2015年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（一）
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5.
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin."
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional kinship" of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people's 18to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population.
1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
3.[A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
4.[A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
5.[A] tests [B] objects [C] samples [D] examples
6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C] unreliable [D] incredible
7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
11.[A] about [B] to [C] from [D] like
12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D] limit
13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
14.[A] chances [B] responses [C] missions [D] benefits
15.[A] later [B] slower [C] faster [D] earlier
16.[A] forecast [B] remember [C] understand [D] express
17.[A] unpredictable [B] contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
18.[A] endeavor [B] decision [C] arrangement [D] tendency
19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today——embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ra ther ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service——as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21. According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlosof Spain________.
[A] used to enjoy high public support [B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] eased his relationship with his rivals [D] ended his reign in embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly________.
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families. [D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles________.
[A] takes a rough line on political issues [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies [D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined [B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne [C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs [D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The cou rt would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s arg ument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they
26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to______.
[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents
[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant
[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones
27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of________.
[A] disapproval [B] indifference [C] tolerance [D] cautiousness
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to________.
[A] getting into one’s residence[B] handling one’s historical records
[C] scanning one’s correspondences[D] going through one’s wallet
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that________.
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed [B] the court is giving police less room for action
[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected[D] phones are used to store sensitive information
30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that________.
[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly
[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution
[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution
[D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistic board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expe cts the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that bi omedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that________.
[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process [B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks [C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis [D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to________.
[A] found [B] marked [C] revised [D] stored
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may________.
[A] pose a threat to all its peers [B] meet with strong opposition
[C] increase Science’s circulation[D] set an example for other journals
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now________.
[A] adds to researchers’ workload[B] diminishes the role of reviewers
[C] has room for further improvement [D] is to fail in the foreseeable future
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers [B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect [C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions.” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.”
Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .
As the hacking trial concludes——finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge —the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in
been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by________.
[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
[D] the wide misuse of integrity among institutions
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that________.
[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge
[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions
38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence________.
[A] revealed a cunning personality [B] centered on trivial issues
[C] was hardly convincing [D] was part of a conspiracy
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows________.
[A] generally distorted values [B] unfair wealth distribution
[C] a marginalized lifestyle [D] a rigid moral code
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance. [B] Common humanity is central to news reporting.
[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper. [D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41) _______.You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42)
_______
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _______.This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page---including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns---debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _______. Such dimensions of reading suggest---as others introduced later in the book will also do---that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) a genda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as
mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in
Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of e vents, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）
解析
Section I Use
of English
一、文章题材
结构分析
本文选自2014 年7 月15 日International Business Times 上一篇题为“DNA of Friendship: Study Finds W e are Genetically Linked to Our Friends”（DNA 友谊：研究发现我们在基因上和我们的朋友有着千丝万缕的联系）的文章。首段通过一项研究结果引出朋友之间有一定的基因关联；第二段对研究的受试者进行说明；第三段中遗传学家认为朋友之间共享的1%的基因很重要；第四五段指出研究的两项发现；最后研究者发现相似基因发展更快，但人们喜欢与同族人交友还未能做出解释。二、
试
题
解
析
1.[A] when 何时[B] why 为什么[C] how
如何[D] what 什么
【
答
案
】
D
【考点】
从句辨
析
【解析】该题考查的是语法知识。根据句子结构和选项的特点，可以判断出空格处应填从属连词引导表语从句；再根据句子的内容，可以看出该从句是一项研究的相关内容，不是指研究的时间（when），原因（why）和方式（how），表示具体内容的表语从句用what 引导，因此，该题的答案为what。2.[A] defended 保卫，防守[B] concluded 推断，下结论[C] withdrawn 撤退，收回[D] advised 建议，劝告
【
答
案
】
B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+
动词辨析
【解析】从此题所在句子的前后内容可以判断出，that is 中的that 是指第一句话的内容（朋友与我们基因上的相关性），很显然是研究得出的结论。因此，答案为concluded。
3.[A] for 为了[B] with 和[C] on 在…之上，关于，对于
[D] by 方式
【
答
案
】
【
根据空
格
所
在
句子的内容（研究对
1
9
32 位
独特的受试者
进
行
判断出进行分析的对象是 1932 unique subjects 。Conduct analysis on …是固定表达。
4.[A] compared 比较，对照 [B] sought 寻找 [C] separated 分离，分开
[D] connected 连接
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+
动词辨析
【解析】该空格所在的句子是 which 引导的定语从句修饰 study ，意思是：对几对基因不相关的朋友和
陌生人进 行 。因为“研究”的内容是关于朋友间基因上的相关性问题，所以完整的意思应该是：对
几对基因不 相关的朋友和陌生人进行比较。所以最佳答案为 compared 。其余选项不符合句意。
5.[A] tests 测试 [B] objects 物体 [C] samples 样
例 [D] examples 事例
【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义衔接+
名词辨析
【解析】根据空格的前后内容判断，到第五个空为止，文章都在讲实验过程，和实验对象，第五个空格所在句 子的内容是：相同的人们都用于实验中的这两类 。所以根据上下文语境和内容，
应该选与实验对象相对 应的 samples （样例）。因此，答案是 samples 。选项 A. 测试，B. 物体，D. 事
例均不符合前后语境和语义。
6.[A] insignificant 微不足道的 [B] unexpected 意外的 [C] unreliable 不可靠的
[D] incredible 惊人的
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+形
容词辨析
【解析】本题考核的是形容词结构作表语。形容词作表语时，通过主语和表语搭配的一致性来判断所
选填的形 容词。空所在的语境为：尽管这 1%看起来似乎 ，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。
空前后形成对比转折的逻 辑关系，而从后文列举的例子中可知遗传学家 James Fowler 对这 1%基因
的态度是肯定的，而从常识判断，1% 所占的比例也是非常小的，综合分析，故答案为 A 。
7.[A] visit 拜访，访问 [B] miss 错过；想念 [C] seek 寻找，探索
[D] know 了解，认识
【
答
案
】
【解析】本题空格处考查了动词，解题的关键是确定主语most people（很多人）与宾语their fourth cousins（他
们隔三代的表亲）两者之间的关系。空所在的语境为：大多数人甚至不他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些我们亲戚的人作为朋友。根据上下文语义以及文章主旨的导向，不难判断D 选项最符合文意，“很多人甚至不认识自己隔三代的表亲”，故答案选择D。
8.[A] resemble 类似，像[B] influence 影响[C] favor 支持，赞成[D]
surpass 超越
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析
【解析】空格处要求填入一个及物动词，能够直接接宾语kin（亲戚），然而四个选项都是及物动词，所以关键在于判断哪个更符合上下文语境。空所在的语境为：大多数人甚至不认识他们隔三代的表亲，但却设法选择那些他们亲戚的人作为朋友。将四个选项分别代入，B 选项“影响他们的亲戚”，C “支持他们的亲戚”，D 选项“超过他们的亲戚”均无上下文依据，根据全文中心导向：基因上的相似性，不难判断，A 选项“像他们亲戚”符合上下文语义，故答案为A。
9.[A] again 又，再一次[B] also 也[C] instead 代替，反而[D]
thus 因此，从而
【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+副词辨析
【解析】空格处要求填入的副词修饰动词“found”，空所在的句子开头用“The study…”,显然讨论的是同一个研究，前文指出研究发现朋友与我们有1%的基因关系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends（朋友间在嗅觉基因方面有相关性）”在进一步详细讨论该话题，前后之间是顺接关系，A 选项强调同样的东西再一次提及，C 选项表示对比转折，D 选项表示因果关系，只有B 选项also 表示顺接递进关系，故答案为B。
10.[A] Meanwhile 同时[B] Furthermore 此外，而且[C] Likewise 同样地[D] Perhaps 也
许，可能
【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+副词辨析
【解析】从选项和文中句子结构可以判断，空格处要求填入一个能够体现前后两个句子逻辑关系的副词，空前的句子谈到“为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性还很难解释”，空后却紧接着对此得出一个相关结论，很明显是矛盾的，所以此结论只能是一种不确定的推测，故答案为D。
11.[A] about 关于；大约[B] to 到，向[C] from 从，来自
[D] like 像，如同
【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+介词辨析
【解析】该题为介词选择题。后半句出现比较级，可见是和前文形成比较关系，因此和上半句介词保持一致，用介词to。该句翻译：它（这种相似性）吸引我们到相同的环境，并且使我们更为相似。因此答案为to。
12.[A] drive 驱使[B] observe 观察，遵守[C] confuse 困惑
[D] limit 限制
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析
【解析】该句意思为：很多机制共同作用，从而我们选择基因相似的朋友，和交朋友的“功能关系”。根据上下文可知，此处所填入动词需符合结构_sb. in doing sth.，B 选项observe （观察，遵守）和C 选项confuse（困惑）均无此用法。符合该结构只有A 选项drive（驱使）和D 选项limit （限制）。根据上下文可得知：这些机制驱使我们选择基因相似的朋友，符合文章主题。如果选“限制”则为反向干扰。因此答案为drive。
13.[A] according to 根据[B] rather than 而不是[C] regardless of 不管[D] along
with 伴随着
【答案】B
【考点】上下文语义衔接+介词短语辨析
【解析】所填词为逻辑关系短语，空前说选择基因相似的朋友，空后说具有“实用关系”的朋友，可知前后为对立关系，并且根据文章主题，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可锁定B 选项rather than。A 选项according to（根据）
没有体现出对立及取舍关系，因此排除；C 选项regardless of（不管）表让步关系，干扰性较强，但文章更强调取前舍后，因此排除；D 选项along with（伴随）表顺接，故排除。故答案为rather than。
14.[A] chances 机会[B] responses 反应[C] missions 使命
[D] benefits 利益
【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】根据前文functional kinship（实用关系）可得出D 选项benefits（利益），前后形成呼应。A 选项chances
（机会）、B 选项 responses （反应）、C 选项 missions （使命）均不符合题意。故答案为 benefits 。
15.[A] later 更晚 [B] slower 更慢 [C] faster 更快 [D] earlier 更早
【答案】C
【考点】上下文语义衔接+副词比较级辨析
【解析】该句为：evolving than other genes （比其他基因进化得 ）. 根据同词复现，我们找到该段 第二
句
话
中
：h u m a n e v o l u t i o n p i c
k
e d
p a c e i n t h e 与下文 picked pace （加速）形成呼应，故答案为 faster 。 人类进化在过去 30000 年间提速）。C 选项 faster 16.[A] forecast 预测 [B] remember 记住 [C] understand 理解 [D] express 表达 【答案】C 【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析 【解析】此题考查动宾搭配。根据语意。空格后面是一个 why 引导的宾语从句，意为“人类进化在过去三万年 间得以加速的原因”，表示这一研究的结果和意义。能与这一宾语从句构成搭配的只有 C 选项 understand 。A 选项 forecast “预测”与“过去三万年”相矛盾，B 选项 remember “记住”和 D 选项“express ”均不符合文意。
17.[A] unpredictable 不可预测的 [B] contributory 促进的[C] controllable 可控的 [D] disruptive 破坏性的 【答案】B 【考点】上下文语义衔接+形容词辨析 【解析】此空需要填入一个形容词，表达社会环境对人类进步所起到的作用。Help ，pick pace 这两个表达都是 积极的含义，因此此处需要填入一个带有褒义的感情色彩的词，因此排除 A 选项“不可预测的”和 D 选项“破 坏性的”; B 而 C 选项“可控的”,与语意无关；因此正确答案为 B 选项 contributory “促进的”。 18.[A] endeavor 努力 [B] decision 决定 [C] arrangement 安排 [D] tendency 倾向 【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+名词辨析
【解析】此处进一步陈述这一研究的结论。A 选项 endeavor “努力”，B 选项“决定”，C 选项“安排”，D 选项“倾向”。本文的主旨重在解释人们交朋友时不自觉的一种倾向，而非通过人为的有意识的举动来选择朋 友。因此正确答案为 D 。
19.[A] political 政治的 [B] religious 宗教的 [C] ethnic 种族的 [D]
economic 经济的
【答案】C 【考点】上下文语义衔接+形容词辨析 【解析】结合文意，人们普遍希望和有相似 背景的人交朋友。C 选项 ethnic 意为“种族的，民族的”，是 对上文中多次重复出现的 genes,以及下文的 the same population 的同义复现。
因此正确答案为 C 。A 选项 political “政治的”，B 选项“宗教的”，D 选项“经济的”均不符合原文文意。 20.[A] see 确保 [B] show 展示 [C] prove 证明 [D] tell 辨别 【答案】A 【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词搭配 【解析】此处考察动词，动词势必要看前后搭配。See that 构成固定词组，意为“务必使……”，符合文意， 即：即使所有的受访者都拥有欧洲血统，(研究者们)仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一 群种。选项 B “展示”,选项 C “证明”，选项 D “辨别”均无此含义，且不符合文意。 三、全文翻译 尽管朋友之间在血缘上没有关系，但是从生理学上看，朋友却类似我们的第四表亲，大约有 1%的基因相 同。这就是研究所得出的结论，该研究由加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上。研究 对 1932 位独特的实验对象进行了全基因组分析，对没有血缘关系的朋友和没有血缘关系的陌生人进行了比较。 两组实验样本涉及的人员都是相同的。
尽管这 1%看起来似乎微不足道，但是遗传学家可不这么认为。正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医学遗传学
研究还发现朋友之间在嗅觉基因方面有相关性，而不是免疫基因。为什么在嗅觉基因方面存在相似性，目前还很难解释。也许正如研究人员认为，这种相似性将我们吸引到相同的环境中，但事情也并非这么简单。可能有很多机制共同作用，从而促使我们选择和自己基因相似的朋友，而不是选择以利益为导向的“功能型亲属关系”。该研究还有一项值得注意的发现：相似的基因似乎比其他的基因进化得更快。此研究可以有助于解释人类
进化在过去三万年间得以加速的原因：社会环境是一个主要的促成因素。研究人员称，该研究结果不只是解释了为什么人们倾向于和民族背景相似的人交朋友。即使所有的实验对
象都取样于欧洲的一个族群，研究人员仍然悉心确保所有的受访者、朋友和陌生人都来自于同一族群。研究团队还控制数据以检查所有试验对象的血统。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2014 年6 月4 日《卫报》上一篇题为“Is the Writing on the W all for All European Royals?”（所有欧洲皇室注定要失败吗？）的文章。主要讨论了西班牙胡安·卡洛斯国王退位这一事件对欧洲诸多皇室的影响，尤其是对英国皇室的影响。文章第一二段通过西班牙国王退位引出君主政体的争论；第三段解释了君主作为国家元首倍受欢迎的原因；第四五段指出王室贵族现在的处境；最后两段总结说明了君主制最大的敌人是国王。二、试题解析
21.【答案】D
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干要求，定位到文章前两段。而文章第一段的第二句话提到“But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.”（但是令人尴尬的丑闻和共和党在最近的欧洲选举中所受的欢迎度迫使他收回前言并宣布退位）。D 选项中，“end reign”是“s tand dow n”的同义置换，且“embarrassment”与导致Carlos 卸任的原因“embarrassing scandal s”是相呼应的。故D 是正确答案。
A“过去常常享有很高的公众支持”、B 项“在欧洲皇室中不受欢迎”、C 项“缓和他与对手的关系”在原文中均未提及，属于无中生有。
22.【答案】A
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干关键词“monarchs”和“heads of state”，定位到第三段的最后一句话“...most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.”（大多数欧洲王室得以幸存是由于他们使选民们免除了寻找一个没有争议且受人尊敬的公众人物的困难）其中“non-controversial but respected public figure”正是A 选项中“undoubted and respectable statu s”的同义置换。故A 是正确答案。
B 项“实现传统和现实的平衡”原文中未提及，属于无中生有。
C 项“给选民更多的公众人物去检查”，可是原文是“避免去寻找一个不受争议且受尊敬的公众人物的困难”，并未提到“检查”，故C 项属于偷换概念。
D 项“由于他们永久的政治体现”中的“e verlasting(永久的)”偷换了原文中的“t ranscendence（卓越的）”，故错误。
23.【答案】B
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干要求和关键词odd（奇怪的）直接定位在第四段的最后一句话“...it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.”（富有的贵族仍作为现代民主国家的核心象征，这一点显得很怪异。）其中，“the symbolic heart of modern democratic states”是B 项中“the role of the nobility in modern democracies”的同义置换，故B 项正确。
A 项“贵族过度依赖继承的财产”，C 项“贵族家庭简单的生活方式”，D 项“名人坚持他们的特权”在原文中并未提及，故错误。
24.【答案】D
【考点】事实细节
【解析】该题考查：英国皇家贵族们非常害怕是因为查尔斯……。根据题干专有名词Charles 可定位到文章第七段“the danger will come with Charles...worst enemies”。本段指出“危险源自于查尔斯，他生活奢靡，等级观念显著；并且他没有意识到君王的幸存很大程度上取决于君王提供了公共服务，同时，查尔斯并不知道，国王才是君主制度最大的敌人，而非共和党人。”选项D 意为“适应未来身份失败”，文章指出查尔斯的生活方式，世界观以及他对于君王制度的错误理解均为身份特殊的他的不正确言行，与选项D 表述吻合，故为正确答案。选项A 意为“对待政治问题态度强硬”，文章并无提及；选项B 意为“对待建议的生活方式改变失败”，文章中虽提到生活方式，但并未提到改变生活方式；选项C 意为“视共和党人为潜在盟友”，文章中提到共和党人并非最
大的敌人，但并未指明共和党人是Charles 的盟友，属于偷换概念，故错误。
25.【答案】C
【考点】主旨大意
【解析】该题考察四个选项中哪个可作为文章最佳标题。本文从西班牙国王Carlos 被迫退位事件切入，主要讨论当下欧洲君王制度所存在的问题，并非讨论查尔斯的事件，即可排除选项B“查尔斯—继位焦虑”和D“查尔斯—应对威胁缓慢”。而选项A“卡洛斯—荣辱并存”和C“卡洛斯—欧洲君王们的前车之鉴”中，选项A 属于细节信息，不能概括文章大意，选项C 可概括全文，故为正确答案。另外，文章主题词Monarch 只有在选项C 中出现，也可作为迅速解题的依据。
三、长难句分析
1. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.
【解析】本句的主干是their very history embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities，谓语动词是embodies。前半句为as 引导让步状语从句，as 的意思是“虽然”。双破折号中间的内容为插入语，对主语进行补充说明。
【译文】即便他们声称自己象征着民族团结，但他们的历史——以及他们现今的行为举止——却象征着过时且站不住脚的特权和不平等现象。
2. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
【解析】句子的主干为it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states，其中it 为形式主语，that 引导主语从句。前半句中when 引导定语从句，限定前面的time。【译文】就在托马斯·皮克提和其他经济学家提醒大家要警惕这种不断加剧的不平等和继承财富力量不断壮大的年代，富有的贵族仍作为现代民主国家的核心象征，这一点显得很怪异。
3. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
【解析】本句的主干是“Charles ought to know that …”,其中that 引导宾语从句。该宾语从句的主干为it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies，其中it i s …who…为强调句型，强调的内容是kings, not republicans 是插入语，对kings 进行补充说明。宾语从句中as English history shows 为as 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 理解为“正如……一样”。
【译文】查尔斯理应知道，正如英国历史昭示的那样，是国王而不是共和党人，才是君主制最大的敌人。四、
核心词与超纲词
1. insist vt.& vi. 坚持，强调；insist on/ upon 坚持，坚决要求
2. abdicate vt.& vi. 退位；放弃
3. embarrassing adj. 使人尴尬的；令人为难的embarrassed adj.尴尬的；窘迫的
4. monarchy n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治
5. magnificent adj. 高尚的；壮丽的；华丽的；宏伟的
6. majestic adj. 庄严的；宏伟的
7. regime n. 政权，政体；社会制度
8. polarise vt.& vi（使）极化；两极分化(也可写做polarize)
9. infested adj. 为患的，大批滋生的（常与with 搭配）
10. counterparts n.相对物；相对应的人
11. privilege n. 特权；优待；基本权利
12. non-controversial adj.一致的，无争议的；controversy n. 争论；论战；辩论
13. indefensible adj. 站不住脚的；不能防卫的；无辩护余地的
14. inherited adj. 遗传的；继承权的；通过继承得到的；v. 继承（inherit 的过去分词）
15. bizarre adj. 奇异的（指态度，容貌，款式等）
16. aristocratic adj. 贵族的；贵族政治的；有贵族气派的；如：aristocraticfamilies
17. intrusiveness n. 干涉性；侵扰性；侵入性；intrusive adj. 侵入的；打扰的
18. preserve vt. 保存；保护；维持；n. 保护区；禁猎地
19. reputation n. 名声，名誉；声望
20. hierarchical adj.分层的；等级体系的
五、全文翻译
西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾坚称：“国王不会退位，只会在睡梦中离世。”但是令人尴尬的丑闻和共和党在最近的欧洲选举中所受的欢迎度迫使他收回前言并宣布退位。由此说来，西班牙危机暗示着君主政体将要走到尽头吗？对所有欧洲贵族而言，这是否意味着他们华丽的制服和尊贵生活方式即将结束？
西班牙的例子引发了支持和反对君主政体的争论。正如佛朗哥政权终结时的那样，当公众意见极度两极分化时，君主能够超越纯粹的政治角色，成为民族团结的精神象征。正是这种明显超越政治之上的地位解释了君主作为国家元首继续倍受欢迎的现象。因此，除中东外，欧洲是世
界上君主最多的地方，拥有多达十个王国（不包括梵蒂冈城和安道尔共和国）。但是不同于海湾地区和亚洲的专制统治者，大多数欧洲王室得以幸存是由于他们使选民们免除了寻找一个没有争议且受人尊敬的公众人物的困难。
即使如此，国王和女王们无疑都在走下坡路。即便他们声称自己象征着民族团结，但他们的历史——以及他们现今的行为举止——却象征着过时且站不住脚的特权和不平等现象。就在托马斯·皮克提和其他经济学家提醒大家要警惕这种不断加剧的不平等和继承财富力量不断壮大的年代，富有的贵族仍作为现代民主国家的核心象征，这一点显得很怪异。
最为成功的君主们努力摒弃或遮掩旧式的贵族生活方式。王子和公主们都有全职工作，骑自行车而不是马（或乘直升机）上班。即使如此，这些都是与全球1%的精英为伍的富裕家庭，而媒体的干涉也使他们越来越难以维持一种良好的形象。
然而，欧洲大陆君主们的聪明才智无疑可以让他们再幸存一段时间，而英国王室成员们却最为害怕西班牙的前车之鉴。
只有女王以她那相当大众化（但穿着考究）的祖母形象，还保留着君主制的声誉。而查尔斯将面临险境，他生活品味奢华，世界等级观念强烈。他没有认识到君主制能够得以幸存，在很大程度上是因为他们提供着一项服务——担当无争议和超越政治的国家元首。查尔斯理应知道，正如英国历史昭示的那样，是国王而不是共和党人，才是君主制最大的敌人。
Text 2
一、文章题材结构分析
本文选自2014 年 4 月28 日《华盛顿邮报》一篇题为“S upreme Court Should Begin Laying out Privacy Protections for Smartphones”的文章。文章主要是关于警察在拘捕犯罪嫌疑人时能否查阅其手机内容的问题。首段提出问题；第二三段中加利福尼亚州提出自己的建议及其原因；第四段指出最高法院不必听从加州的建议；第五段探讨美国民众的数据隐私问题；第六段主要探讨当局是否应该赋予警察更大的权利检查公众手机内容；最后一段指出解决该问题的核心应是对第四修正案做出新的解释。
二、试题解析
26.【答案】C
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干关键词The Supreme Court 回文定位到第一段的第二句话，“The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search for the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest”,一一比对选项，原文中的“police can search for the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant”与选项C “check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized”是同义替换，故正确，同时可排除A，D 两项；B 项干扰性最强，只有一字之差，文中提到的是“search the contents of a mobile phone”而选项B 中是“mobile phone”，故排除B 项。
27.【答案】A
【考点】观点态度
【解析】根据题干关键词“California’s argument”，可以定位到文章第四段第一句“They should start by discarding California’s lame argument…”。由第四段第一句话中的“d iscard（抛弃）”和“lame（没有说服力的）”可以看出作者对于California’s argument 是不支持的态度，因此选项A disapproval（不赞成）正确。选项B indifference（漠不关心）不正确，因为如果作者对一个话题不关心的话，他就不会提出来了；选项C tolerance
（容忍）表示在不赞成的基础上允许其存在，而原文直言“t hey should start by discarding...”，由此可知，作者认为California’s argument 应该被抛弃而不是让其继续存在，所以不正确；选项D cautiousness（小心，谨慎）在文章中并未体现出来，故不正确。
28.【答案】A
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干关键词 the author believes 和“exploring one ’s phone contents is comparable to ”可回文定位到文章 第
四 段 第 三 句 “But exploring one ’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home ” ， 选 项 A getting into one ’s residence （进入某人的住宅）语义与之一致，其中，getting into 与 entering 对应，one ’s residence 与 his or her home 对应，故 A 选项为正确答案。根据上述分析，可知选项 B handling one ’s historical records （处理某人的历史记录） 和选项 C scanning one ’s correspondence （浏览某人的信件）不正确。选项 D going through one ’s wallet 的干扰力 度最大，来源于文章第四段的第一句 exploring the contents of asmartphone...is similar to going through a suspect ’s purse ，但是这句话是 California ’s argument 的内容，而不是作者的看法，所以不正确。
29.【答案】C
【考点】推理判断
【解析】根据题干信息 In paragraph 5 and 6 回文定位到第 5 段和第 6 段。第 5 段第一句话明确指出 Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy ，说明探讨的是美国民众的数据隐私问题。第 6 段主要探讨警察是 否应该被当局赋予更大的权利来检查公众的手机内容，这个问题与第 5 段的内容是紧密相关的，公众被检查自 己的手机内容，那么他们手机内的数据隐私就会被公开。由此可推知作者的顾虑主要是围绕保护公众的隐私展 开，因此答案为 C 。
选项 A principles are hard to be clearly expressed （原则难以得到清晰地表达）在原文中并未提到，不正确；选项 B the court is giving police less room for action （法院给警察更少的行动空间）不正确，原文说 the court may want to allow room for police to...，说明 the court 是想给警察空间，而不是减少空间，与原文信息相反；选项 D phones are used to store sensitive information （电话被用来储存敏感信息）与原文第 5 段第 2 句话所表述的信息一致，但 这只是细节信息，不能将第 5 段和第 6 段的信息囊括起来，所以属于以偏概全，不正确。
30.【答案】B
【考点】事实细节
【解析】根据题干关键词 Orin Kerr 可以回文定位到文章最后一段。作者引用 Orin Kerr 这个人的比较是为了说 明相关的论点。分析最后一段结构可知，最后一段的第三句和第四句都是在阐述该例子本身，所以相关论点应 该往前面找，即是第二句话“New , disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution ’s protection ”,选项 B 与之同义替换，其中，reinterpretation 和 novel applications 对应，其他部分与原文完全一致。 结合上述分析，同时可以排除选项 A the Constitution should be implemented flexibly （宪法应该灵活执行），其 范围过大；选项 C California ’s argument violates principles of the Constitution （加利福利亚州的观点违背了宪法原 则）的干扰来自于第 7 段第 1 句话，但是原文只是说明作者认为法官不应该全面吸收加利福利亚州的观点，并 未提到其是否违背宪法，所以不正确；选项 D principles of the Constitution should never be altered （宪法的原则 不应该被改变）与原文语义相反，不正确。
三、长难句分析
1. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
【
该句的主干
是 C a l i f o
r ruling 的同位语。“that upsets the old assumption ”为定语从句，修饰 one 。“that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest ”为 assumption 的同位语从句。 【译文】加利福尼亚州已经要求法官避免做出一刀切的规定，尤其是这一规定可能会颠覆人们一直以来的一种 观念，即允许执法机关在逮捕犯罪嫌疑人时搜查他们的所有物。 2. They should start by discarding California ’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone —a vast storehouse of digital information —is similar to, say , going through a suspect ’s
【解析】本句的主干为 They should start by discarding California ’s lame argument ，其中介词 by 表示方式。“that exploring the contents of a smartphone … is similar to, say , going through a suspect ’s purse ”为 argument 的同位语从 句。双破折号中间的内容为插入语，是对前面的 a smartphone 的解释说明。双逗号中间的 say 也是插入语，意 思是“比如说”，常见于口语之中。 【译文】他们首先应该摒弃加州政府毫无说服力的观点，加州认为检查智能手机内容——包含着大量的数字信 息——类似于搜查一个嫌疑人的钱包。