美国文学史脉络
美国文学史脉络
第一部分: 殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末
a)从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
b)另一类为清教作品
1.William Bradford 威廉·布拉德福德1590-1657 最杰出的北美开拓者之一；
“Of Plymouth Plantation”《普利茅斯种植园史》
2.Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布拉德斯特里特1612-1672殖民地时期美国第一位诗人
“T he Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》
3.Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：1752-1832
第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry” (美国诗歌之父)
The Wild Honey Suckle《野地里的忍冬》，The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人墓地》
4.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·爱德华兹：1703-1758
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》
超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生
5.Benjamin Franklin富兰克林1706-1790
Jack of all trades，one of the makers of America，a rare genius in human history.
a)He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the U.S.: 唯一一个签署了以下四项文件的美国人，而这四项文件奠定了美国独立的基础。
?The Declaration of Independence 独立宣言
?The Treaty of Alliance with France 美法同盟条约
?The Treaty of Peace with Englan 英美和平条约
?Constitution 宪章
b)His claim to a place in literature rests chiefly on his Poor Richard’s Almanac and Autobiography.
富兰克林在文学上的地位确立主要是基于《穷理查德年鉴》
His “Autobiography” was the first of its kind in literature (文学史上该类作品开山之作), and reveals the pattern of Puritan: simplicity, directness, concision (简单、直接、明朗) .
第二部分：American Romanticism: 浪漫主义----主要兴盛于19世纪上半页
1.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
美国第一位使美国文学以独立的形象出现于世界文学舞台的美国作家；也是第一位美国浪漫主义时期出色的散文杂文家。
① The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
②The father of American literature.
Most famous work ”The Sketch of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent”《见闻杂记》---“Rip Van Winkle” and“The legend of Sleepy Hollow”在该短篇小说集中《普瑞·凡·温克尔》与《睡谷的传说》最经典。
The Sketch Book见闻札记
1). The short story as a genre in American literature开创美国短片小说先河
2). The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American Romanticism标志着浪漫主义的开始
Irving stories are among the best of American short stories 美国短篇小说之最
2. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·菲尼莫·库珀1789-1851
1).Respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narratives and as the creator of an American hero-myth. 历险题材的小说家，首创了美国的历史传奇小说。
2). “Leather-stocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》
The Pioneers 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans 《最后的莫希干人》
The prairie《大草原》 The Pathfinder《探鹿者》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
The greatness of cooper
a.He created a myth about the formative period of American nation创造美国格式时代的神话
b.He wrote with increasing awareness of the importance to fiction of the Western Frontier.
c.He was at once devoted to principles of social order and responsive to the idea of nature and freedom in the wilderness.他马上接受了新的社会规则，对自然和自由的理念做出了回应
第三部分：New England Transcendentalism:超验主义
Authors: Emerson & Thoreau; Hawthorne & Melville; Whiteman & Dickenson; Allen Poe
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson：拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生1803-1882 强调“oversoul” (超灵)
作品：1. Nature 论自然 2. The American Scholar 论美国学者3. Self-reliance 论自立
Nature regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义的圣经
The American Scholar regarded as American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence
Emerson’s optimistic
1）True poetry and true art should ennoble. It should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher reality 真正的诗歌和艺术是高贵的，是为净化灵魂使之达到有机统一儿通向更高的现实而服务的
2）Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols, and imaginative words.他注重信念，象征和有想象力的词语
3）As to theme, emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a long poem in itself, to celebrate the life of today. 他号召美国作家为美国和今天的生活写作，对他来说，美国本身就是一首长诗
Emerson’s Writing Features
a.He placed emphasis on spirit or the oversoul, which is the most important thing in the university
b.He stressed the importance of the individual.
c.He regarded Nature as the symbol of spirit.
d.Emerson’s importance in the intellectual history of America lies in the fact that he make the nation have its own featur
e.标志着美国文化有了自己的地位，特色
2. Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 强调“nature”
His masterpiece, Walden, is the first and foremost, is the book on self-culture and human perfectibility. 《瓦尔登湖》这是一本关于自我修养与完善的书。It is about man. What he is, what he should be and must be.
3.Nathanial Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑：1804-1864 dark romantic悲剧式人文主义
The Scarlet Letter 《红字》novel Young Goodman Brown 《好人布朗》short story
The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子
4. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 the father of tree verse 自由体之父“Leaves of Grass”《草叶集》
5. Edger Allan Poe 埃德加·艾伦·坡1809-849
Stories: The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》William Wilson《威廉·威尔逊》Ligeia《丽姬娅》The cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》
Poems: The Raven《乌鸦》，Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》, Sonnet—To Science, To Helen, To Israfel 《十四行诗—致科学、致海伦、致伊斯拉菲尔》
His Literary Position:
The father of modern short story; The father of detective story; The father of Psychoanalytic Criticism Poe’s poems’ theory
a)Poems should be short, concise and readable at one sitting.
b)The aim of poem writing is beauty;
c)the most beautiful thing described by a poem is the death of a beautiful woman; the desirable tone of a poem is melancholy悲伤.
d)He opposed didactic poems.反对说教诗歌
e)He stressed the form of poem, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme.
Poe’s short story’s theory
a)The short story must be such length as to be read at one sitting (brevity)
b)The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story.
第一句话使读者对故事有一个简单的印象
c)No word should be used which does not contribute to the “pre-establis hed”
Design of the work (compression). “不为简单服务的句子都不应该在其中”
d)A tale should reveal some logical with “the fullest satisfaction,” and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader.故事应该最大程度的展露某些合乎逻辑的真理，最后收尾的一句话应该使读者感到故事圆满结束
Poe’s achievement
a)the establishment of a new symbolic poetry;
b)the formalization（形式化）of the new short story;
c)the invention of the story of detection（侦探）and the broadening of science fiction;
d)the foundation of a new fiction of psychological analysis and symbolism;
e)the slow development of an important critical theory and a discipline of analytical criticism.
第四部分：Realism：现实主义
1. William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920
给总统写传记的两个人: Howells & Hawthorne
The Rise of Silas Lapham 《塞拉斯·路帕姆的发迹》
2.Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916 the founder of psychological realism
意识流小说的先驱：The forerunner of “Stream of consciousness” novels
The American 《美国人》Daisy Miller《戴茜·米勒》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》
The Ambassadors 《奉使说》→James considered his “most perfect” work of art.
3. Mark Twain 马克·吐温：1835-1910
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 《汤姆·索亚历险记》→写给“孩子们的书”
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（最有名的、美现代文学的源头）Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”
The writing style: local colorist and the colloquial style.
The writing theme: racism and growing them
James, Howells and Mark Twain are three staunch advocates of 19c American realism.
4. Jack London 杰克·伦敦1876-1916
“The Call of the Wild”《野性的呼唤》
第五部分American Naturalism: 美国自然主义
1. Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900
A pioneer writing in the naturalistic tradition自然主义写作手法先驱
Maggie: A Girl of the Street 《街头女郎：麦琪》is the first naturalistic novel in America
Crane & Dickinson are two precursors of Imagist poetry 意象派诗歌先驱
2. Frank Norris 弗兰克·诺里斯1870-1902
Mc Teague 《迈克提格》---- 无产阶级小说
3.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛1871-1945
Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》
4.O. Henry 欧·亨利，the pen name of William Sydney Porter 1862-1910
The Gift of the Magi 《麦琪的礼物》
5.Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛莱克：1878-1968
The Jungle 《丛林》The Dragon’s teeth 《龙齿》----普利策奖获奖作品
第六部分The era of Modernism:1910-1930
1. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972 诗人
Cathay 《华夏集》Cantos 《诗章》(called pound’s “intellectual diary since 1915”)
In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁站》—意象派诗歌的经典之作
译《天净沙·秋思》Autumn
2. T.S Eliot 艾略特: 1888-1965 诗人
The Waste Land《荒原》
a)Use of disconnected images/symbols
b)Use of literary allusions/references
c)Use of highly expressive meter and rhythm of free verses
d)Use of metaphysical whimsical images/whims
e)Use of flexible tone
3. Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特：1874-1963 诗人
“A Boy’s Will”《少年的心愿》“North of Boston”《波士顿以北》He won the Pulitzer Prize four times.
4. F. Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·司格特·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940 小说家
“The Great Gatsby” 《了不起的盖茨比》
“Tender is the Night”《夜色温柔》
“Tales of Jazz age”，in which, Fitzgerald pointed “the Jazz Age ” for the first time
“The Last Tycoon” 《最后的大亨》he didn’t finished.
6.Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威1899-1961小说家
The Sun Also Rises
For Whom the Bell Tolls (during the Spanish Civil War)
The Old Man and the Sea →或普利策奖以及美国艺术与文学学院长篇小说奖
In our time for the first time, Hemingway’s hero appears.）
A Farewell to Arms
1954，Noble Prize
6. William Faulkner: 威廉·福克纳1897-1962小说家
The sound and the Fury 喧哗与骚动
Light in August 八月之光
Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙！
南部文学1950, Noble Prize
7. Gertrude Stein 格特鲁德·斯泰因1874-1946 小说家美国现代主义文学运动主义先驱
她第一次提出lost generation, 形容一战后流落在欧洲的美国青年一代。
The making of Americans 《美国人的形成》最体现她的写作风格也是最难读懂的小说
8. Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱·刘易斯1885-1951 小说家
Main Street 《大街》-his first work
Babbitt 《巴比特》—his most classical work
Arrowsmith《阿罗史密斯》-brought Pulitzer Prize to him, but he refused.
那个时代最伟大的批评家；1930年他成为第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国人
第七部分20世纪30年代来的美国文学
一、该时期的小说家
1. John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯1896-1970
Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿中转站》
The U.S.A. trilogy《美利坚三部曲》（the 42nd Parallel北纬42度，1919 一九一九，the Big Money 赚大钱）
2. John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968
Tortilla Flat《托第拉平地》Of Mice and Men 《人鼠之间》The Grasps of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》
3. Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安·波特
Ships of Fools 《愚人船》
二、该时期的剧作家
1.Arthur Miller 亚瑟·米勒1915-2005
All My Sons 《吾子吾弟》Death of a Salesman 《推销员之死》
The American Clock《美国时钟》The last Yankee《最后一个美国佬》Broken Glass 《碎玻璃》
2.Clifford Odets 克利福德·奥德茨1906-1963
Waiting for Lefty 《等待老左》Awaking and Sing!《醒来高歌》
3.Edward Albee 爱德华·阿尔比1928—
Three Tall Women 《三个高个子女人》Seascape 《海景》
第八部分美国现当代文学
一、该时期的诗人
1.Elizabeth Bishop 伊丽莎白·毕肖普1911-1979
North and South—A cold Spring 北与南—一个寒冷的春天
2.Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡1926-1997
Howl嚎叫The Gate of Wrath愤怒之门Empty Mirror空镜Reality Sandwiches 现实的三明治The Fall of America美国的衰亡Mind Breathes 精神呼吸，诗集White Shroud 白色尸衣，诗集
3.Robert Lowell 罗伯特·洛厄尔1917-1977
Life Studies 人生研究The Dolphin 海豚day by day 日复一日
二、该时期的小说家
1.J.D.Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格1919-
The Catcher in the Rye《麦田守望者》
2.John Updike 约翰·厄普代克1932—
Rabbit, Run兔子，跑吧Rabbit Redux 兔子回家Rabbit is rich 兔子富了Rabbit at Rest兔子休息了Rabbit，Remembered 记忆中的兔子
3.William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦1925-
Sophie’s Choice 《苏菲的选择》
4.Pear Buck 赛珍珠
The Good Earth大地Dragon Seed龙子Imperial Woman皇家女人China as I see我看到的中国
三、美国黑人作家
1.Alex Haley 阿历克斯·哈利1921-1992
Roots 根
2.Alice Walker 1944-
Meridian梅丽蒂The Golden Purple紫色By the light of My Father’s Smile由于我父亲的微笑
3.James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温1924-1987
4.Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森1931-
The Bluest Eye 最蓝的眼睛Song of Solomon 所罗门之歌Beloved宠儿(1987；Pulitzer Prize)
四、亚裔美国作家
1.Amy Tan 谭恩美1952-
The Joy Luck Club 喜福会The Kitchen God’s Wife炤神娘娘
Saving Fish from Drawing拯救快淹死的鱼The Bonesetter’s Daughter 正骨医师的女儿
2.Maxine Hong Kingston汤亭亭1940-
China Men 中国佬Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book 孙行者：他的伪书
3.Garrett Hongo 加勒特·洪果(日裔)
Yellow Light 黄光The River of Heaven 天堂之河
五、美国印第安作家
1.James Welch 詹姆斯·韦尔奇1940-2003
Winter in the Blood 血色隆冬Fool’s Crow 愚弄鸭族
2.Leslie Marmon Silko 莱斯莉·席尔科1948-
Ceremony 仪式Almanac of the Death 死亡年鉴
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学 1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continent for Indians. Character of colonial literature: a.content: religious, political b.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personal literature) c.Style: simple. direct, concise d.out of humble origins Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) 2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer 3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期 美国作品主导思想. 典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)” 清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记) 清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）Their voyage to the new land 2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3）About dealing with Indians 4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political 5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor. ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学 1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 2.Bourgeois Enlightenment 3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection of proverbs. The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 ?The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis. ?The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-century Enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
History and Anthology of American Literature Part I The Literature of Colonial America 1.Historical Introduction ·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. ·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. 2.Early New England Literature ·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet. John Smith 1.The first American writer. 2.Works: (1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country (3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles William Bradford & John Winthrop 1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督 ·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》 2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督 ·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》 John Cotton & Roger Williams 1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家 ·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”. 2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害 ·He was interested in the Indian language ·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》 Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor 1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人 ·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》 2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人 ·The best of the Puritan poets Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America. 2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life secular
美国文学史期末参考复习资料
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概 一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期 最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。 代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。 二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期 这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运
动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。） 主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之
后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。 启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。 三、19世纪南北战争时期 这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
(完整版)美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
美国文学史期末总结
美国文学史美国文学
全书的焦点集中于南太平洋一条名叫莫比·迪克的白鲸,以及捕鲸船皮廓德(Pequod)号的船长阿哈(Ahab)如何对它有不共戴天的仇恨.阿哈在一次航行中被莫比·迪克咬掉一条腿,立志报仇,指挥皮廓德号环航全球追踪,终于发现了它.经过三天放下小艇紧追.虽然刺中了这条白鲸,但它十分顽强狡猾,咬碎了小艇,也撞沉了大船.它拖着捕鲸船游开时,绳子套住阿哈,把他绞死了.全船人尽皆灭顶.只有一个水手借着由棺材改制的救生浮子而逃得性命.整个故事以这个水手伊希梅尔(Ishmael)自述的方式展开. The book focuses on a whale named Moby Dick lived in south pacific and the captain of whaler Pequod—Ahab. Ahab was once bite by Moby Dick and lost a leg, determined to revenge,he commanded whaler pequod do global tracking, and finally found it. After three days of hot pursuit with the skiff,while they stabbed this white whale, but it was very tenacious and cunning, eventually chewed the skiff, also sank the ship. It dragged whaler swimming away, the rope was around Ahab, he was hanged. Almost all of people on the boat drowned, only a sailor called Ishmael survived .
美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日