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文体学复习(一)

文体学复习(一)
文体学复习(一)

文体学复习

1、Style: Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns,

most (or least) frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language. (有许多种,此为in this book, general, linguistic-oriented), P5

2、Stylistics:is a branch of linguistics which studies in a scientific and

systematic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.

?Literary stylistics: concentrates solely on unique and overall linguistic features of the various genres of literature. (考点)★

The development of stylistics

The scope of study

Three crucial aspects of speech:

①Substances [sounds and symbols]; ②Form; ③Situation

3、Stylistic analysis: is generally concerned with the uniqueness of a text

(what is peculiar to the use of language in a given text for delivering the message). This naturally involves comparisons of the language of the text with that used in conventional types of discourse. Stylisticians may also wish to characterize the style of a given text by systematically comparing the language uses in that text with those in another. Thus, we may conclude that stylistic analysis is an activity which is highly comparative in nature.

Practice 5. Analyze the following text.

Policeman: What?s your name, boy?

Black psychiatrist: D r. Poussiant. I?m a physician.

Policeman: What?s your first name, boy?

Black psychiatrist: Alvin.

?The word …boy? may be used to address a male inferior. In above conversation, the form is used to address a physician, who is usually accorded high respect in the US and is addressed as …Dr. So-and-so? (Title + Surname). Insistently using the form …boy?, the white policeman shows his racist contempt of and prejudice against the black people.

4、Linguistic description:refers to the exploration and classification of

linguistic features of a given text.★

每个category下面的各个分类

(1) The Phonology Category:Phonology here is used to refer to the system of speech sounds in a language.

(2) The Lexical Category:Lexis is used here to refer to the choice of words.

(3) The Syntactic/Grammatical /Category:Syntax is used here to refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences.

(4) Semantic Category:Semantics is used here to refer to the meaning of words, expressions, etc. and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.

Procedure of linguistic description

1) Work systematically through the text and note down points we feel of some stylistic significance respectively under the various headings.

2) Quantify the frequency of a linguistic feature.

3) Assess the importance of stylistic features.

4) Make statements about the overall linguistic picture of the text in question, bringing together diverse features to show how they form a coherent, integrated pattern, and making judgments about or interpreting the significance of such patterns in relation to the context of the text as a whole.

5、(1)Text: A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that forms

a unified whole. A text is then a semantic unit, a unit not only of form, but also of meaning. A text is realized by a sequence of language units, whether they are sentences or not.

Cohesive devices:

Implicit connectivity

Explicit connectivity

1) Transitional words/phrases

2) Grammatical device

①Ellipsis ②Substitution ③Coreference

3) Lexical reiteration

材料Examine the following conversation, find out whether linguistic units in it are overtly cohesive or not.

A: See who that is.

B: I?m in pyjamas.

A: OK.

?Linguistic units in the conversation are not overtly cohesive. In this text, the relevance of B?s remark to A?s first remark is conveyed by pragmatic implication. “I?m in pyjamas” implies an excuse for not complying with A?s command (= “No, I can?t, because I?m in pyjamas.”) A?s second remark implies that he accepts B?s excuse and undertakes to do himself what he originally asked B to do (= OK. I?ll go myself and see.” T exts are therefore recognized as appropriately coherent in actual use. A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs.

(2)Context:Context refers to all elements of a communicative situation. (One is

“linguistic context”, referring to the linguistic units preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text. The other is “extra-linguistic context” or “context of situation”, referring to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning. )

Contextual factors:★

①Field of discourse(语场):the institutional setting, private or public, in which a

piece of language occurs, embracing not only the subject matter in hand(正在进行中的主要的事情), but the whole activity of the speaker or participant in a setting, which corresponds to Halliday?s “ideational function” of language.

②Tenor(语旨):The participants, their education, social status, the

role-relationship between the addresser and the addressee; the degree of intimacy; the degree of social distance. (I t?s concerned with who is ta king part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative status, their attitude, and their role relations.)

③Mode(语式):the medium of communication——the graphic signs [visual] or

sound waves [auditory] by means of which a message is conveyed from one person to anther; Channel; channel limitation; other detailed choices, the functions of language in the particular situation.

?Practice 4. Analyze the following conversation

(Jenny comes to Alan?s house. S he is conducting a survey for the government.) Alan: Won?t you come in, Miss-er-.

Jenny: Cartwright, Jenny Cartwright.

Alan: I?m Alan Marlow. (Alan shows Jenny into the living room.)

Alan: Oh won?t you make yourself comfortable, Jenny?

(After some minutes of talk, which is omitted here)

Jenny: Mr. Marlow … Alan: Call me Alan. (The Marlows, Episode 11)

The context shows clearly that Alan and Jenny are total strangers. The

conven-tional address form between strangers is Title + Sur-name (Mr./Miss So-and-so). But Alan addresses the girl by her first name and later asks her to do the same. His adoption of first-naming is an example of the manipulation of language. It is a move towards a friendlier relationship, indicating that Alan does not want their encounter to be formal and distant, as it is customary between strangers. In contrast, Jenny chooses to remain formal and distant by addressing Alan as “Mr. Marlow”. Linguistic Items

6、Speech sounds:★

(1) Stress:Stress refers to the prominence of sounds. It is the result of extra force

used in pronouncing a particular word or syllable. a) To show emphasis; b) To show surprise, anger, doubt, horror or excitement; c) To distinguish meaning of identical words or phrases. P23

(2) Pause: Pause refers to the brief interruption of the articulatory process between

consecutive linguistic units such as sounds, syllables, words, phrases and sentences. a) voiced pause or filled pause; b) silent pause

Function: P23

(3) Pitch:This relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener is called “pitch”and to indicate different feelings or attitudes, such as agreement, doubt, surprise, delight, scorn, abhorrence, or hatred. a) The falling pitch; b) The rising pitch;

c) The fall-rise pitch; d) The rise-fall pitch; e) The level pitch; f) The fall-plus-rise pitch. (各用在什么情境下,有什么作用P24~25)

(4) Tempo:Tempo refers to the speed of speaking. Tempo reflected in

monosyllables:a) quick and clipped syllables; b) loose and drawled syllables; c) slow and held syllables. Tempo reflected in sentences:a) the quick “allegro”; b) the slow “lendo”; c) the increasing “accelerando”; d) the decreasing “rallentando”. Function:Generally speaking, a quick tempo indicates excitement, surprise, agreement, happiness, indignation, whereas a slow tempo usually indicates confusion, emphasis, disagreement, hesitation, sadness, tiredness, low spirit or disappointment, etc.

7、Graphological Items ——the study of writing system of a language Graphological level——the expression or realization of language in its writing system

(1)Punctuation( the dash破折号, the colon冒号, the exclamation mark感叹

号);各自用处效果

(2)Capitalization

(3)Italics 斜体

(4)Paragraphing(分段):Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is

divided into paragraphs. It is a device to reveal the relational structure in a text, the organization of the content.

各自用处效果

8、Lexical Items

(1) General or Specific

(2) Anglo-Saxon or Latinate

(3) Other Lexical Items

9、Syntactic/Grammatical Items

(1) Clause Types

Clause: A clause forms a sentence or part of a sentence. It is a group of words which form a grammatical unit and which contains a subject and a finite verb, often functioning as a noun, adjective or adverb.

1) In terms of the clause constituents, there are 5 basic types:

2) In terms of the structure of the verb phrases (if any) in a clause:

①Finite clauses are clauses in which the first or the only verb phrase is a finite form.

E.g. He finished his work before leaving the classroom.

②Nonfinite clauses(非限定从句)are clauses whose verb phrase is non-finite,

e.g. an –ing participle. He finished his work before leaving the classroom.

③Verbless clauses(无动词分句)are clauses which contain no verb element,

e.g.: Hundreds of people were killed in the fire, many of them children.

3) In terms of functions in a sentence:

①Independent clause, not subordinate to another clause.

E.g. I am a teacher.

②Subordinate clause is a clause which forms part of another clause as its element, or as constituent of a phrase within a clause.

a)nominal clause(名词性从句)e.g. What he said is true.

b)relative clause(关系从句)functioning as post modifiers of a noun phrase.

E.g. People who smoke annoy me.

c)comparative clause,than, as

d)adverbial clauses denoting time, place, reason, etc.

(2) Sentence Types

Sentence:A sentence is, grammatically, the largest unit of grammatical organization within which parts of speech and grammatical classes are to function.

1)In terms of complexity or the number of constituent clauses:

①Simple sentence consists of a single independent clause.

②Multiple sentence consists of more than one clause.

a) Compound sentence(复合句)consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses.

E.g.: The storm is over, but the ground is still wet.

b) Complex sentence(复杂句)consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clause,

e.g.: Although the storm is over, the ground is still wet.

c) Compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses, one being compound, and at least one complex dependent clause, e.g.:

Although the storm is over, the ground is still wet, and we cannot go out for a walk.

2)In terms of grammaticality:

①Major sentence is a sentence (simple or multiple) which conforms to the regular patterns of clause structures. (formal in style)

②Minor sentence does not conform to the regular clause patterns,

e.g.: Oh, if I were you!

All aboard!

3)In terms of function:

①Declarative sentence(陈述句)

②Interrogative sentence(疑问句)

a)General question

b)Special question

c)Alternative question

d)Disjunctive question(反义疑问句)

③Imperative sentence(命令、祈使、要求)

④Exclamatory sentence(感叹句)

4)In terms of sentence length:

①Short sentence(casual, easy, informal, emphatic, eye-catching, to the point, effective, express a concept)

②long sentence

5)In terms of the beauty of structure or emphasis:

①Periodic sentence(圆周句)is a sentence which suspends the completion of

the main thought until(near) the end,

e.g.:

Every time a Cooper person is in peril, and absolute silence is worth four dollars a minute, he is sure to step on a dry twig.

②Loose sentence(松散句)in contrast completes the main thought well before the end.

③Balanced sentence contains two distinct halves or parts, each of about the

same length and importance,

e.g.:

In Plato’s opinion man was made for philosophy; in Bacon’s opinion philosophy was made for man.

(beautiful in form, impressive in meaning; formal writings, expository and argumentative prose, public speech)

10、British/American English

British English

范围:EFL(mother tongue): Britain; The Irish Republic;Australia;New Zealand;South Africa;The West Indian Island

ESL:Singapore;Malaysia

Three periods: Old English, Middle English, Modern English

American English

范围:EFL:(mother tongue)The United States of America; Canada

ESL:Mexico;The Philippines; Samoa(萨摩亚)

History of AmE:

Differences between BrE & AmE: 每项具体例子要看

(1)In Vocabulary

(2)In Grammar

①The use of present perfect (BrE) or past tense (AmE)

②The use of “have” or “have got” to indicate possession

③The use of “got” (BrE) or “gotten” (AmE)

④The use of different prepositions

⑤The use of different expressions

(3)In Spelling

(4)In Pronunciation

(RP=Received Pronunciation GA=General American)

11、Spoken English & Written English(口头语和书面语)

(1)Medium:Medium refers to graphic signs (visual medium) or sound waves (auditory medium) by means of which a message is conveyed from one person (addresser) to another (addressee).

Martin Joos? classification

(2)区别:

①At the lexical level

②At the syntactical/grammatical level

③At the phonological/graphological level

④Semantically

补充:Striking differences

1) Hearer/Reader involvement.

*Generally most speeches assume the presence of the hearer

*Non-verbal signals like facial expressions of incomprehension or boredom, feedback in the way of laughter, applause and even booing (feedback from audience attening a lecture and the like).

* A written text normally presumes the absence of the reader, and direct feedback from the reader is not possible.

2) Linguistic explicitness

*In speech, the participants rely heavily on their common background knowledge and the immediate context for much of their information.

*The immediate context can eliminate the ambiguity or dark information carried by implicit linguistic structures, bring some words with concrete referents, and recrysta-lize the denotations of some otherwise abstract words.

*Writing, generally, does not rely on the immediate context for understanding. Nor can the writer normally hope that his /her readers share with him/her much of the personal background knowledge needed for the understanding of the written text. On the contrary he/she must give great explicitness to whatever he/she is trying to say on paper.

3) Preparedness

*Writing is on the whole more …careful? than speaking.

*Permanent record, a clear idea about the subject matter and logical arrangement of thought, compact and self-contained.

*Speech, esp. conversation, is often spontaneous. Random shift of topic, a general lack of conscious planning, features of hesitation, slips of the tongue, overlapping or simultaneous speech.

Stylistic differences

Spoken texts contrast with written texts in terms of grammatical, lexical and phonological/ graphological features.

Gregory(19107):

1) Distinctions amongst speech

Speech can be spontaneous (such as casual conversation) or non-spontaneous (as what actors and teachers are doing).

*Within spontaneous speech, there is conversing (with the participation of others) versus monologuing (with no interruption from others). The latter kind of sustained spontaneous speech is found in classroom teaching, TV interviewing, radio commenting, and the talking between scholars.

*Non-spontaneous speech can be sub-categorized as reciting (such as story telling, poem recitation and singing) and as the speaking of what is written. In literate cultures, most non-spontaneous speech is the speaking of what has been written.

2) Distinctions amongst writing

The text that has been written may be written to be spoken as if not written, or written to be spoken, or even written not necessarily to be spoken.

a) Texts written to be spoken as if not written such as the lines in a drama, sound like real speech. But they are speeches that have been planned and prepared, whereas ordinary speech is spontaneous; and their situations are more compact and self-contained than those of conversing and monologuing.

b) Texts written to be spoken with no effort to conceal their written origin such as scripts for sermons, speeches, lectures, news bulletins and commentaries, can be really the reading of an article or essay but the hearer is not in the same situation as the reader where he/she can turn back a page to check his/her understanding. Hence their repeating of the main points in a slightly different way and their manipulation of prosodic and paralinguistic features for the spoken mode.

c) Texts written not necessarily to be spoken with no relation to the spoken mode such as a telephone book or a dictionary may be described as written to be read.

d) Texts written not necessarily to be spoken but with a relationship with the spoken mode such as dialogue in a novel, may be categorized as written to be read as speech (as if heard); and the interior monologue related to such texts may be categorized as written to be read as if thought (as if overheard).

(3)①Electronic English (E-Discourse):Electronic English is a general term, and it is used to here to refer to the computer-mediated English, which can also be labeled by other names through slight differences exist.

②Nature of Electronic English:

E-English is interactive, electronic, communicative in nature, with the text presented on the screen.

③Stylistic features:

a) Lexically

b) Syntactically

12、Formal & Informal(会辨别formality)★

(1) Formality:Formality refers to the way in which the style or tone of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context: the occasion, the number of hearers, and the role-relationship——the relationship between the roles adopted by the addresser and the addressee in a given situation.

Formal——Common core——Formal

补充:Session 9 Formal vs Informal Language

9.3 Functional tenor and degrees of formality

1.Functional tenor tells us the addresser?s intention of using the language.

2.Certain functional tenors can hit any point on the personal tenor formality continuum.

*an expository speech: formal, with many passive constructions and a technical vocabulary; or, informal, in an ad-lib manner, with personal anecdotes, reference to the audience.

*an insult: formal (formal structure and vocabulary, calm or deliberate delivery) or informal.

9.4 Martin Joos? classification

(Martin Joos, 1967) The range of formality:

5 levels: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate.

?The frozen level: In Joos' analysis, the frozen level is used for written legal documents or highly solemn speech which consists of memorized sentences that must be repeated verbatim. These might include quotations from proverbs or ritual expressions which are part of a formal ceremony.

?The formal level is used for public addresses such as lectures or speeches where the audience is not known to the speaker personally or where personal acquaintance is not acknowledged. This level requires much attention to form (with well-planned thematic structure and phonological, lexical and syntactical coherence), and allows little or no interaction. It is typically marked with the use of may place of might , can (in 'May I present Mr Smith ?'). The speaker is usually considered to be an authority and, therefore, has higher status than the hearers for that particular event.

?The consultative level is used at less formal gatherings such as committee meetings where status is still fairly clearly designated, but where participants interact. There is still considerable attention to form (with rather clear pronunciation, accurate wording and complete sentences), and participants may not know each other well. It may be necessary for speakers to elaborate and give a significant amount of background material.

?In contrast, the casual level is used among friends, or peers who know each other

well enough that little elaboration is necessary. Participants pay very little attention to form (shown by the use of slang and ellipsis as in 'Been a good thing if...') and concentrate totally on content and relationship. One of the markers of this level is the use of 'Come on' with the implication 'Consider yourself among friends'.

?The final level identified by Joos is 'intimate', language used between people who see each other daily (family members for instance) and share the majority of their daily life experiences. As a result, language is unelaborated and conversation may be meaningless to outsiders because of its telegraphic quality. No attention is paid to form.

?第六种:The Gobbledygook 冗长的废话,官话

e.g.1) My beloved parent has just passed to his heavenly reward.

2) My dear father has just expired.

3) My father has just passed away.

4) My dad has died.

5) My old man just kicked the bucket. --- by Martin Joos

?Joos' categories present an efficient way of looking at degrees of formality. It is fairly easy to distinguish the frozen style of (written) legal documents with their Latinate diction and impersonal syntax, from the intimate style of (spoken) interchanges between close friends, with their slang and elliptical syntax. But it is not easy to categorize the intervening degrees, or relate them to linguistic features. So most linguists agree that the situation is more complex than Joos imagined and see the range as a continuum from the most formal to the most Situation and Formality informal/intimate, with an infinite number of stopping places in between.

(2) Politeness

Politeness refers to a) how languages express the social distance between speakers and their different role-relationships; b) how face-work, that is, the attempt to establish, maintain, and save face during conversation, is carried out in a speech community.

(3) Impersonality(非人格性,非人称性)

Impersonality: Any discourse that is described as impersonal is marked by a distinct lack of the personal and informal mode.

Language markers indicating degrees of impersonality include:

①the generic pronoun one;

②the third person nouns instead of personal pronouns;

③the passive voice;

④the introductory it as a sentence beginner;

⑤abstract nouns or nominal groups.

(5)Accessibility(可读性)

Accessibility,synonymous with acceptability, or readability, refers to whether a piece of language is easy to understand by the addressee.

Fog index(Robert Gunning)符合指数,可读性程度★

Fog Index=0.4(L+H)

L=the average sentence length in a passage

H=the percentage of hard (inaccessible) words in the passage

What should be known:

①the total number of words;

②the total number of sentences;

③the total number of hard words( at least 3 syllables, not counting inflection or

compounding).

Smaller=easier

An easily accessible text: about 10 or fewer

An casual conversation: about 5

A legal document: more than 20

Practice: 书P69

13、Women & Men / Black English / Taboo & Euphemism Taboo:Taboo is often used to refer to a word or expression which is avoided by some people for religious, political, social, sexual, or other reasons and is usually replaced by a corresponding euphemism.

Euphemism: A euphemism is often defined as substituting an inoffensive or pleasant word or expression for a more offensive one. Euphemism can even make the harsh reality appear neutral, which is why they are often employed by politicians in order to take the people in and endear themselves to the public.

14、Conversation(定义,特征,各level 特征分析)Conversation refers to the act or an instance of talking together, for example, a familiar talk between friends; a verbal exchange of ideas, etc.

Common features:

①informality

②inexplicitness

③normal non-fluency

④lexical banality

⑤syntactic looseness

⑥randomness of subject matter

15、Public speaking(定义,特征,构成要素)

(1) Public speeches are speeches delivered in public for a special purpose, such as

open-class lectures or seminars in a university, religious preaches in the church, speeches delivered at a meeting or conference, the inaugural address of the president elect, etc.

(2) General features:formal in style, clear and vivid in tone, persuasive in

purpose

(3) Types

①The informative

②The persuasive

③The entertaining

④The stimulating

(4) Ways of delivery(效果,分别的优缺点)

①Reading from a manuscript

②Reciting from memory

③Impromptu speaking

④Extemporaneous speaking(outline)三四两种的区别

16、News Reporting★

(1) News reporting is the reporting of anything timely which has importance, use

or interest to a considerable number of persons in a publication audience.

(2) Classification

①Place:National & Provincial

②Contents: Quality Papers(严肃性)& Popular Papers(大众性)

③Time: Morning, noon, evening, Sunday

④Nature: Hard news(纯新闻),Soft news

(3) Field:politics, economy, military, culture, technology, etc.

Tenor:the journalists and masses different purposes

Mode:radio, broadcast, TV broadcast, newspaper, and magazine.

(4) Definition of news

(5) News value:timeliness, freshness(时新性);importance, prominence(显著性);locality, proximity(接近性);oddity, weirdness, novelty(新奇性);interest (6) The Make-up of News Report★书上例子及课后习题一定要看

3 parts: the headline, the lead, the body

1> The Headline

①Definition:the text in large bold type at the top of the newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it.

②Function:

a)to advertise or sell the news

b)to summarize the story

c)to beautify the page

④Main features:

a)The omission of articles and the link verb

b)Frequent use of abbreviations

c)Present tense is often used

d)Short powerful words are often employed

e)The use of pre-modification

f)Frequent use of figures of speech

⑤Lexical features:

a) a cronym and shortened words(缩略词和截短词)

b)colloquial and conversational words(口语化词)

c)midget words(小词)

d)the use of pre-modification

⑥Formats of Headlines

a)The banner/streamer 通栏标题

b)The flush left head 左对齐式(垂直式)标题

c)The dropped line/indented head

d)The centered head

e)The cross-line/key line head单行标题

f)The step head 齐头标题

g)The pyramid head

h)The inverted pyramid head

i)The jump head

2> The Lead导语

①Definition:The lead is the first or the first few paragraphs of the news

report, consisting of the newest, most important, or the most attractive

facts.

②Who, what, when, where, ,why

③Features:succinct, informative and intriguing

④Forms:

a)The contrast lead对比式导语

b)The question lead提问式导语

c)The quotation lead引语式导语

d)The blind lead 盲式导语

e)The descriptive lead描写性导语

f)The main fact lead 主要事实导语

g)The anecdotal lead 轶事导语

h)The personal lead

3> The body

①The body is the main part of the news report.

②Writing method:

a)The inverted pyramid method

b)The chronological method

c)The highlight method

(7) Stylistic features

17、Advertising书上例子要看

①Advertising is the non-personal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about the products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through various media.

②Function:

a)Information giving function

b)Demand-creating function

c)Distribution stimulating function

d)New customer introducing function

e)Get-action function

f)Good-will establishing function

③Classification:

a)By medium,newspaper ads, magazine ads, TV ads, radio ads, direct mail ads,

outdoor ads, human body ads, Internet ads, etc.

b)By audience,consumer ads, business ads(commercial ads); service ads,

specified ads, charity ads, etc.

c)By writing methods, hard-sell ads(intellect, fact, reason, telling advantages,

serious, factual, accurate, objective) and soft-sell ads(emotion, figures of speech)

⑤Elements of ads

Headline, the illustrations, the body copy, the slogan, the trade-mark, and the standing details (supplementary items).

⑥Writing methods of the body-copy

a)The straight-line copy(objective, industrial products, cars, camera, with

complicated structures)

b)The narrative copy(story-telling)

c)The testimonial copy( use some VIPs or people in real life to introduce

the product)

⑦Stylistic features

语言学概论 复习总结

英语语言学概论 期中作业 专业:英语(翻译)学号:20131311202 姓名:汤汪

第七章语言、文化与社会 1、语言与文化 (1)语言 语言有广义和狭义之分。 狭义的语言包括口头语言、书面语言和书面语的物质载体——文字。最狭义的语言不包括文字,只包括口语和书面语,口语和书面语是人类社会用来进行交际和思维的最重要、最常用、最发达、最严密的符号体系。 广义的语言不仅包括狭义语言,而且还包括准语言。准语言又称副语言、类语言,根据诉诸感官的不同,准语言又可分为听觉的(伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号)、视觉的(表情、体态等;图表、公式等;绘画语言;舞蹈语言;蒙太奇语言;符号、标识语言;其他视觉符号)、触觉的(盲文等)三类。 广义的语言其实包括了人类用于交际的所有手段,因此可以将广义的语言定义为“人类使用的一切符号”。 (2)文化 文化是社会成员共同拥有的生活方式和为满足这些方式而共同创造的事事物物,以及基于这些方式而形成的心理和行为。 广义的文化可以分为物质文化、制度文化和心理文化三个层次。物质文化是一种可见的显性文化。制度文化和心理文化是不可见的隐性文化或曰潜在文化。 物质文化是指人类创造的种种物质文明。诸如生产和交通工具,武器,日用器具,服饰,居住、饮食和其他人类行为所需要的物品等等。 制度文化是指种种制度和理论体系。诸如饮食习惯、建筑工艺、卫生管理、娱乐方式等生活制度,婚姻形式、亲属关系、家庭财产分配等家庭制度,劳动管理、艺术生产、教育、道德、风俗、宗教、利益、法律、政治、警察、军队等社会制度,以及有关这些制度的各种理论体系。 心理文化包括思维方式、审美情趣、宗教信仰、价值观念等等,比之物质文化和制度文化,心理文化处于更深的层次上。 (3)语言与文化的关系 语言与文化相互依赖、相互影响.语言是文化的重要载体;文化对语言有制约作用.本文对语言的内在系统,从语言的形式和结构上作了分析,并对语言的社会功能和其它外在因素进行了探讨。 语言在人类的一切活动中都起着十分重要的作用,是人类社会生活不可缺少的一个部分。自古以来,语言学家们都试图从多方面对语言进行探讨,形成了许多语言学流派。归纳起来,现代语言学主要来源于两大传统:语文学传统和人类学传统。语文学传统从比较语言学和历史语言学开始,根据文学作品和书面文献的研究对语言进行分析和比较。19世纪语文学家的工作为现代语言学的独立研究奠定了基础,后来发展到布龙菲尔德的结构主义和乔姆斯基的转换生成语法。这一传统的继承者强调语言的自然属性,把语言看成是一个封闭的,独立的系统,把语言学看成是一门横跨人文科学和自然科学的独立的边缘科学。人类学传统指运用人类学方法去研究没有书写系统和文字传统的社会集团的语言。自20世纪初

文体学的发展史

文体学发展史 文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学,来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利(索绪尔的学生),文体学的性质是一门结合文学和语言学的交叉学科,适宜于对文学和语言学很感兴趣的学生学习的一门课程。简单地说,文体学就是运用语言学的理论去阐释文学内容和写作风格的一门学科。帮助学生理解作品的深刻内涵和写作技巧。同时,激发学生开展批评性阅读,尝试建立自己的见解。 发展历程 西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究,早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前,对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论,而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中,文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来,在采用现代语言方法之后,文体分析方法摆脱了传统印象式直觉分析的局限,逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。欧洲历史语言学和普通语言学在20世纪初发展成为较有影响的独立学科,与语言学相结合的文体学也逐渐成为一门具有一定独立地位的交叉学科。

现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利(Bally,1865-1974)(索绪尔的学生),他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学,力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来,使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。巴依的研究对象是口语体的文体。他认为一个人说话时除了客观地表达思想外,还常常带有各种感情色彩。文体学的任务是探讨表达这些感情特征的种种语言手段,以及它们之间的相互关系,并由此入手,分析语言的整个表达方式系统。虽然巴依没有特别关注文学文本,但他们的普通文体学对于文学文体学的形成有直接的推动作用。稍晚于巴利的德国文体学家斯皮泽(Spitzer, 1887-1960)被普遍尊为文学文体学之父,斯皮泽的研究对象不是口语,而是文学作品。斯皮泽认为文学作品的价值主要体现在语言上,因此他详细分析具体语言细节所产生的效果,从而有别于传统印象式批评。此外,他提出了一种适用于分析长篇小说的被称为“语文圈”的研究方法,即寻找作品中频繁出现的偏离常规的语言特征。然后,对其作出作者心理根源上的解释,接着再回到作品细节中,通过考察相关因素予以证实或修正。受到德国学术思想的影响,斯皮泽将文体学视为连接语言学与文学史的桥梁,旨在通过文体特征的研究来考察作者心灵以及民族文化和思想澶变的历史。 学科历史 50年代末以前

12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案

12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”,由15个选择题组成,每题1分,共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”,由简答题和论述题组成,共15分。作业总分30分,将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分: 一、选择题(每题1 分,共15题) 1. 选择下面说法正确的() A、狭义的新闻,是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻,是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻,即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的() A、简讯,是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯,是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的() A、运用某些属性相同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子,推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法,叫类比法。 4.以下正确的是() A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前,将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面,将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。

C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面,将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5.以下正确的是() A、新闻,是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻,是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻,是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6.以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”,是因果关系。 7.以下正确的是() A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 8.大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是() A、传者(信息源) B、媒介(通道) C、受者(发布者) 9.以下正确的是() A、解释性报道,就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道,就是分析性报道,回答为什么,关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道,就是大量提供背景材料,作者不带倾向,让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10.选择下面说法正确的() A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台,1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台,1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台,1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的() A.新闻主体的人文修养,包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养,包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。

文体学概述

Chapter One: Brief Introduction to Stylistics Part 1: What is Stylistics about? 1.A Glance at Style Sample 1: The Year's at the Spring ! 一年之计在于春 ~Robert Browning The year's at the spring 正值一年之春, And day's at the morn; 又逢一日之晨; Morning's at seven; 晨光走到了七点; The hill-side's dew-pearled; 山腰挂着露珠; The lark's on the wing; 云雀展翅高飞; The snail's on the thorn: 蜗牛爬上了荆棘: God's in his Heaven -- 上帝在自己的天堂里—— All's right with the world! 尘世间一派井然! Sample 2: The Regulation is enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people's health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society. 为了加强市容和环境卫生的管理,保持干净美观的市容环境,保护人民群众的健康,推动经济发展和社会文明进步,根据相关法规和本市的具体情况特此制定本规定。 Sample 3: Hi-Fi, Hi-Fun, Hi-Fashion, only from Sony (alliteration) (高保真,高乐趣,高时尚,只来自索尼)

文体学第三章翻译总结

第三章语言学对象的文体学功能 一、语音的文体学功能 尽管有的学者一直认为语音没有任何意义,但是不同的语音确实能表现出说话者想要强调的意图并且具有不同的文体学功能。在口语的交际中,语音、重音、停顿、语调等都能表现说话者的情感态度以及暗示的一些内容。 重音 重音就是语音的重读。a)表现强调。b)表现吃惊、生气、怀疑等。c)区分同一词的不同意义。(以suspect为例,动词重音在pe而作名词时重音在sus)。 停顿 停顿是在连续的语言单元间的短暂中断的分节过程。英语中有三种停顿:浊音停顿、插声停顿和无声停顿。 音调 我们在听别人说话时,可以辨别出说话人某些音相对调值较高或较低,这就是音调的区分。a)降调b)升调c)降升调d)升降调e)平调f)降+升调 语速 语速就是说话的速度。快的语速反映出兴奋、气愤,慢的语速表现出疑惑、犹豫、悲伤、劳累。 二、笔迹的文体学功能 标点 a)破折号:①表示句中的突然中断或者没表达完毕。②引出总结或同位语。③附加说明。 b)冒号:①在复杂正式的引用前。②介绍一系列项目。 c)感叹号:用在强有力的感叹和命令之后。 大写 大写使用在如下场合:a)句首单词首字母b)诗行首单词首字母c)引用的第一个单词d)神的名字e)语言的名字f)国家e)货币f)地名

斜体 斜体使用在以下场合a)书名、杂志、电影、飞机、船名。b)强调一个句子中某个单词。c)标明不能用英语书写的词汇。 分段 分段有两种分法:a)长段用来谈论完整、正式的事项。b)短段用来衔接、总结。新闻工作者喜欢用短段,因为读者可以在短时间内了解新闻;律师、科学家通常喜用长段用来阐述说明。 三、词汇的文体学功能 概括与详细 详细词的使用更加生动、可以给读者直观感受;在没有必要详细的时候使用概括词即可。 词源 安格鲁萨克逊词源:基本词汇,有“非正式感” 拉丁词源:科学、宗教、官方交流,正式感强。 其他 四、语法的文体学功能 从句类型: a)限定分句b)非限定分句c)无动词分句d)独立分句e)从句 句子类型: a)依据句子的复杂程度或成分数量,可以分为简单句、多子句、复合句、复杂句、复合复杂句。 b)从语法角度分析,可以分为主要句和不完全句。不完全句主语或谓语不齐全。c)功能角度分析,可以分为陈述句、疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句),命令句和感叹句。 d)从橘子的长短,可以分为长句和短句。 e)从结构或强调的美感分析,分为圆周句和结构平行句。

英语文体学教程

Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series

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