词汇的翻译
第二节词汇的翻译
在掌握了词汇的确切含义之后，就需要用最贴切、最合乎习惯的汉语来表达了。由于一词多义以及各种色彩的存在，英汉词汇之间一对一的翻译并不多，往往需要译者按照翻译标准对原词信息进行引申、推移。
2．2．1 引申
所谓引申，就是在不能做到和原语语义完全等值的情况下，根据目的语的习惯，从原义出发获得一种新的语义的翻译方法，这种新语义必须具有最大的篇章合理性。引申的方法一般有：具体与抽象之间的引申，具体与概括之间的引申，含蓄与明晰之间的引申等。其中尤其以具体与抽象之间的引申在英汉翻译实践中最为常用，这是因为汉语缺乏词尾变化，汉语的用词多具体而少抽象,这和英语正好相反。所以在英译汉中，把抽象的意义具体化就成了最常用的引申方法。例如：
1. He is the admiration of the whole world.
他是全世界所敬佩的人。
2. He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.
在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
3. What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.那时他们最渴望的就是结束
这摇摆不定的局面。
4. It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall.
肯定是这种明显的无目的游逛使我倒了霉。
5. A shilling life will give you all the fact.
读一本廉价的传记，就会了解全部事实。
英汉翻译中也有使具体语义抽象化的情况。例如：
1. They have their smiles and tears.
他们也有自己的欢乐与悲哀。
2. Every life has its roses and thorns.
每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
3. Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.激光在医学中的应用仍处于发展的初期。
除了抽象与具体之间的相互引申以外，还有含蓄与明晰之间的引申：
1. Didn't she swear she'd never again believe anything in trousers?
她不是曾发誓她再也不相信男人了吗？
2. This is the policy upon which we will act, come what will.
这就是我们奉行的政策，成败利害，在所不计。
3. Mr Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him he was in a brown study. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again.
布朗先生是个非常忠实可靠的人。那天，他脸上颇有病容。近来他闷闷不乐。我见到他时，他在沉思之中。希望他早日恢复健康。
有的时候还要根据搭配进行语义的合理变化。例如著名翻译家杨必翻译的《名利场》中有这样一个句子：
yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of
the praises the stone cutter curves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss.…
……不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们……
2．2．2 词类转译
根据汉语表达的需要，在词汇翻译中，往往还要用到另外一个翻译技巧，那就是词类的转译。
名词──动词
1) After the accomplishment of the present task, there will follow a more arduous one. 完成目前任务后，还有更艰巨的任务。
2) His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
他感到疲惫，因此下决心，一遇到就近的荫凉处就坐下来休息。
3) I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.
我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。
4) His very appearance at any affairs proclaims it a triumph.
无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。
5) He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.
他告诫全国人民，必须坚持参加政治论战。
6) A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂的全景。
7) A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained here.
在这儿可以看到富士山。
8) Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.
每天早上她都要到湖区去散步。
9) I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.
恐怕我教不了你游泳，我弟弟教得比我好。
10) She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness. 她高度赞扬了西格潘医生，但抱怨他过于严格。
介词──动词
1) She went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.
她到商店去买瓶酱油。
2) "Coming"! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
"来啦"！她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，经过小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
3) We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.
时过午夜，我们驱车回家。先过了河，又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老而可爱的城市。
4) I'm always with you.
我永远支持你。
形容词──动词
1) He is too ignorant of the ways of the world. 他太不懂世道常情了。
2) We are hopeful of success in this experiment. 我们希望这个实验能成功。
3) It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。
4) This house is unheated and unfurnished. 这座房子没有暖气设备，也没有任何家具。
动词──名词
1) Edison patented over one thousand separate inventions during his life.
爱迪生一生中获得了一千多种发明专利。
2) It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.
它的主要特点是结构简单。
3) He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise. 他的动机是达成某种妥协。
4) He objected that the plan is not practical.
他的反对理由是：这个计划不现实。
5) A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.
一个穿着考究的人上了车，他的外表和谈吐都像美国人。
形容词--名词
He looked at me as if I were mad.
他那样看着我好像我是个疯子。
副词──名词
1) He is strong physically but weak mentally.
他体力很强，可智力很弱。
2) It is as morally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog.
从道义上讲，你很难将她赶走，就像你很难赶走一条丧家之犬一样。
3) It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting.
官方宣布，巴黎方面被邀请出席会议。
名词──形容词
1) In all this great serenity of ocean it is seldom that we espy so much as another ship. 在这平静的大海上，我们难得看见其它船只。
2) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
名词──副词
1) The man nodded with satisfaction.
那人满意地点了点头。
2) The girl wore all smiles on meeting those guests from remote areas.
姑娘们笑容满面地欢迎这些远道而来的客人们。
2．2．3 推移
在翻译过程中，原文的一个词不见得必须翻译成相应的一个汉语词，完全可以根据情况翻译成词组或者句子，这就是词的推移。
2．2．3．1 词与短语之间的推移：
1. If you have to dress, start early enough so that you can be ready when the meal is announced.
如果你需要梳洗打扮，那就早点开始，这样在宣布开饭时，你就什么都准备好了。
2. She saw her father lying on his back in the bed, slightly snoring, and Herb stretched across the bed's foot.
她看见父亲躺在床上，轻轻打着鼾，赫伯横躺在床脚边。
2．2．3．2 词翻译成句子：
副词推移成句子
The dining-room was inconveniently crowded.
餐厅非常拥挤，让人感到不舒服。
Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.
顺便提一下，我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
词组或短语推移成句子或句子的一部分
1. I looked in vain for her I had first seen the night before; she was not visible.
我想找头天晚上看见得那位小姐，却没找到，根本看不见她的人影。
2. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。
3. Annoying for his father, John failed the exam several times.
使他父亲烦恼的是，约翰好几次考试不及格。
4. I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或者两者都出故障。
5. A new kind of aircraft --- small, cheap, pilotless --- is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型飞机正在越来越引起人们的注意，这种飞机体积不大，价格便宜，并且不需要人驾驶。
6. He left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face.
他留下一封信，对我表示欢迎。那封信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。
形容词推移成句子
1. She was dressed in her rusty old-fashioned best and clutched a worn shopping bag. 她穿着一身褪了色的旧式衣服，这是她最好的了，手里紧紧握着一只破旧的购物袋。
3) Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed vision of the future for herself…
我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美好的未来…
4) He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases. 他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。
5) You are talking delightful nonsense.
你信口胡诌，倒也满有情趣。
动词推移成句子
Let us admit, and regret, that he honestly believes it impossible to differ from him honestly.
我们不得不承认，他真的相信凡与他抱有不同见解的人不可能是一个正人君子，
这是很令人遗憾的事。
名词推移成句子
1) To him, the presence or absence of his wife's sister was a matter of indifference.
他小姨子来也好，不来也好，他都无所谓。
2) Lower temperatures are associated with lower growth rates.
温度一低，生长速度就会慢下来。
非谓语形式推移成句子
由于非谓语形式只是在语法上不做谓语成分，在语义上还保留着动作意义，所以有更大的可能翻译成汉语句子。
1) He crashed down on a protesting chair.
他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。
2) For the last few months disturbing rumours had been coming to her ears.
在过去的几个月内，她耳朵里不时传来些谣言，使她心烦意乱。