效应:在停药以后血药浓度已降至阈浓度以下时残存的药理效应。后遗效应并非都是对机体的不良反应,有的后遗效应对机体也有益,如抗生素后效应。 12、生物利用度:指药物以某种剂型的制剂从给药部位吸收进入全身循环的速率和程度。 13、耐药性:细菌长期接触抗菌药后,通过改变自身结构、产生灭活酶等方式,使自身对药物的敏感度降低或完全不敏感,药物药效降低或完全无效的现象称之为耐药性。 14、药物作用的选择性:在适当剂量下,药物只对某些组织或器官产生主要的或最明显的作用,而对其他组织和器官影响很小或几乎无作用。药物的选择性是药物分类及选择用药的基础和依据。 15、兽医药理学:研究药物与动物机体(包括病原体)相互作用规律的一门学科。 二、单项选择题 1、可用于表面麻醉的药物是( B )。 A.普鲁卡因 B.丁卡因 C.氯胺酮 D.琥珀胆碱 2、关于药物的量效关系描述错误的是( A )。 A 药物的效应随着剂量的增加而增大 B 药物的效应不可能无限制的增大 C 药物剂量过低时可能不产生任何药理效应 D 极量对应着药物的最大效应 3、糖皮质激素诱发与加重细菌性感染的主要原因是( C )。 A. 激素剂量不足 B. 激素抗菌力下降

翻译术语

Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology 翻译学基本用语: 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving

culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 反应/读者反应response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)

完全版英语词汇学名词解释_共6页

第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes --- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem --- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding(Compositon)-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remain instead.

兽医药理学练习题汇总答案.doc

一、单项选择题 1.属于分离麻醉药的是(A) A. 氯胺酮 B. 戊巴比妥钠 C. 赛拉嗪 D. 水合氯醛 2.治疗鸡慢性呼吸道疾病的专用红霉素制剂是(C) 2C. 硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉 D.琥乙酰红霉素片 3.可应用于各种局部麻醉方法的药物是(B) A. 普鲁卡因 B.利多卡因 C.丁卡因 D.可卡因 4.为延缓局麻药浸润麻醉时的吸收和延长其作用时间,通常在其药液中加入适 量(C) A. 安乃近 B.安定 C.肾上腺素 D.酚磺乙胺 5.无抗球虫作用的药物是(D) A. 氨丙啉 B.马杜霉素 C.尼卡巴嗪 D.伊维菌素 6. 氟喹诺酮类药物的抗菌机理是(C) A. 影响细菌胞壁合成 B. 干扰细菌胞膜的通透性 C. 抑制细菌 DNA旋转酶活性 D. 抑制细菌蛋白质合成 7. 可与乳酶生同时应用的药物是( D ) A. 抗菌药 B. 吸附药 C. 收敛药 D. B 族维生素 8. 肾上腺素可用于治疗( B ) A. 慢性充血性心力衰竭 B. 急性过敏性休克 C. 因α受体阻断引起的低血压 D. 急性心肌炎 9. 生物利用度是指药物自用药部位吸收进入体循环的( D ) A. 有效血药浓度 B. 速度 C. 程度 D. 速度和程度

10. 大环内酯类类抗生素不包括( A ) A. 泰妙菌素 B. 泰乐菌素 C. 替米考星 D. 红霉素 11. 抗组胺药发挥作用的原因是( D ) A. 加速组胺的灭活 B. 加速组胺的排泄 C. 通过与组胺结合使其失活 D. 通过竞争组胺受体阻断其作用 12. 尼可刹米是( B ) A. 大脑兴奋药 B. 延髓兴奋药 C. 中枢镇静药 D.脊髓兴奋药 13. 氨基糖苷类抗生素的主要不良反应是( B ) A. 二重感染和胃肠道反应 B. 耳毒性和肾毒性 C. 局部刺激性和软骨毒性 D. 再生障碍性贫血 14. 糖皮质激素药理作用不.包括( D ) A. 快速而强大的抗炎作用 B. 抑制细胞免疫和体液免疫 C. 提高机体对细菌内毒素的耐受力 D. 提高机体对细菌外毒素的耐受力 15. 影响凝血因子活性的促凝血药是( A ) A. 酚磺乙胺 B. 氨甲环酸 C. 安特诺新 D.氨甲苯酸 16. 克拉维酸是( B ) A. 抗革兰氏阳性菌抗生素 B. β - 内酰胺酶抑制剂 C. 抗革兰氏阴性菌抗生素 D. 广谱抗菌药 17. 不宜用于催产的药物是( C ) A. 缩宫素 B. 氯前列醇 C. 麦角新碱 D. 垂体后叶素 18. 可用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的药物是( A )

词汇学 名词解释(部分)

Types of meaning Types of lexical changes 1.Elevation:词义升格 Definition: words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance Some words early in their history signify something quite low or humble, but change as time goes by to designate something agreeable or pleasant. For example: nice: ignorant---foolish---delightful, pleasant Marshal: a keeper of horses---a high ranking army officer So elevation refers that the meaning of word changes from the neutral/negative to positive. 2.Old English:It refers to the English starting from 450 to 1100 AD. The old English is made up of different sources of languages spoken then –that of Anglo-Saxons, that of Celts, and that of Jutes, with a lot of Latin elements used for common peopl e’s life. 3.Bound morpheme: It is the smallest unit of grammar, a unit which cannot occur as separate words. They have no independent semantic meaning; instead, they have: Attached meaning E.g. un-kind, hope-ful Grammatical meaning E.g. cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed For an exact example, in the word “careful”, care is free morpheme, “-ful” is a bound morpheme. 4.Hyponymy: Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion, or to say, the relationship between general lexical items and specific lexical items. That is to say, when X is a kind of Y, the lower term X is the“hyponym”, and the upper term Y is the “superordinate”. For example, “fiction”is the superordinate of “novel”, “novelette”and “short story”, which are the hyponyms of “fiction”. Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness in expression.

兽医药理学全真模拟题

生命是永恒不断的创造,因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力,它不断流溢,越出时间和空间的界限,它不停地追求,以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。 --泰戈尔 兽医药理学全真模拟题 来源:来自互联网编辑:兽药招商网发布时间:2010-6-25 12:19:42阅读数:1386 《兽医药理学》(分值:15%) 一.名词解释 1.兽药:用于预防、治疗和诊断动物疾病,促进动物生长繁殖及提高生产效能的 物质。 2.毒物:为对动物机体造成损害作用的物质。 3.制剂:按《兽药典》或《兽药质量标准》将药物制成一定规格的药物制品称制 剂。 4.剂型:将药物加工制成适用的、安全、稳定的及使用方便的一定形式称剂型。 5.处方药:凭兽医的处方才能购买和使用的兽药,未经兽医开具处方,任何人不 得销售、购买和使用处方药。 6.非处方药:是指由国务院兽医行政了个管理部门公布的、不需要凭兽医处方就 可以自行购买并按照使用说明书使用的兽药。 7.药物消除:指药物在动物体内代谢(生物转化)和排泄。 8.首过作用:药物经胃肠道吸收由门静脉进入肝脏,受肝脏的作用,使吸收的药 物代谢灭活,进入体循环的药物减少,导致疗效下降或消失的现象。 9.生物转化:药物在动物体内发生的化学结构的改变,也称为药物代谢。

10.药物作用:药物在机体内与机体细胞间的反应。 11.兴奋药与抑制药:在药物作用下使机体的生理、生化功能增强,该药物称兴奋药;反之称为抑制药。 12.局部作用:药物作用的部位在用药的局部(如局麻药普鲁卡因)。 13.吸收作用(全身作用).~药物吸收入血液循环,分布全身而发挥作用(如全麻药、降压药)。 14.原发作用(直接作用):药物吸收后直接到达某一器官产生的作用。 15.继发作用(间接作用):由于药物原发作用的结果,引起产生其它间接作用。16.药物作用的选择性:指机体不同器官、组织对药物的敏感性表现明显的差异,某一药物对某一器官、组织作用特别强,而对其他组织的作用很弱,甚至对相邻的细胞也不产生影响。 17.对因治疗:也称治本、用药的目的在于消除发病的原因,去除疾病的根源。如抗菌药物杀灭或抑制病原体。 18.对症治疗:为用药的目的在于改善疾病的临床症状,也称治标。如用解热镇痛药所消除机体发热之症状。 19.副作用:在用药治疗剂量下产生的与治疗目的无关的作用。副作用为药物所固有,选择性作用低的表现。 20.毒性反应:指用药剂量过大、用药时间过长或机体对药物敏感性过高时产生的危害性反应 21.变态反应:也叫超(过)敏反应,是指机体对某些抗原初次应答后,再次接 受相同抗原刺激时,发生的一种以机体生理功能紊乱或组织细胞损伤为主的特异性免疫应答。 22.继发反应:也称治疗矛盾,是指继发于药物治疗作用之后的一种不良反应,

翻译硕士名词解释词条

绝对翻译absolute translation 摘要翻译abstract translation 滥译abusive translation 可接受性acceptibility 准确accuracy 译者行动translatorial action 充分性adequacy 改编adaptation 调整adjustment 美学诗体翻译aesthetic-poetic translation 经纪人agent 类同形式analogical form 分析analysis 感染型文本applied focused-texts 应用翻译研究applied translation studies 古词废词archaism 元译素architranseme 关于范围的翻译理论area-restricted theories of translation 听觉媒介型文本audio-medial texts 委托commission 自动翻译automatic translation 自立幅度autonomy spectrum

自译autotranslation 逆转换back-transformation 关于范围的翻译理论back-translation 双边传译bilateral interpreting 双语语料库bilingual corporal 双文本bi-text 空位blank spaces 无韵体翻译blank verse translation 借用borrowing 仿造calque 机助翻译MAT 范畴转换category shift 词类转换class shift 贴近翻译close translation 连贯coherence 委托commission 传意负荷communication load 传意翻译communicative translation 社群传译community interpreting 对换commutation 可比语料库comparable corpora 补偿compensation

《词汇学》名词解释总汇

《词汇学》名词解释总汇 1.Conversion(转换)is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. 2.Neologisms(新词用法)are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. 3.Lexicology(词汇学)is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. 4.the elevation of meaning(词义的升格)refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 5.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. They differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 6.Hyponymy(上下义关系)deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical items). 7.Analogy(类比)is a process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. 8.Motivation(理据)deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. 9.Metaphor(隐喻)is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison. It is a simile without like or as. 10.Antonymy(反义关系)is concerned with semantic opposition. It can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. 11.Suffix(后缀): an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) 12. synecdoche(提喻)means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing, or vice versa, the whole for a part. 13. prefix(前缀): an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem) 14. initialism(首字母连写词): a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. 15.morpheme(词素): the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. 16.the degradation of meaning(词义的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 17.Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes。 18. back-formation(逆成法): is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. 19. derivation(派生): the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words. 20. compounding(复合): the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently.

相关主题