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高中英语语法复习讲义1——名词 (1)

高中英语语法复习讲义1——名词 (1)
高中英语语法复习讲义1——名词 (1)

高中英语语法复习讲义——名词

一、概说

名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词,如boy 男孩,mother 母亲,news 消息,progress 进步,computer 计算机,Tom 汤姆,Paris 巴黎,Japan 日本,furniture 家具,等。

名词根据其词汇意义,通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写,如Mary 玛丽,Mr Green 格林先生,Beijing 北京,等;普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质,它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类:个体名词表示人或物的个体,如girl 女孩,pen 钢笔,等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如wood 木头,meat 肉,等;集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family 家庭,crowd 人群,等;抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念,如work 工作,happiness 幸福,等。

二、名词的数

1. 名词复数的构成方法

(1) 在一般情况下,加词尾 -s:

book / books 书

pen / pens 钢笔

face / faces 脸

(2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es:

bus / buses 公共汽车

box / boxes 盒子

dish / dishes 盘子

注:有些以 ch 结尾的名词,由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf],那么其复数形式应加词尾–s,如stomach / stomachs 胃。

(3) 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾s:

city / cities 城市

boy / boys 男孩

key / keys 钥匙

注:以 y 结尾的专有名词,若在某些特殊情况下需要复数,通常加 s 构成:

Mary / Marys 玛丽

Germany / Germanys 德国

(4) 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加 -es,有些加 -s 或 -es 均可:

piano / pianos 钢琴

tomato / tomatoes 西红柿

zero / zero(e)s 零

注:有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计,一共近200个,其中绝大部分的复数形式通过

加词尾-s构成,少数加词尾 es。在中学英语范围内,加词尾 es 的主要有以下4个:tomato 西红柿,potato 土豆,hero 英雄,Negro 黑人

(5) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:

chief / chiefs 首领

roof / roofs 屋顶

knife / knives 小刀

注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife妻子,life 生命,knife 小刀,leaf 树叶,thief 贼,half 一半,self 自己,shelf 架子,loaf 面包,wolf 狼。

另外,中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,但在现代英语中,以用 handkerchiefs 为多见。

2. 单数与复数同形式的名词。中学英语中主要的有:sheep 绵羊,fish 鱼,deer 鹿,Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人,aircraft 飞行器,means 方法,series 系列,head (牛等的)头数,works 工厂,等。

注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其表示种类时;head 若不是牲口的“头数”,

而是表示“人的头”或“人数”,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。

3. 不规则的复数名词。有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则:

man / men 男人

woman / women 女人

child / children 小孩

tooth / teeth 牙齿

foot / feet 脚

goose / geese 鹅

mouse / mice 老鼠

ox / oxen 公牛

注:

(1) 一些以man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数与man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:policeman / policemen 警察,gentleman / gentlemen 绅士,Englishman / Englishmen 英国人,等等。但是human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能仿man 的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即用humans, Germans。

(2) foot表示“英尺”时,其复数可以有两种形式feet / foot,如:He is about six feet / foot tall. 他大约6英尺高。

4. 复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数:

passer-by / passers-by 过路人

shoe-maker / shoe-makers鞋匠

looker-on / lookers-on 旁观者

on-looker / on-lookers旁观者

father-in-law / fathers-in-law 岳父

若没有主要名词,则通常在最后一个词加s:

go-between / go-betweens 中间人,媒人know-all / know-alls 万事通

注:由man / woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词,两者均变为复数:

man doctor / men doctors 男医生woman writer / women writers 女作家

5. 字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾-’s:

There are two i's in the word “skiing” skiing. 这个词里有两个字母i。

Mind your p’s and q’s. 要谨言慎行。

All the –’s should be changed to +’s. 所有的正号应改为负号。

若不至于发生混淆,也可只加词尾s。如:

He was born in the 1930(')s. 他出生在20世纪30年代。

Your 3(')s look like 8(')s. 你写的3看起来像似8。

6. 度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s:

m (meter, meters) 米

km (kilometer, kilometers) 千米

kg (kilogramme, kilogrammes) 千克

cm (centimeter,centimeters) 厘米

有的缩写词也加s:

hr (hours) / hrs (hours) 小时

No (number) / Nos (Numbers) 号码

有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式:

7. 名词的可数性。名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的;而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的,原则性的,并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的:A:Would you like a cake? 要吃块蛋糕吗?

B:No, I don't like cake. 不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。

以上第一句用 a cake,这是把cake 视为一块一块的“蛋糕”,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待, 所以它成了不可数名词。

下面我们按照名词的不同类别,分别讨论名词的可数性问题。

(1) 专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下,专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday), 一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:

We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。

又如,在一个小范围内,可能只有一个Henry,但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多个Henry, 因此我们有时会见到这样的句子:

There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。

另外,若专有名词转化成了普通名词,也可以是可数的:

Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China. 中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。

(2) 个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体,所以它通常是可数的。

(3) 物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体,所以它通常是不可数的。但是,在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等),有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式:wine 酒(不可数),a wine 一种酒(可数)

beer 啤酒(不可数),two beers 两杯啤酒(可数)

glass玻璃(不可数),some glasses 一些玻璃杯(可数)

(4) 抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:

success 成功(不可数),a success 成功的人或事(可数)

pleasure 愉快(不可数),a pleasure 令人愉快的人或事(可数)

(5) 集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,它本身通常是可数的,其复数形式表示多个集合体:

a family 一个家庭,three families 三个家庭

a team 一个队,two teams 两个队

a crowd 一群人,crowds 多群人

8. 名词可数性的三个易错点

(1) 根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如:汉语中的“面包”,一般认为是可数的,可以说“一个面包”、“两个面包”等,但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的,不能相应地用 a bread,two breads 表示以上意思。不过有趣的是,loaf 表示“面包”却又是可数的,可说a loaf, two loaves。

(2) 想当然地判断名词的可数性。如有的学生认为news(消息)和paper(纸)都不可数,于是便想当然地认为newspaper(报纸)就一定不可数,但事实上,newspaper 却是可数名词;又如有的同学认为tear(眼泪)即“泪水”,并将某其与water(水)相联系,认为tear 是不可数的,但事实上,tear 却是可数的。

(3) 受名词一词多义的影响。有的名词不止一个意思,且用于不同意思时,其可数性也有不同,不要形成思维思势。如aim表示“目的”时是可数名词,表示“瞄准”时是不可数名词;又如experience 表示“经验”时不可数,表示“经历”时则可数;再如fortune,当它表示“运气”时,不可数(=luck),当它表示“命运”时,可数,当它表示“财产”时,不可数,但可与a连用。

9. 可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语

(1) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等。

注:a good [great] many 后直接跟名词,没有介词of。

(2) 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:this, that, a few, a little, a bit of, much, no, a great deal of 等。

(3) 有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词:all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of,

a large amount of, a large quantity of 等。

(4) 有些名词形式上是复数,但却被用作不可数名词,使用much, little等修饰语:

He hasn't got much brains. 他没什么头脑。

He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。

I said I wouldn't want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。

It's high time you were taught a little manners. 该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。

10. 单位词与不可数名词数量表示法。单位词是表示事物个体性的词语,不可数名词通常没有复数形式,也不可以用个数计算,要表示不可数名词的个体性需借助单位词:

a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议

a piece of news一条消息an article of furniture 一件家具

a cake of soap 一块香皂 a slice of meat 一块肉

a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水

注:不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词,如“一张邮票”只能说 a stamp,而不能说 a piece of stamp。

三、名词的格

1. 名词的格的种类。英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时,用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s 所有格和of 所有格两种形式。

Tom loves Mary. (Tom 为主格,Mary 为宾格,均为通格形式)

Tom’s best friend is Mary. (Tom’s 是所有格,Mary 为通格)

The title of the book is interesting. (of the book 为所有格)

2. -’s所有格的构成方法

(1) 一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加-’s:

children's books 儿童图书today’s paper 今天的报纸

(2) 带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’):

girls’ school 女子学校the Smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽车

注:带词尾s的单数名词,通常仍加’s:

the boss’s plan 老板的计划the hostess’s worry 女主人的担心(3) 带词尾s的人名,可加’s 或只加省字撇(’):

Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小说Charles’s job 查理斯的工作

不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者,一律加’s:

Marx's works 马克思的著作George's room 乔治的房间

(4) 用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列连词后加-’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s:

Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间

Tom and Jim’s rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间

3. -’s所有格的用法。-’s 所有格主要用于有生命的东西,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,这主要见于:

(1) 用于表时间的名词后:

tomorrow’s weather 明天的天气

two days’ journey 两天的旅程

比较:ten minutes’ break = a ten-minute break 10分钟的休息

(2) 用于表国家、城市的名词后:

America’s policy 美国的政策

the city’s population 这个城市的人口

(3) 用于某些集合名词后:

the majority’s view 多数人的观点

the government’s policy 政府的政策

(4) 用于组织机构后:

the station’s waiting-room 车站候车室

the newspape r’s editorial policy 这家报纸的编辑方针

(5) 用于度量衡及价值名词后:

a mile’s distance 1英里的距离

twenty dollar’s value 20 美元的价值

注:对于带有连字符已转化为形容词的度量衡,不能用所有格形式:

ten-minute walk 10分钟的路程(比较:ten minutes' walk)

(6) 用于表天体的名词后:

the moon’s rays 月光

the earth’s surface 地球表面

(7) 用于某些固定表达中:

a stone’s throw 一箭之遥

at one’s wit’s end 黔驴技穷

at arm’s length 以一臂之距

out of harm’s way 在完全的地方

注:名词所有格并不一定表示所有关系,有时可能表示其他意义:

(1) 表类别:a doctor’s degree 博士学位,children’s hospital 儿童医院

(2) 表动作执行者:Mr Smith’s arrival 史密斯先生的到达

(3) 表动作承受者:children’s education 儿童教育

4. -’s 所有格与of 所有格的用法比较

(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-’s 所有格互换。如:

Mr Smith’s son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子

Jim’s patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心

the Queen’s arrival = the arrival of the Queen 女王的到达

(2) 必须用’s 所有格的情形:

①表类别时:men’s shoes 男鞋,children’s stories 儿童故事

②表来源时:John’s telegram 约翰的电报

③当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时:Mary’s husband, a policeman, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察,刚刚来过这儿。

(3) 必须用of 所有格的情形:

①用于无生命的事物时:the subject of the sentence 句子主语

②表同位关系时:the City of Beijing 北京市

③当中心词是名词化的名词时:the life of the poor 穷人的生活

④当of 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时:Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。

5. 双重所有格

(1) 所谓双重所有格就是指将’s 所有格与of 所有格结合起来一起使用:

a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友

a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片

(2) 双重所有格的使用场合:

①当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:

I don’t like that big nose of David’s. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。

Which novel of Dickens’ are you referring to? 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?

Some friends of my brother’s will come. 我兄弟的一些朋友要来。

注:被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏或厌恶等)。如:That little daughter of your cousin's is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏) That daughter of your cousin's is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶) 另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:

可以说:a poem of Shelly's, a novel of Dickens'

不能说:the poem of Shelly's, the novel of Dickens'

②有时既可用双重所有格也可用of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:

a photo of Mary's 玛丽收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片

a criticism of William’s 威谦提出的批评 a criticism of William 对威谦的批评

四、有关名词的重要考点

1. 短文改错题考查名词单复数的使用。在高考的短文改错题型中,几乎每年都一道涉及名词单复数使用的试题。这类试题本身难度并不大,只是要求考生能根据句意对名词单复数的使用做出简单的判断。不过,在具体做这类题时,考生注意以下几点是有必要的:一是不可数名词通常不能有复数

形式,也不能连用不定冠词;二是在通常情况下,单数可数名词不能单独使用,它要么应与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词连用,要么就应用复数。三是注意名词本身的单复数形式应与它的修饰语保体一致。请看以下几道典型的高考改错句:

(1)… drink some waters from a dream. (waters应改为单数water)

(2) They have been to Europe many time. (time 应改为复数times)

(3) There are branch library in many villages. (library 应改为复数libraries)

(4) ... could come and visit us some times soon. (times应改为单数time)

(5) We studies quite a few subject. (subject应改为复数subjects)

(6) We often watch football match. (match应改为复数matches)

(7) … so that I'll get good marks in all my subject. (subject应改为复数subjects)

(8) On my way up I was taking picture … (pictu re应改为复数pictures)

(9) Good health is person's mot valuable possession. (应在person's 前加a)

(10) There is public library in every town in Britain. (应在public library 前加a)

2. 高考对集合名词的考查。高考考查集合名词主要涉及其可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆,我们将常考集合名词分为以下几类,并分别简述其有关用法特点:

(1) family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:

This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。

This class are studying English now. 这个班的学生在学习英语。

(2) cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。

The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。

For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。

注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词head(单复数同形)。如:three head of cattle 3头牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。

(3) goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:

Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。

To whom do these goods belong? 这些书是谁的?

(4) baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:

Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托运了吗?

特别提醒:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相应的个体可数名词是machine, poem, jewel, scene。如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗,many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。

(5) 补充说明几个特殊的集合名词:

①hair(头发,毛发):指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:

My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。

The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。

②mankind(人类):是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:

This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。

Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。

特别提醒:mankind 表示“人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。

③fruit(水果):作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:

He doesn't not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。

He is growing fruit in the country. 他在农村种水果。

但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。体会:Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。

The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。

3. 根据上下文的语境选择恰当的名词。高考对名词的考查还经常涉及这样一类考题,即要求考生根据所给句子上下文所暗示的语境选择一个最恰当的词语,这类题考查的不一定是要求考生辨析同义词,而是要求考生根据语境的要求选出一个恰当的词语,或构成固定短语或固定搭配,或使句子语意连贯、逻辑通顺。请看两道高考真题:

(1). We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _____.

A. fact

B. reality

C. practice

D. deed

(2). Here's my card. Let's keep in _____.

A. touch

B. relation

C. connection

D. friendship

第1题选C,构成短语put … into practice,意为“将…付诸实践”;第2题选A,构成短语keep in touch,意为“保持联系”。

高中英语语法讲义——名词

高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 (1)一般情况直接加-s, 如:books, trees. (2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如:glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. (3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如:stories, countries. (4)以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s,但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是:黑人英雄 ..中吃土豆 ..、西. ....在回声 红柿 ..,即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是:zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 (5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s,但下列名词需把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是:为 了自己 ..和一片树叶 ..上,把狼.劈成了两半.,即:selves, lives, ....站在架子 ..手里拿着刀子 ..和他的妻子 ..活命.,小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es,也可直接在f后加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs (scarves)围巾。 (6)合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;storytellers讲故事的人;housewives家庭主妇。(7)“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时,作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 (8)不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese

高中英语语法填空专题训练和答案

Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th century, British people began to move to other ___66___ (country). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present ___67___ (many) people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. ___68___ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. English ___69___ (change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries. The English ___70___ (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different ___71___ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English language and ___72___ (especial) its vocabulary. The English language was settled by the 19th century ___73___ two big changes in English spelling happened. English now is also spoken as a foreign ___74___second language in South Asia. China may have the ___75___ (large) number of English learners. 66.countries 【答案】countryother修饰用复数形式,指其他的国家。故是可数名词,此处由【解析】考查名词。countries. 填67. more 【答案】than ever before可知含有和以前比较的意思,要用比较级考查比较级。根据句中的【解析】more. 表示更多的人,故填68. Luckily 【答案】“”Luckily. ,故填【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式,指幸运的是69. has changed 【答案】over the past centuries可知与现在完成时连用,主【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语has changed. 语是单数,故填70. spoken 【答案】Englishspeak是被动关系,此处是过去分词作定语,故填和动词【解析】考查过去分词。. spoken. 71. from 【答案】be different from“…”from. ,是固定短语。故填和【解析】考查固定短语。不同72. especially 【答案】especial“”especially“”。特殊的,特别的是副词是形容词;尤其,特别【解析】考查副词。“”especially. ,故填尤其,特别此处指新的定居者丰富了英语,尤其是它的词汇。表示73. when 【答案】“…”,从句时态是过去时,故填当【解析】考查连词。此处引导时间状语从句,表示时候when. 74. or 【答案】or. 【解析】考查连词。此处表示选择,指作为第一语言或第二语言被说,故填 75. largest 【答案】【解析】考查形容词最高级。因为中国人口最多所以说英语的人也最多,此处由the修饰用 I had just visited my best friend in hospital with my mum,___41___hadn't seen my friend since she'd gone into hospital six months earlier. I knew where she was coming from as she was___42___(grave)ill, but as I'd been visiting her every week I had stopped seeing the obvious; my friend___43___(lose)most of her body weight

高中英语语法大全

(1)表语从句 1.定义:用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导表语从句的关联词的种类: (1) 从属连词that。如: The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如: He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注:从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句,如: All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如: It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释: 1.连词because可引导表语从句。如: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示,should可省略。如: My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。(2)主语从句 1.定义:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2.构成:关联词+简单句 3.引导主语从句的关联词有三类: (1) 从属连词that。如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如: Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如: What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释: 1.主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有: A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如: It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that

(word完整版)高中英语语法复习讲义+训练:动词(含答案),推荐文档

高考英语语法复习讲义——动词 动词 1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 说明: 有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词, 例如:We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。) 3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明: 同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。 例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb) 例如:She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。 说明: 英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。 5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase) 例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)

高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义(9)被动语态知识点整理总结(含练习与解析)

2021届高中英语新高考语法基础版一轮复习讲义(9) 被动语态知识点整理总结 被动语态是中高考经常考的语法之一,也是日常口语和写作中必不可少的句子形式,今天笔者就带大家一起来学习它。 01 被动语态的概念 所谓被动语态是相当于主动语态而言的。如果主语是动作的执行者,那么我们就称其为主动语态,反之,如果主语是动作的承受者或动作的对象,那我们就称其为被动语态。如: 主: Many people speak Chinese. 被: Chinese is spoken by many people. 02 被动语态的结构 被动语态由"be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来。下面通过speak来说明常见时态的被动语态:一般现在时 am/is/are+spoken 一般过去时 was/were+spoken

一般将来时 will/shall be+spoken 现在进行时 am/is/are being+spoken 过去进行时 was/were being+spoken 现在完成时 have/has been+spoken 过去完成时 had been + spoken 03 被动语态的执行者 被动语态的执行者一般以by+人/物来引出。如果没有执行者或没必要说出执行者,则可以省略这部分。如: Some computers were stolen last night. 无法确定执行者,因此无by结构。 The glass was broken by Mike.

执行者是Mike,所以这里用by引出。 04 含有情态动词的被动语态 用“情态动词+be+过去分词”结构。 如: We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. 05 特殊情况主动变被动 make/let+sb+do变为被动要还原to。如: He made the boy work for two hours a day. The boy was made to work for two hours a day. 双宾语结构的物做被动语态主语时,后面要还原出介词。如:Jack gave Peter a present just now. A present was given to Peter just now. 巩固练习 1. The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold

高中英语语法最重要知识汇总

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