专业英语感受 中英文对照

电力工程专业英语

Power engineering professional English

专业英语学习体会英语作为一门重要的学科，正在由于科技的飞速发展、信息全球化、社会化的日趋接近以及国际语言的特殊身份而身价倍增，成为了跨入二十一世纪所必备的三张通行证之一。English as an important subject, is du e to the rapid development of science and technology, the information globaliz ation, the increasingly close to social special identity and values as well as the international language, has become the essential coming 21-st century one of t he three pass.新的一代是否具备这张通行证将会直接影响祖国明天的辉煌。A n ew generation have this pass will directly affect the glory of the motherland to morrow.从这个意义上说，通过学习英语来培养学生积极学习、主动探取的主体性品质以适应现代化社会的发展显得尤为必要。In this sense, through learning English to cultivate students' positive learning, active agent take the subjective quality of the development of the society it is necessary to adapt to the moder nization尤其是我们当代研究生，掌握好英语，尤其是自己专业方面的外语，无论是对自己完成学业，还是未来找工作都有很重要的作用。Especially our conte mporary graduate student, mastering English well, especially in foreign languag es, in their major area of both finished school on their own, or in the future j ob has a very important role.通过这学期专业英语的学习，我学到了很多东西，更重要的是知道了学习专业英语的重要性。Through the study of professional E nglish this term, I learned a lot of things, more important is to know the imp ortance of learning English.

首先，虽然我们以前已经学了很长时间的英语，但学的还远远不够。Firs t of all, although we had for a long time to learn English, but learning is not enough因为我们学的英语基本上都是一些基础的、常用的表达，对于自己专业领域的一些词汇怎么表达还不了解。Because we learn English is essentially the expression of some basic and commonly used, some words how to say about their professional field is not understood.

所以，学习专业英语是很必要的。尤其是随着地理学科的不断发展和新技术的广泛应用，对地理专业学生来说学习电力专业英语是必不可少的，也是吸取国外先进知识，进行国内外学术交流的基础。So, learning English is very necessa ry. Especially with the continuous development of geography and the wide app lication of new technology for geography majors to learn professional English i s indispensable, and absorbing the foreign advanced knowledge, on the basis of domestic and international academic exchanges

因为英语作为世界上应用最广泛的一门语言，许多专业领域的文献和资料都是用英文书写的。Because English is the world the most widely used language in the world, many professional in the field of literature and data are written i n English.如果我们想了解我们专业领域的最新研究成果，我们就必须学好专业英语，这样才能读懂自己专业方面的英文文献，使自己的研究跟上时代的步伐。If we want to know we are professional in the field of the latest research r esults, we must learn English well, so you can read English literature in their

major area of, make oneself of the study to keep up with the pace of The Ti mes.

其次，随着中国国门的不断开放，我们与国外相关专家学者交流的机会将不断增多，这就需要我们掌握好英语——这张世界的通行证。Second, as China's doors open, us the opportunity to communicate with foreign related experts and scholars will continuously increase, this needs us to master English well, the world pass.

如果我们不能很好的掌握自己研究领域的英文表达，那么在与国外专家交流时就会遇到这样那样问题，影响我们的正常交流。而一口流利的，专业词汇把握准确的英语，则会给对方留下深刻的印象，从而加深交流，真正达到交流的目的。可想而知，两者的差距。If we are not very good control over his research in the field of English expression, you will meet you when you communicate wit h foreign experts such as problem, affect our normal communication. And flue nt, professional vocabulary to grasp English accurately, will leave deep impress ion to the other side, thus deepening exchanges, truly achieve the goal of com munication. It is conceivable that the gap.

最后，专业英语是高等学校研究生阶段各专业的一门重要辅助课程，是基础英语的延伸，其目的是为了拓宽学生的专业词汇量和阅读量，特别是强化英文表达方法，为将来的学术论文的阅读、写作和交流打下坚实的基础。Finally, spe cialized English is a high school graduate student stage is an important supple mentary course of each professional is the extension of basic English, its purp ose is to broaden the students' professional vocabulary and reading, especially t o strengthen the English expression method, for the future of academic papers lay a solid foundation for reading, writing and communication.电力专业是个高新技术的学科，为了追踪该学科的动态并赶上国际水平，必须熟练的掌握该专业的英语词汇量及表达方式；Electricity is a high-tech professional disciplines, in order to track the dynamics of the discipline and catch up with the internation al level, must be skilled to master the professional English vocabulary and exp ressions;电力专业学生毕业后在很大程度上面临的是教学和科研，必须了解国内外地理理领域的最新动态，并需要经常查阅文献、写科研论文、参加学术会议等；The power professional students after graduation to a great extent, is facing th e teaching and scientific research, must grasp the newest trend of domestic for eign LiLi field, and need to consult the literature often, write research papers, attending conferences, etc.;

此外，毕业生就业实行双向选择，自主择业，人才市场对于复合型人才的需要越来越多。因此，电力专业英语课程的开设就显得尤为重要。In addition, graduate employment to realize two-way choice, choose their career, talent market need more and more interdisciplinary talents. English is particularly important, therefore, geographic location.

对于专业英语这门课的建议有如下几点：For professional English this cour se suggestion as follows:

首先、希望可以把速度放慢些，不一定要讲那么多，但是讲过的句子都能讲清楚，重质不重量，因为英语句子就那几大种，当方法完全掌握便可举一反三。First of all, the hope can slow down the speed, don't have to speak so much, but can clearly spoken sentences, quality over quantity, because the English se ntence that several big kinds, when master can extrapolate method completely.

第二是，希望对于句子中的一些重要词汇、短语、句型要更加重视，特别是那些重要的，应该着重讲述，以实现记忆和应用。The second is that hope for some important words, phrases, sentence patterns in the sentence to pay more attention to, especially those that are important, should focus on, in order to realize the memory and the application.

第三是，老师应该除了分析句子成分之外，还应该分析这个句子应该怎么翻译，有什么翻译技巧，通过怎样的翻译才能把句子翻译地流畅，翻译得好。The third is that the teacher should be in addition to the analysis of sentence composition, also should be analyzed should be how to translate this sentence, what translation skills, through the translation to translate the sentence with how smooth, is a good translation.

最后，我真的觉得用这本书作为学习教材，不是那么地好，句子不适合四六级的谁平也不怎么针对考研。希望如果老师有时间，再换一个上课教材。而且发现我们老师对句子语法掌握的也不是那么系统，有很多是知道却很难说明白，建议老师看看何凯文的长难句。Finally, I really think that this book was used as learning materials, is not so good, the sentence is not suitable for the band 4 and band 6 who also don't for one's deceased father grind. Hope that if the te acher had the time, in another class teaching materials. And find that our teac her of a sentence grammar is not so system, there are a lot of know but it's hard to understand, suggested that the teacher see He Kaiwen long difficult se ntences.

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、

会计专业英语期末试题 )

期期末测试题 Ⅰ、Translate The Following Terms Into Chinese 、 1、entity concept 主题概念 2、depreciation折旧 3、double entry system 4、inventories 5、stable monetary unit 6、opening balance 7、current asset 8、financial report 9、prepaid expense 10、internal control 11、cash flow statement 12、cash basis 13、tangible fixed asset 14、managerial accounting 15、current liability 16、internal control 17、sales return and allowance 18、financial position 19、balance sheet 20、direct write-off method Ⅱ、Translate The Following Sentences Into Chinese 、 1、Accounting is often described as an information system、It is the system that measures business activities, processes into reports and communicates these findings to decision makers、 2、The primary users of financial information are investors and creditors、Secondary users include the public, government regulatory agencies, employees, customers, suppliers, industry groups, labor unions, other companies, and academic researchers、 3、There are two sources of assets、One is liabilities and the other is owner’s equity、Liabilities are obligations of an entity arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets or services in the future、 资产有两个来源，一个就是负债，另一个就是所有者权益。负债就是由过去得交易或事件产生得实体得义务，其结算可能导致未来资产或服务得转让或使用。 4、Accounting elements are basic classification of accounting practices、They are essential units to present the financial position and operating result of an entity、In China, we have six groups of accounting elements、They are assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue, expense and profit (income)、会计要素就是会计实践得基础分类。它们就是保护财务状况与实体经营

生产品质工程用到的IE专业英语对照词汇

BS Brain Storming 脑力激荡 Facilities Design and Planning设施规划与设计 Material Flow System Analysis物流系统分析Production Planning and Control生产计划与控制Human Engineering人机工程(工效学) Cost Control成本控制 Value Engineering价值工程 Work Assessment工作评价与考核 Engineering Economics Analysis工程经济分析Machine Interference机器干扰 Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) 六十秒即时换模Fool-Proof 防止错误法 (防错法) Man 人 Machine 机 Material 料 Method 法 Environment 环境 Temperature(temp)温度 Humidity湿度 leaning curve学习曲线 Time measurement 时间测量 Methods of time measurement标准时间测量(MTM) Shop floor observation 现场观测 Line Balancing 线平衡 Value有价值 NO VALUE 无价值 Incidental work(necessary)必要 Waste浪费 Takt Time生产节拍 Transport Empty 伸手

Move 移物 Disassemble 折卸 Use 应用 Assemble 装配 Release Load 放手 Inspect 检查 Search 寻找 Select 选择 Play 计划 Pre-Position预定位 Position 定位 Hold 持住 Rest 休息 Unavoidable Delay 迟延 Avoidable Delay 故延 E: Elimination剔除 C :Combination合并 R: Re-arrangement重排 S :Simplification简化 PRA-Probabilistic Risk风险率评估 Risk Priority Number (RPN) 风险关键指数What 完成了什么 where 何处做 When 何时做 who 由谁做 Why 为何这样做 how 何时做 delay等待 operation操作 inspection检查 transportation搬运

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

电气专业实用英语英汉对照

电气实用英语汇编 一．电气名词Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus, circuits) 三．设备Equipments 四．保护、继电器Protection , relays 五．电气仪表Electric instruments 六．防雷Lightning protection 七．接地Grounding, earthing 八．室、所Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备Equipments of electric repair 十．材料Material 十一．图名Drawings, diagrams 十二．表头Tables 十三．标准图词汇Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词Electric items 交（直）流Alternating (direct) current 短路电流Short-circuit current 起始次暂态短路电流Initial subtransient short-circuit current 冲击电流Impulse current 稳态短路电流Steady state short-circuit current 临界电流Critical current

切断电流Rupturing current 熔断电流Blow-out current 故障电流Fault current 计算电流Calculating current 极限有限电流Limit effective current 过电流Over current 逆电流Inverse current 整定电流Setting current 额定电流Rated current 电流密度Current density 短路电流最大有效值Maximumeffectivevalueofshort-circuitcurrent 高压High-voltage , High-tension 低压Low-voltage , Low-tension 计算电压Calculating voltage 激磁电压Exciting voltage 冲击电压Impulse voltage 临界电压Critical voltage 残留电压Residual voltage 击穿电压Puncture voltage 脉动电压Pulsating voltage 供电电压Supply voltage

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

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1. The economic resources of a business are called : B A. Owner ’s Equity B. Assets C. Accounting equation D. Liabilities 2. DTK Company has a $3500 accounts receivable from GRS Company. On January 20, GRS Company makes a partial payment of $210 0 to DTK Company. The journal entry made on January 20 by DTK Company to record this transaction includes: D A. A debit to the cash receivable account of $2100. B. A credit to the accounts receivable account of $2100. C. A debit to the cash account of $1400. D. A debit to the accounts receivable account of $1400. 3. In general terms, financial assets appear in the balance sheet at: A A. Face value. 账面价值 B. Current value. 现值 C. Market value. 市场价值 D. Estimated future sales value. 4. Each of the following measures strengthens intern al control over cash receipts except : D A. The use of a voucher system. B. Preparation of a daily listing of all checks received through the mail. C. The deposit of cash receipts intact in the bank on a daily basis. D. The use of cash registers. 5. Which of the following items is the greatest in dollar amount? D A. Beginning inventory B. Cost of goods sold. C. Cost of goods available for sale D. Ending inventory 6. Why do companies prefer the LIFO inventory 后进先出法method during a period of rising prices? B A. Higher reported income B. Lower income taxes C. Lower reported income D. Higher ending inventory 7. Which of the following characteristics would prevent an item from being included in the classification of plant and equipment? D A. Intangible

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电力工程专业英语 Power engineering professional English 专业英语学习体会英语作为一门重要的学科，正在由于科技的飞速发展、信息全球化、社会化的日趋接近以及国际语言的特殊身份而身价倍增，成为了跨入二十一世纪所必备的三张通行证之一。English as an important subject, is du e to the rapid development of science and technology, the information globaliz ation, the increasingly close to social special identity and values as well as the international language, has become the essential coming 21-st century one of t he three pass.新的一代是否具备这张通行证将会直接影响祖国明天的辉煌。A n ew generation have this pass will directly affect the glory of the motherland to morrow.从这个意义上说，通过学习英语来培养学生积极学习、主动探取的主体性品质以适应现代化社会的发展显得尤为必要。In this sense, through learning English to cultivate students' positive learning, active agent take the subjective quality of the development of the society it is necessary to adapt to the moder nization尤其是我们当代研究生，掌握好英语，尤其是自己专业方面的外语，无论是对自己完成学业，还是未来找工作都有很重要的作用。Especially our conte mporary graduate student, mastering English well, especially in foreign languag es, in their major area of both finished school on their own, or in the future j ob has a very important role.通过这学期专业英语的学习，我学到了很多东西，更重要的是知道了学习专业英语的重要性。Through the study of professional E nglish this term, I learned a lot of things, more important is to know the imp ortance of learning English. 首先，虽然我们以前已经学了很长时间的英语，但学的还远远不够。Firs t of all, although we had for a long time to learn English, but learning is not enough因为我们学的英语基本上都是一些基础的、常用的表达，对于自己专业领域的一些词汇怎么表达还不了解。Because we learn English is essentially the expression of some basic and commonly used, some words how to say about their professional field is not understood. 所以，学习专业英语是很必要的。尤其是随着地理学科的不断发展和新技术的广泛应用，对地理专业学生来说学习电力专业英语是必不可少的，也是吸取国外先进知识，进行国内外学术交流的基础。So, learning English is very necessa ry. Especially with the continuous development of geography and the wide app lication of new technology for geography majors to learn professional English i s indispensable, and absorbing the foreign advanced knowledge, on the basis of domestic and international academic exchanges 因为英语作为世界上应用最广泛的一门语言，许多专业领域的文献和资料都是用英文书写的。Because English is the world the most widely used language in the world, many professional in the field of literature and data are written i n English.如果我们想了解我们专业领域的最新研究成果，我们就必须学好专业英语，这样才能读懂自己专业方面的英文文献，使自己的研究跟上时代的步伐。If we want to know we are professional in the field of the latest research r esults, we must learn English well, so you can read English literature in their

力学专业英语部分翻译 孟庆元

1、应力和应变 应力和应变的概念可以通过考虑一个棱柱形杆的拉伸这样一个简单的方式来说明。一个棱柱形的杆是一个遍及它的长度方向和直轴都是恒定的横截面。在这个实例中，假设在杆的两端施加有轴向力F，并且在杆上产生了均匀的伸长或者拉紧。 通过在杆上人工分割出一个垂直于其轴的截面mm，我们可以分离出杆的部分作为自由体【如图1(b)】。在左端施加有拉力P，在另一个端有一个代表杆上被移除部分作用在仍然保存的那部分的力。这些力是连续分布在横截面的，类似于静水压力在被淹没表面的连续分布。 力的集度，也就是单位面积上的力，叫做应力，通常是用希腊字母，来表示。假设应力在横截面上是均匀分布的【如图1(b)】，我们可以很容易的看出它的合力等于集度，乘以杆的横截面积A。而且，从图1所示的物体的平衡，我们可以看出它的合力与力P必须的大小相等，方向相反。因此，我们可以得出 等式(1)可以作为棱柱形杆上均匀应力的方程。这个等式表明应力的单位是，力除以面积。当杆被力P拉伸时，如图所示，产生的应力是拉应力，如果力在方向是相反，使杆被压缩，它们就叫做压应力。 使等式(1)成立的一个必要条件是，应力，必须是均匀分布在杆的横截面上。如果轴向力P作用在横截面的形心处，那么这个条件就实现了。当力P没有通过形心时，杆会发生弯曲，这就需要更复杂的分析。目前，我们假设所有的轴向力都是作用在横截面的形心处，除非有相反情况特别说明。同样，除非另有说明，一般也假设物体的质量是忽略的，如我们讨论图1的杆

一样。 轴向力使杆产生的全部伸长量，用希腊字母δ表示【如图1(a)】，单位长度的伸长量，或者应变，可以用等式来决定。 L是杆的总长。注意应变ε是一个无量纲的量。只要应变是在杆的长度方向均匀的，应变就可以从等式(2)中准确获得。如果杆处于拉伸状态，应变就是拉应变，代表材料的伸长或者延长如果杆处于受压状态，那么应变就是压应变，这也就意味着杆上临近的横截面是互相靠近的。 当材料的应力和应变显示的是线性关系时，也就是线弹性。这对多数固体材料来说是极其重要的性质，包括多数金属，塑料，木材，混凝土和陶瓷。处于拉伸状态下，杆的应力和应变间的线性关系可以用简单的等式来表示。E是比例常数，叫做材料的弹性模量。 注意E和应力有同样的单位。在英国科学家托马斯·杨(1773 ~ 1829)研究杆的弹性行为之后，弹性模量有时也叫做杨氏模量。对大多数材料来说，压缩状态下的弹性模量与处于拉伸时的弹性模量的一样的。 2、拉伸应力应变行为 一个特殊材料中应力和应变的关系是通过拉伸测试来决定的。材料的试样通常是圆棒的形式，被安置在测试机上，承受拉力。当载荷增加时，测量棒上的力和棒的伸长量。力除以横截面积可以得出棒的应力，伸长量除以伸长发生方向的长度可以得出应变。通过这种方式，材料的完整应力应变图就可以得到。 图1所示的是结构钢的应力应变图的典型形状，轴向应变显示在水平轴，对应的应力以纵坐标表示为曲线OABCDE。从O点到A点，应力和应变之间是