曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案3

Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems

CHAPTER3 National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It Goes

Questions for Review

1. The factors of production and the production technology determine the amount of

output an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any

given amounts of these inputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or an improvement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’s output.

2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production to hire or demand, it

considers how this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and therefore increases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P). An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional

output, which sells for P dollars per unit. Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:

ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost

= (P MPL) –W.

If the additional revenue, P MPL, exceeds the cost (W) of hiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero.

In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P

MPL) = W.

This condition can be rewritten as:

MPL = W/P.

Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal

product of labor equals the real wage. The same logic applies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire: the firm will hire capital until the marginal

product of capital equals the real rental price.

3. A production function has constant returns to scale if an equal percentage increase

in all factors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by 50 percent, then the production function has constant returns to scale.

If the production function has constant returns to scale, then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy of competitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL L, and the return to capital, MPK K.

That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.

4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) = AKαL1–α. The text

showed that the parameter αgives capital’s share of income. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then = 0.25. Hence, F(K,L) = AK0.25L0.75.

5. Consumption depends positively on disposable income—i.e. the amount of income

after all taxes have been paid. Higher disposable income means higher consumption.

The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, its return must be greater than its cost. Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds, a higher real

interest rate makes it more costly to invest, so the demand for investment goods

falls.

6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goods and services purchased

directly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control. All of these activities are part of GDP. Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes

reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it.

Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly,

unemployment insurance, and veterans’ benefits.

7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determine demand for the

economy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the

demand for the ec onomy’s goods equals the supply. At the equilibrium interest

rate, the demand for goods and services equals the supply.

8. When the government increases taxes, disposable income falls, and therefore

consumption falls as well. The decrease in consumption equals the amount that

taxes increase multiplied by the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). The higher the MPC is, the greater is the negative effect of the tax increase on consumption.

Because output is fixed by the factors of production and the production technology, and government purchases have not changed, the decrease in consumption must be offset by an increase in investment. For investment to rise, the real interest rate

must fall. Therefore, a tax increase leads to a decrease in consumption, an increase in investment, and a fall in the real interest rate.

Problems and Applications

1. a. According to the neoclassical theory of distribution, the real wage equals the

marginal product of labor. Because of diminishing returns to labor, an increase

in the labor force causes the marginal product of labor to fall. Hence, the real

wage falls.

Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, the increase in the labor force will increase the marginal product of capital and will increase the real rental

price of capital. With more workers, the capital will be used more intensively and will be more productive.

b. The real rental price equals the marginal product of capital. If an earthquake

destroys some of the capital stock (yet miraculously does not kill anyone and

lower the labor force), the marginal product of capital rises and, hence, the real

rental price rises.

Given a Cobb–Douglas production function, the decrease in the capital stock will decrease the marginal product of labor and will decrease the real wage.

With less capital, each worker becomes less productive.

c. If a technological advance improves the production function, this is likely to

increase the marginal products of both capital and labor. Hence, the real wage

and the real rental price both increase.

d. High inflation that doubles the nominal wage and the price level will have no

impact on the real wage. Similarly, high inflation that doubles the nominal

rental price of capital and the price level will have no impact on the real rental

price of capital.

2. a. To find the amount of output produced, substitute the given values for labor and

land into the production function:

Y = 1000.51000.5 = 100.

b. According to the text, the formulas for the marginal product of labor and the

marginal product of capital (land) are:

MPL = (1 –α)AKαL–α.

MPK = αAKα–1L1–α.

In this problem, α is 0.5 and A is 1. Substitute in the given values for labor and

land to find the marginal product of labor is 0.5 and marginal product of capital

(land) is 0.5. We know that the real wage equals the marginal product of labor

and the real rental price of land equals the marginal product of capital (land).

c. Labor’s share of the output is given by the marginal product of labor times the

quantity of labor, or 50.

d. The new level of output is 70.71.

e. The new wage is 0.71. The new rental price of land is 0.35.

f. Labor now receives 35.36.

3. A production function has decreasing returns to scale if an equal percentage

increase in all factors of production leads to a smaller percentage increase in output.

For example, if we double the amounts of capital and labor output increases by less than double, then the production function has decreasing returns to scale. This

may happen if there is a fixed factor such as land in the production function, and this fixed factor becomes scarce as the economy grows larger.

A production function has increasing returns to scale if an equal percentage

increase in all factors of production leads to a larger percentage increase in output.

For example, if doubling the amount of capital and labor increases the output by more than double, then the production function has increasing returns to scale.

This may happen if specialization of labor becomes greater as the population grows.

For example, if only one worker builds a car, then it takes him a long time because he has to learn many different skills, and he must constantly change tasks and

tools. But if many workers build a car, then each one can specialize in a particular task and become more productive.

4. a. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form Y = AKαL1–α. The text

showed that the marginal products for the Cobb–Douglas production function

are:

MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.

MPK = αY/K.

Competitive profit-maximizing firms hire labor until its marginal product equals the real wage, and hire capital until its marginal product equals the real

rental rate. Using these facts and the above marginal products for the Cobb–

Douglas production function, we find:

W/P = MPL = (1 –α)Y/L.

R/P = MPK = αY/K.

Rewriting this:

(W/P)L = MPL L = (1 –α)Y.

(R/P)K = MPK K = αY.

Note that the terms (W/P)L and (R/P)K are the wage bill and total return to

capital, respectively. Given that the value of α = 0.3, then the above formulas

indicate that labor receives 70 percent of total output (or income) and capital

receives 30 percent of total output (or income).

b. To determine what happens to total output when the labor force increases by 10

percent, consider the formula for the Cobb–Douglas production function:

Y = AKαL1–α.

Let Y1 equal the initial value of output and Y2 equal final output. We know that α = 0.3. We also know that labor L increases by 10 percent:

Y1 = AK0.3L0.7.

Y2 = AK0.3(1.1L)0.7.

Note that we multiplied L by 1.1 to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force.

To calculate the percentage change in output, divide Y2 by Y1:

That is, output increases by 6.9 percent.

To determine how the increase in the labor force affects the rental price of capital, consider the formula for the real rental price of capital R/P:

R/P = MPK = αAKα–1L1–α.

We know that α = 0.3. We also know that labor (L) increases by 10 percent. Let

(R/P)1 equal the initial value of the rental price of capital, and let (R/P)2 equal

the final rental price of capital after the labor force increases by 10 percent. To

find (R/P)2, multiply L by 1.1 to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force:

(R/P)1 = 0.3AK–0.7L0.7.

(R/P)2 = 0.3AK–0.7(1.1L)0.7.

The rental price increases by the ratio

So the rental price increases by 6.9 percent. To determine how the increase in

the labor force

affects the real wage, consider the formula for the real wage W/P:

W/P = MPL = (1 –α)AKαL–α.

We know that α = 0.3. We also know that labor (L) increases by 10 percent. Let

(W/P)1 equal the initial value of the real wage, and let (W/P)2 equal the final

value of the real wage. To find (W/P)2, multiply L by 1.1 to reflect the 10-percent increase in the labor force:

(W/P)1 = (1 – 0.3)AK0.3L–0.3.

(W/P)2 = (1 – 0.3)AK0.3(1.1L)–0.3.

To calculate the percentage change in the real wage, divide (W/P)2 by (W/P)1:

That is, the real wage falls by 2.8 percent.

c. We can use the same logic as in part (b) to set

Y1 = AK0.3L0.7.

Y2 = A(1.1K)0.3L0.7.

Therefore, we have:

This equation shows that output increases by about 3 percent. Notice that α <

0.5 means that proportional increases to capital will increase output by less

than the same proportional increase to labor.

Again using the same logic as in part (b) for the change in the real rental price of capital:

The real rental price of capital falls by 6.5 percent because there are diminishing returns to capital; that is, when capital increases, its marginal product falls.

Finally, the change in the real wage is:

Hence, real wages increase by 2.9 percent because the added capital increases

the marginal productivity of the existing workers. (Notice that the wage and

output have both increased by the same amount, leaving the labor share

unchanged—a feature of Cobb–Douglas technologies.)

d. Using the same formula, we find that the change in output is:

This equation shows that output increases by 10 percent. Similarly, the rental

price of capital and the real wage also increase by 10 percent:

5. Labor income is defined as

Labor’s share of income is defined as

For example, if this ratio is about constant at a value of 0.7, then the value of W/P = 0.7*Y/L. This means that the real wage is roughly proportional to labor

productivity. Hence, any trend in labor productivity must be matched by an equal trend in real wages. O therwise, labor’s share would deviate from 0.7. Thus, the first fact (a constant labor share) implies the second fact (the trend in real wages closely tracks the trend in labor productivity).

6. a. Nominal wages are measured as dollars per hour worked. Prices are measured

as dollars per unit produced (either a haircut or a unit of farm output). Marginal productivity is measured as units of output produced per hour worked.

b. According to the neoclassical theory, technical progress that increases the

marginal product of farmers causes their real wage to rise. The real wage for

farmers is measured as units of farm output per hour worked. The real wage is W/P F, and this is equal to ($/hour worked)/($/unit of farm output).

c. If the marginal productivity of barbers is unchanged, then their real wage is

unchanged. The real wage for barbers is measured as haircuts per hour worked.

The real wage is W/P B, and this is equal to ($/hour worked)/($/haircut).

d. If workers can move freely between being farmers and being barbers, then they

must be paid the same wage W in each sector.

e. If the nominal wage W is the same in both sectors, but the real wage in terms of

farm goods is greater than the real wage in terms of haircuts, then the price of

haircuts must have risen relative to the price of farm goods. We know that W/P

= MPL so that W = P MPL. This means that P F MPL F = P H MPL B, given that the

nominal wages are the same. Since the marginal product of labor for barbers

has not changed and the marginal product of labor for farmers has risen, the

price of a haircut must have risen relative to the price of the farm output. If we

express this in growth rate terms, then the growth of the farm price + the growth of the marginal product of the farm labor = the growth of the haircut price.

f. The farmers and the barbers are equally well off after the technological progress in farming, given

the assumption that labor is freely mobile between the two sectors and both

types of people consume the same basket of goods. Given that the nominal wage ends up equal for each type of worker and that they pay the same prices for final goods, they are equally well off in terms of what they can buy with their nominal income. The real wage is a measure of how many units of output are produced

per worker. Technological progress in farming increased the units of farm output produced per hour worked. Movement of labor between sectors then equalized

the nominal wage.

7. a. The marginal product of labor (MPL)is found by differentiating the production

function with respect to labor:

An increase in human capital will increase the marginal product of labor

because more human capital makes all the existing labor more productive.

b. The marginal product of human capital (MPH)is found by differentiating the

production function with respect to human capital:

An increase in human capital will decrease the marginal product of human

capital because there are diminishing returns.

c. The labor share of output is the proportion of output that goes to labor. The total

amount of output that goes to labor is the real wage (which, under perfect

competition, equals the marginal product of labor) times the quantity of labor.

This quantity is divided by the total amount of output to compute the labor

share:

We can use the same logic to find the human capital share:

so labor gets one-third of the output, and human capital gets one-third of the

output. Since workers own their human capital (we hope!), it will appear that

labor gets two-thirds of output.

d. The ratio of the skilled wage to the unskilled wage is:

Notice that the ratio is always greater than 1 because skilled workers get paid

more than unskilled workers. Also, when H increases this ratio falls because the diminishing returns to human capital lower its return, while at the same time

increasing the marginal product of unskilled workers.

e. If more colleges provide scholarships, it will increase H, and it does lead to a

more egalitarian society. The policy lowers the returns to education, decreasing

the gap between the wages of more and less educated workers. More importantly, the policy even raises the absolute wage of unskilled workers because their

marginal product rises when the number of skilled workers rises.

8. The effect of a government tax increase of $100 billion on (a) public saving, (b)

private saving, and (c) national saving can be analyzed by using the following

relationships:

National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]

= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G]

= Y –C(Y –T) –G.

a. Public Saving—The tax increase causes a 1-for-1 increase in public saving. T

increases by $100 billion and, therefore, public saving increases by $100 billion.

b. Private Saving—The increase in taxes decreases disposable income, Y –T, by

$100 billion. Since the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.6,

consumption falls by 0.6 $100 billion, or $60 billion. Hence,

ΔPrivate Saving = –$100b – 0.6 (–$100b) = –$40b.

Private saving falls $40 billion.

c. National Saving—Because national saving is the sum of private and public

saving, we can conclude that the $100 billion tax increase leads to a $60 billion increase in national saving.

Another way to see this is by using the third equation for national saving expressed above, that national saving equals Y –C(Y –T) –G. The $100

billion tax increase reduces disposable income and causes consumption to fall

by $60 billion. Since neither G nor Y changes, national saving thus rises by $60 billion.

d. Investment—To determine the effect of the tax increase on investment, recall the

national accounts identity:

Y = C(Y –T) + I(r) + G.

Rearranging, we find

Y –C(Y –T) –G = I(r).

The left side of this equation is national saving, so the equation just says that

national saving equals investment. Since national saving increases by $60

billion, investment must also increase by $60 billion.

How does this increase in investment take place? We know that investment depends on the real interest rate. For investment to rise, the real interest rate

must fall. Figure 3-1 illustrates saving and investment as a function of the real

interest rate.

The tax increase causes national saving to rise, so the supply curve for loanable funds shifts to the right. The equilibrium real interest rate falls, and

investment rises.

9. If consumers increase the amount that they consume today, then private saving and,

therefore, national saving will fall. We know this from the definition of national

saving:

National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]

= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G].

An increase in consumption decreases private saving, so national saving falls.

Figure 3-2 illustrates saving and investment as a function of the real interest rate. If national saving decreases, the supply curve for loanable funds shifts to the left, thereby raising the real interest rate and reducing investment.

10. a. Private saving is the amount of disposable income, Y – T, that is not consumed:

S private= Y – T – C

= 8,000 – 2,000 – [1,000 + (2/3)(8,000 – 2,000)]

= 1,000.

Public saving is the amount of taxes the government has left over after it makes its purchases:

S public = T – G

= 2,000 – 2,500

= –500.

National saving is the sum of private saving and public saving:

S national= S private+ S public

= 1,000 + (500)

= 500.

b. The equilibrium interest rate is the value of r that clears the market for loanable

funds. We already know that national saving is 500, so we just need to set it

equal to investment:

S national= I

500 = 1,200 – 100r

Solving this equation for r, we find:

r = 0.07 or 7%.

c. When the government increases its spending, private saving remains the same

as before (notice that G does not appear in the S private equation above) while

government saving decreases. Putting the new G into the equations above:

S private= 1,000

S public= T – G

= 2,000 – 2,000

= 0.

Thus,

S national= S private+ S public

= 1,000 + (0)

= 1,000.

d. Once again the equilibrium interest rate clears the market for loanable funds:

S national= I

1,000 = 1,200 – 100r

Solving this equation for r, we find:

r = 0.02 or 2%.

11. To determine the effect on investment of an equal increase in both taxes and

government spending, consider the national income accounts identity for national saving:

National Saving = [Private Saving] + [Public Saving]

= [Y –T –C(Y –T)] + [T –G].

We know that Y is fixed by the factors of production. We also know that the change in consumption equals the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) times the change

in disposable income. This tells us that

ΔNational Saving= {–ΔT – [MPC (–ΔT)]} + [ΔT –ΔG]

= [–ΔT + (MPC ΔT)] + 0

= (MPC –1) ΔT.

The above expression tells us that the impact on national saving of an equal increase in T and G depends on the size of the marginal propensity to consume. The closer the MPC is to 1, the smaller is the fall in saving. For example, if the MPC

equals 1, then the fall in consumption equals the rise in government purchases, so national saving [Y –C(Y –T) –G] is unchanged. The closer the MPC is to 0 (and therefore the larger is the amount saved rather than spent for a one-dollar change in disposable income), the greater is the impact on saving. Because we assume that the MPC is less than 1, we expect that national saving falls in response to an equal increase in taxes and government spending.

The reduction in saving means that the supply of loanable funds curve will shift to the left in Figure 3-3. The real interest rate rises, and investment falls.

12. a. The demand curve for business investment shifts out to the right because the

subsidy increases the number of profitable investment opportunities for any

given interest rate. The demand curve for residential investment remains

unchanged.

b. The total demand curve for investment in the economy shifts out to the right

since it represents the sum of business investment, which shifts out to the right, and residential investment, which is unchanged. As a result the real interest

rate rises as in Figure 3-4.

c. The total quantity of investment does not change because it is constrained by

the inelastic supply of savings. The investment tax credit leads to a rise in

business investment, but an offsetting fall in residential investment. That is, the higher interest rate means that residential investment falls (a movement along

the curve), whereas the rightward shift of the business investment curve leads

business investment to rise by an equal amount. Figure 3-5 shows this change.

Note that .

13. In this chapter, we concluded that an increase in government expenditures reduces

national saving and raises the interest rate. The increase in government expenditure therefore crowds out investment by the full amount of the increase. Similarly, a tax cut increases disposable income and hence consumption. This increase in

consumption translates into a fall in national saving, and the increase in

consumption crowds out investment by the full amount of the increase.

If consumption depends on the interest rate, then saving will also depend on it.

The higher the interest rate, the greater the return to saving. Hence, it seems

reasonable to think that an increase in the interest rate might increase saving and reduce consumption. Figure 3-6 shows saving as an increasing function of the

interest rate.

Consider what happens when government purchases increase. At any given level of the interest rate, national saving falls by the change in government purchases, as shown in Figure 3-7. The figure shows that if the saving function slopes upward, investment falls by less than the amount that government purchases rises by. This happens because consumption falls and saving increases in response to the higher interest rate. Hence, the more responsive consumption is to the interest rate, the less investment is crowded out by government purchases.

14. a. Figure 3-8 shows the case where the demand for loanable funds is stable but

the supply of funds (the saving schedule) fluctuates perhaps reflecting

temporary shocks to income, changes in government spending, or changes in

consumer confidence. In this case, when interest rates fall, investment rises;

when interest rates rise, investment falls. We would expect a negative correlation between investment and interest rates.

b. Figure 3-9 shows the case where the supply of loanable funds (saving) is stable,

whereas the demand for loanable funds fluctuates, perhaps reflecting changes in firms’ e xpectations about the marginal product of capital. We would now find a positive correlation between investment and the interest rate—when demand for funds rises, it pushes up the interest rate, so we observe that investment and the real interest rate increase at the same time.

c. If both curves shift, we might generate a scatter plot as in Figure 3-10, where

the economy fluctuates among points A, B, C, and D. Depending on how often the economy is at each of these points, we might find little clear relationship between investment and interest rates.

d. Situation (c) seems fairly reasonable—as both the supply of and demand for

loanable funds fluctuate over time in response to changes in the economy.

曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版

第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第32章--开放经济的宏观经济理论)

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第32章开放经济的宏观经济理论 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．贸易政策（trade policy） 答：贸易政策指直接影响一国进口或出口物品与劳务量的政府政策。一国的对外贸易政策，是一国政府为实现一定的政策目标在一定时期内对本国进出口贸易所实行的政策，它是为国家最高利益服务的，是统治阶级意志的集中反映。它包括：对外贸易总政策、国别对外贸易政策、进出口商品政策。一个国家的对外贸易政策是这个国家的经济政策和对外政策的重要组成部分，它随着世界政治、经济形势的变化，国际政治、经济关系的发展而改变，同时它也反映各国经济发展的不同水平，反映各国在世界市场上的力量和地位，另外它还受到一国内部不同利益集团的影响。一国的对外贸易政策有两种基本类型：自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策。 2．资本外逃（capital flight） 答：资本外逃指出于安全或保值方面的考虑，短期资本持有者迅速将其从一国转移到另一国的行为或过程。引起资本外逃的具体原因有三种：①一国政局动荡不稳，资本外逃以求安全。②一国国内经济情况日益恶化，国际收支持续逆差，其货币可能发生贬值，资本逃至币值稳定的国家以期保值。③一国加强外汇管制或颁布新法，使资本使用受到限制或资本收益减少，资本外逃以免遭受损失。在本世纪发生的两次世界大战和20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期，欧美等国家曾出现过大规模的资本外逃现象。近年来，发生大量资本外逃的主要是发展中国家，主要是因为这些国家的国内经济形势严峻，债务负担沉重，国际收支状况不断恶化以及国内政局动荡。资本外逃对于一国的经济发展和国际收支稳定有着十分不利的影响。它将降低该国的国内储蓄水平，从而造成投资下降和生产萎缩；它将加剧国际收支逆差，从而引起外汇储备的减少和国际清偿能力的恶化；大量资本外逃时，如果一国试图维持一定的生产和消费水平，势必引起外债负担的迅速积累。因此，防止资本外逃是一国宏观经济政策的一项重要任务。 二、复习题 1．说明可贷资金市场与外汇市场的供给与需求。这两个市场如何联系？ 答：可贷资金的供给来源于国民储蓄；可贷资金的需求来源于国内投资和资本净流出。外汇市场上的供给来源于资本净流出，外汇市场上的需求来源于净出口。连接这两个市场的是资本净流出。 2．为什么预算赤字和贸易赤字有时被称为孪生赤字？

曼昆版经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版课后题与答案

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支 出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人 居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在 投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销 售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。 C．你买了一个比萨饼。 答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消 费的非耐用品类中。 D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。 答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高 速公路是政府的行为。 E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食 品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX 增加 2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把 转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据： A．1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百 分比的变动。 答：1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是5．86%。 B．1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答：1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是1．8%。 C．按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际收入是69654．5 亿元。 D．按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际收入是72419．7 亿元。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第35章 通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍)

第35章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、菲利普斯曲线 1．菲利普斯曲线的由来 菲利普斯曲线（Phillips curve）是指一条表示通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍关系的曲线。 菲利普斯根据英国1861～1957年的数据得出了失业率与通货膨胀率之间存在负相关关系的结论。菲利普斯考察通货膨胀是根据名义工资而不是物价，但其实这两种通货膨胀的衡量指标通常是同时变动的。之后萨缪尔森（Paul Samuelson）和罗伯特·索洛（Robert Solow）用美国的数据表明了通货膨胀和失业之间类似的负相关关系。他们的推理是，这种相关性的产生是因为低失业与高总需求相关，而很高的总需求会给整个经济带来工资与物价上升的压力。 图35-1 菲利普斯曲线 菲利普斯曲线给决策者提供了一个有各种可能的经济结果的菜单。通过改变货币政策与财政政策来影响总需求，决策者可以选择这条曲线上的任意一点。如图35-1所示，A点提供了高失业和低通货膨胀，B点提供了低失业和高通货膨胀。决策者可能会偏好低通货膨胀和低失业，这种组合是不可能的。决策者面临着通货膨胀和失业之间的权衡取舍，并且菲利普斯曲线说明了这种权衡取舍。 2．总需求、总供给和菲利普斯曲线 （1）菲利普斯曲线与总需求、总供给的关系 菲利普斯曲线说明了，短期中出现的通货膨胀与失业的组合是由于总需求曲线的移动使经济沿着短期总供给曲线变动。在短期中物品与劳务总需求的增加引起产量增加、物价总水平上升。产量越多，意味着就业越多，从而失业率越低。此外，高物价水平转变为高通货膨胀率。因此，总需求变动在短期中使通货膨胀和失业反方向变动，这正是菲利普斯曲线所说

曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案9

Answers to Textbook Questions and Problems CHAPTER 9 Economic Growth II: Technology, Empirics, and Policy Questions for Review 1. In the Solow model, we find that only technological progress can affect the steady-state rate of growth in income per worker. Growth in the capital stock (through high saving) has no effect on the steady-state growth rate of income per worker; neither does population growth. But technological progress can lead to sustained growth. 2. In the steady state, output per person in the Solow model grows at the rate of technological progress g. Capital per person also grows at rate g. Note that this implies that output and capital per effective worker are constant in steady state. In the U.S. data, output and capital per worker have both grown at about 2 percent per year for the past half-century. 3. To decide whether an economy has more or less capital than the Golden Rule, we need to compare the marginal product of capital net of depreciation (MPK –δ) with the growth rate of total output (n + g). The growth rate of GDP is readily available. Estimating the net marginal product of capital requires a little more work but, as shown in the text, can be backed out of available data on the capital stock relative to GDP, the total amount o f depreciation relative to GDP, and capital’s share in GDP. 4. Economic policy can influence the saving rate by either increasing public saving or providing incentives to stimulate private saving. Public saving is the difference between government revenue and government spending. If spending exceeds revenue, the government runs a budget deficit, which is negative saving. Policies that decrease the deficit (such as reductions in government purchases or increases in taxes) increase public saving, whereas policies that increase the deficit decrease saving. A variety of government policies affect private saving. The decision by a household to save may depend on the rate of return; the greater the return to saving, the more attractive saving becomes. Tax incentives such as tax-exempt retirement accounts for individuals and investment tax credits for corporations increase the rate of return and encourage private saving. 5. The legal system is an example of an institutional difference between countries that might explain differences in income per person. Countries that have adopted the English style common law system tend to have better developed capital markets, and this leads to more rapid growth because it is easier for businesses to obtain financing. The quality of government is also important. Countries with more government corruption tend to have lower levels of income per person. 6. Endogenous growth theories attempt to explain the rate of technological progress by explaining the decisions that determine the creation of knowledge through research and development. By contrast, the Solow model simply took this rate as exogenous. In the Solow model, the saving rate affects growth temporarily, but diminishing returns to capital eventually force the economy to approach a steady state in which growth depends only on exogenous technological progress. By contrast, many endogenous growth models in essence assume that there are constant (rather than diminishing) returns to capital, interpreted to include knowledge. Hence, changes in the saving rate can lead to persistent growth. Problems and Applications 1. a. In the Solow model with technological progress, y is defined as output per effective worker, and k is defined as capital per effective worker. The number of effective workers is defined as L E (or LE), where L is the number of workers, and E measures the efficiency of each worker. To find output per effective worker y, divide total output by the number of effective workers:

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第36章 宏观经济政策的六个争论问题)

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曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第9章应用：国际贸易 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．世界价格（world price） 答：世界价格也称世界市场价格，指一种物品在世界市场上交易的价格。世界价格是由商品的国际价值决定的。国际价值是世界市场商品交换的惟一依据，各国商品的国别价值都必须还原为国际价值，以便在国际市场上交换。而各国商品的国别价值在多大程度上表现为国际价值，是与各国的经济技术水平、劳动强度和劳动生产率密切相关的。一般来说，一国的经济技术水平和劳动生产率越高，其商品价值就越低于国际商品价值，若按照国际商品价值出售，就能获得较好的经济效益；相反则会在竞争中处于不利的地位。 2．关税（tariff） 答：关税是指对在国外生产而在国销售的物品征收的税。与其他税收相比，关税有两个主要特点：第一，关税的征收对象是进出境的货物和物品；第二，关税具有涉外性，是对外贸易政策的重要手段。 征收关税的作用主要有两个方面：一是增加本国财政收入；二是保护本国的产业和国市场。其中以前者为目的而征收的关税称为财政关税，以后者为目的而征收的关税称为保护关税。 与任何一种物品销售税一样，关税会扭曲激励，使得稀缺资源的配置背离最优水平，使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。关税虽然使国生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但造成消费者的损失大于获得的这些好处。关税造成的无谓损失具体表现为：第一，关税使国生产者能收取的价格高于世界价格，结果，鼓励他们增加低效率地生产。第二，关税提高了买者不得不支付的价格，从而使得他们减少消费。 二、复习题 1．关于一国的比较优势，没有国际贸易时的国价格告诉了我们些什么？ 答：当没有国际贸易，某种商品的国价格高于该种商品的世界价格时，该国在生产这种商品上没有比较优势；当某种商品的国价格低于世界价格时，该国在该产品生产上具有比较优势，这是因为在世界市场上按世界价格交换时，该国可以获利。具体分析如下：（1）贸易的决定因素是比较优势。在没有国际贸易时，市场产生了使国供给量与国需求量相等的国价格。世界价格是一种物品在世界市场上通行的价格，而价格代表机会成本。因此，比较贸易前一种物品的世界价格和国价格就可以回答究竟是本国生产的机会成本低，从而生产该种物品有比较优势，还是其他国家在该物品的生产上具有比较优势。 （2）假设在没有国际贸易时，考察A国生产牛肉是否有比较优势。可以通过把A国国

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