必修四 Unit2——Unit 4语法精讲精炼

Unit2——Unit 4语法精讲精炼

动词-ing形式

主宾表定状补动名词√√√√

现在分词√√√√

一. 动名词做主语的用法

动名词做主语往往表示一种事实或经常性、习惯性的动作。它已经将动作名词化了，已把动作视为某种活动或是某件事情，动作意义很弱，比较抽象。

Seeing is believing.

Helping her is my duty. Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。

Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种乐趣。

不定式做主语往往表示具体的特别是将来的动作 He realized that to go on like this was wrong.

动名词作主语时，也常用"It is …"和"There is …"两种句型。

"It is …"的句型常用于说明"某种活动或是某件事情是如何，如何"。强调事物的性质、特征等。常用于It is后面的词有：no good , no use , useless , a waste, worthwhile , dangerous等等。

"There is …"句型往往用于说明"不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在"。类似一种建议、命令等。

例如：

It is no use waiting for him any longer. 等他是没有用的。

It is no good learning without practice. 学而不实践是没好处的。

It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light.用这种方法去测量光速是危险的。

It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.很值得再向你的老师咨询一下这个问题。

There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。

There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded. 中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展,这个事实不容抵赖。

There is no littering about. 不许乱扔杂物。

二. 动名词作宾语的用法

1．有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。

如：admit, appreciate, avoid, can't stand, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy,escape , excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine, keep (on), look forward to, mention, mind,

miss（错过）, pay attention to, practice, put off, stick to, insist on, suggest等等。

2. 动词need, require, want意为需要时，后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式作宾语，意义没有区别。如：

The window needs／requires／wants cleaning／to be cleaned．

3. 在begin, continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用动名词和用不定式作宾语均可，没有多大区别。

4. 动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can't help后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大

can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事He couldn’t help crying when she heard the sad news. can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事She can’t help to clean the room because she is busy cooking a cake.

三．动名词，现在分词做表语

动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，现在分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，主语一般是事物；可以回答how的问题。

如：Her job is cleaning offices.

The news is very exciting.

四．动名词，现在分词做定语

1.动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前，既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能，被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用“名词+for+动名词”来表达；如：

building materials = materials for building 建筑材料

drinking water 饮用水= ？

a walking stick 手杖= ？

a reading room 阅览室= ？

a writing desk 写字台= ？

2.现在分词作定语表示主动或进行；单个的现在分词作定语，常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语，须置于被修饰名词的后面。与被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系；可换成定语从句来表达；

tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐

a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果

-ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。

They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street.

The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.

Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined.

体会区别：a waiting room=a room for waiting

a waiting man=

a sleeping car=

the rising sun=

3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如：

His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.

五．现在分词做状语（表主动，进行）

1.原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。

1).Being ill, she didn’t go to school today.因为生病，她今天没上学去。

2). Seeing no one at home, I decided to come again.看见没有人在家，我决定再来一趟。

2. 时间状语，相当于when, while等引导的从句。

1).Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.当听到这个好消息时，他高兴地跳了起来。

2).Walking in the street, I saw a friend of mine.当我走在街上时，我看到了我的朋友。

3).Be careful when crossing the street. 过街时小心。

3. 伴随状语，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。

1).He sat at the table reading China Daily. 他坐在桌子旁看《中国日报》。

2).Talking and smiling, they went into the room. 他们又说又笑地走进房间。

4. 结果状语。

1).The mother died, leaving a lot of money for her children.

5. 条件状语。

Turning right, you will find the place you want. 往右转弯，你就会找到你要找的地方了。

现在分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般须与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相

当于一个状语从句。

1).Seeing from the top of the hill, we can see our beautiful school.

从山顶望下去，我们就能看到我们美丽的学校。

2).Many people being absent, they decided to put the meeting off.

由于许多人都缺席了，他们决定取消这次会议。

六．现在分词做宾补

1. 1) 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。如：

When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance.

We found the snake eating the eggs.

I found a bag lying on the ground.

The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那老板让工人整夜地工作。

2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:

1) 表示感觉和心理状态，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to, watch等。

如：We saw a light burning in the window.

I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder.

Can you smell anything burning?

As he spoke, he observed everybody looking at him curiously.

Listen to the birds singing.

I didn’t notice him waiting.

see, hear, feel, watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：

We passed by the classmates and saw the teacher making the experiment.

We sat an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment.

②如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定式短语表示一次动作，而-ing形式则表示反复动作。如：

We heard the door slam.

We heard the door slamming.

2) 表示指使意义的动词，常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave, start, make等。

如：I won’t have you doing that.

This set me thinking.

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

I can’t get the clock going again.

You won’t catch me doing that again.

练习：

1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ___ in the kitchen.

A.smoke

B. smoking

C. to smoke

D.smoked

2. The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see _____ the next year.

A.carry out

B.carrying out

C.carried out

D.to carry out

3.Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.

A. compared B．comparing C．compares D．being compared

4.Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years.

A. having

B. had

C. have

D. to have

5.Look over there-there’s a very long, winding path_____up to the house.

A. leading

B. leads

C. led

D.to lead

6.The government plans to bring in new laws _____ parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.

A. forced

B. forcing

C. to be forced

D. having forced

7.There is a great deal of evidence _____ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

A. indicate

B. indicating

C. to indicate

D. to be indicating

8. At the beginning of class，the noise of desks could be heard outside the classroom.

A.opened and closed

B.to be opened and closed

C.being opened and closed

D.to open and close

9. Peter received a letter just now his grandma would come to see him soon.

A.said

B.says

C.saying

D.to say

10. .Don’t respond to any e-mails personal information，no matter how official they look.

A.searching

B.asking

C.requesting

D.questioning

11. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.

A.covering

B.covered

C.cover

D.to cover

12. A big earthquake __________7.1 on the Richter scale struck Yushu, knocking down buildings and causing more than two thousands people to lose their lives．

A. measured

B. measuring

C. to be measured

D. measures

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