外文翻译译文和原文
配电箱内部多元化的骨架
本发明涉及一个配电箱，有一个身体,包括一个内部身体的形式车身骨架，由金属和可能与屏蔽板镶板和外部的身体,在特定的间隔内身体的镶板,最好是由塑料、和装配架,装配架固定在内部身体、体包括一个多元化的内部机构旁边另一个,至少一个元素(附件是固定的,允许使用外的身体部位个别配电箱),建筑设备和方法扩展一个配电箱。
第一章即应用领域
本发明涉及配电箱,这通常是安装在户外和适应技术,例如电或光,分销系统,例如,weak-current系统,例如电话系统,与相关电源设备和电缆终止/连接设备为一个特定的物理区域。
第二章技术背景
这样的配电柜,除了有足够的物理稳定性和足够的IP安全,即雨水和spraywater不渗透性,和抵抗破坏的能力等,需要进一步满足需求的今天,例如不应该排放过量的电磁辐射周边环境,主要用于在温暖的国家,在配电箱的内部温度上升不应该太高,尽管heat-emitting电气组件适应那里,但也应该不是水槽太低了。除了修复工作的另一个问题是横向扩展的配电柜应该首先可以横向连接两个配电柜固定等,他们是一致的,其次应该尽快举行,为维修工作也是如此。因此,如果可能的话,基地的建设在身体被附加最好是应该的。
第三章总结
因此对象设计配电箱,特别是它的身体在内阁等后续工作,尽快扩展是可能的,如果可能的话,没有关闭配电箱。配电箱,是由泛型类型的组件和多元化的内在的身体旁边另一个为了提供一个模块化,更大的内阁,身体外的元素已被用于日期可用于每个内部机构按照前面的方法,这是附件元素的任务之一。这是因为外体由外镶板,一般间隔的镶板固定到身体内部,是由塑料射出成型部分,即涉及高度的初步复杂性产生的形状,以便提供额外的镶板元素的尺寸已经修改将在财务条款是非常不利的。附件元素应确保,在相互连接的情况下内心的身体,身体外的同一部位可用于外镶板等附件内阁也使用作为一个单独的配电箱的身体外,即一个配电箱只有一个内在身体,和在制造商提供的标准尺寸。一般来说,外体由塑料是以这样一种方式,在计划视图,旁边的墙壁通常通过逆电流器固定在体内和侧墙连接元素,例如在远处一个接着一个的,在他们的垂直的前后边缘,与类似的铰链连接元素标签固定安装后墙和正面的门,这是一起插齿排列和连接通过一个垂直运行铰链杆已推动主轴。虽然这铰链形成实际上是用作铰链门,例如摆动打开门,因此打开正面,背面的使用仅仅是为了解决后面的墙上。
自两个配电柜已附加到另一个通过内心的身体是没有任何这样的侧墙外的身体的相互面对,但相比之下的内在自由空间内的身体是免费的从一个内在身体到另一个,后面的墙壁和门的固定元素原本应提供这些边墙上的缺乏。相反,这些固定元素形成的附加附件元素,通常strip-shaped元素,其中一个是为前面的纵向联合,一个用于后面的垂直联合,这两者之间存在内在的身体。而不是两个strip-shaped元素,额外的附件元素也可能在外围的形式,封闭的框架在一个垂直平面上。每个附件的元素在这种情况下有两个集,旁边另一个(从前面或后面)修复设备,即正面的适应右手左手配电箱的门,左手右手配电箱的门和容纳垂直边缘的后侧,面对联合,后面两堵墙。第一个化身,同时附件元素之间的间隔两个内部机构和带来两个内部机构一个定义的距离大约对应于内在的身体如果两个人之间的距离分布橱柜镶完全在外面的,即提供一个外部的身体,被定位在旁边接触。附件第一个元素设计可以固定在双方两个内在的身体通过相同的固定元素,否则也用于修复外镶板,即身体外的侧墙,身体内的侧脸。然而,也有必要在这种情况下需要考虑的问题,第二个内部的身体,这是附加到最初提供的内在身体,通常没有一个子结构一样稳定的内在身体的形式提供的最初外围,完成基础部分已陷入地面,但应该只有一个更小、更或者临时基地,在极端情况下,甚至根本没有基地,但额外的内在身体连同其内部应该承担完全的被固定在最初提供的内在身体。附件相应元素最好扩展在整个身体内的高度也有固定元素的部分外,分布在整个高度。如果附件部分分别形成条状的前方和后方关节内的身体,这些可能是单独配置的附件,但最好是一个和相同的附件应该能够使用为前线和后方。两个内部机构之间的固定,一般包括外围,线性框架组成的配置文件struts,发生通过螺钉连接或一个联锁连接,特别是在这种情况下通过那些通常外持有者通过侧墙是固定在外面的内在身体,即挂在他们。spaced-apart内在的身体是弥合至少在上面,如果有必要还在前后端,由一个屏蔽板为了保护公共室内的两个内部机构的水从外面进入联合反之从这个共同避免电磁辐射的发射。两个内部机构之间的连接因此需要能够吸收有时非常可观的部队,其结果是附件内部机构之间最好是由金属元素,以确保足够的稳定性。附件之间的连接元素和两个内部机构同样需要能够把这些高负载下发生,而身体外的外持有人或其身
体通常固定在内部镶板部位不设计,因此尽管他们适合修复附件元素的大小,即从身体内部提供的距离,他们有时可能没有所需的稳定。另外,因此,第二个附件的设计元素是可以解决这些问题的事实附件元素没有定位两个内部机构之间的连接,但这两个内在的身体,直接是固定的,因此,最优稳定提供。修复最好由性交。附件元素,或者对于strip-shaped 附件的设计元素,前方和后方的两个附件元素是那么固定的两个内在的身体或内在的身体在同一时间。在这种情况下,附件元素提供两套固定元素彼此相邻的前方和后方的观点解决相邻的门和后方的墙壁。至于稳定性,这些附件元素只需要提供足够的安全修复这些后方的墙壁和门和不需要能够确保整个连接的内在身体的修复。因此,这些附件的设计元素可以产生符合成本效益的方式例如从塑料使用注塑成型技术。然而,另一个问题的结果直接修复的两个内在的身体。自外镶板,代表身体外,一般安装在特定距离内的身体,修复的设备所提供的附件元素必须定位抵消接触平面的两个内在身体的方向连接内在身体,以便后面的墙壁和门外镶板提供的最初的身体可以重用。结果,然而,身体相同外镶板后方的墙壁和门等元素不再可以使用附加的内在身体如果说内在身体宽度,从前面,这是完全相同的大小提供内在的身体,因为在这种情况下,最初后墙,门太宽。不过,总体而言,一种内在的身体包括个人资料、已削减的长度和连接到另一个仅仅通过立方连接器的角落frame-shaped内在身体。这样,没有相当的复杂性,扩大附加的内在身体的前视图水平struts被这种程度减少到更长的长度,后面的墙壁和门在标准尺寸可用于附加的内在身体。此外,没有额外的桥接两个内部机构之间的差距是必要的,其结果是密封的入口湿度此时也可以以一种更简单的方式来实现。附件元素可以固定在内部的垂直struts附加的内在身体,特别是如果它运行在外围一个封闭的形式框架从前沿后缘。如果带附件,这些附件元素,在计划视图,是最好的形式与短肢L,这是在每种情况下固定平行连接配电箱的宽度的正面两个内在的身体,结果在一个特别稳定的修复,此外,修复这两个内心对彼此的身体。解决是最好是在两个方面,进行相邻垂直struts的两个内在的身体。修复最好由性交。如果这样两个内在的身体是附加到另一个,结果,提供了常见的内部,主要是可访问的,这在配电箱还需要有一个屋顶,它经常与天气有关的功能不仅防雨保护,等等,但在这活跃元素deventilating甚至排热或冷却组件的配电箱的内部也经常安排。以来,不论使用附件的设计元素,附加的配电箱总宽度对应于两个完全镶的宽度,个别配电柜已定位,必须接触的旁边,两个屋顶用于这样的个别配电柜与标准尺寸也可以侵位旁边的另一个附加配电箱。然而,然后一个未或差距,只是很难密封会两个屋顶,之间的差距可能使雨水等进入从上面。另一个可能包含在一个新的,整个屋顶连接配电箱的宽度了,结果,然而,很快在大量的屋顶宽度的可能不同宽度的组合连接配电柜有单独不仅在标准的宽度,在一个多元化的宽度。发明而不是最好提出了设计所需的宽度以模块化的方式的屋顶组成,沿其长度,即配电箱的宽度、个体纵向模块,对应于个人的标准宽度分布橱柜厂家出售,而且终端模块,它代表了一种横向终止的屋顶,并连接模块,提供两个相邻纵向之间的连接模块,与这样一个精确的间距,他们弥补或桥之间的差距产生两个纵向模块涉及的配电箱是否已附加。在同样的方式作为一个整体,封闭的屋顶是固定的,尤其是螺纹,从内部,因此不能起飞从外面为了不允许访问未经授权人员的内部配电箱,这些元素也需要设计的方式,他们不能成为脱离彼此从外面ready-fitted状态的屋顶。这可以保证,例如,由于这样一个事实:终端模块和纵向上的连接模块其他模块的优势。如果连接模块和模块是螺纹的内在身体内部的安装状态,他们也因此获得纵向therebeneath模块。一般来说,这样一个屋顶的配电箱不仅包括实际cover-like部分,但屋顶基本身体,位于therebeneath和外围,垂直边缘,实际覆盖所侵,包括通常从事在这边缘免受天气的原因。在屋顶的情况下这样的设计,最好是只在模块化组装封面时尚如上所述,在屋顶的基本身体被设计成连续超出任何两个
内部机构之间的联合。通常在这种情况下,屋顶的基本身体同样包括个人档案、运行在内阁的宽度和深度,并通过角元素形成一个水平连接外围框架,其结果是说可以实现框架不断以一个简单的方式在整个宽度的概要文件定义这个基本的身体的宽度相应减少长度。屋顶的纵向模块的宽度也在这种情况下,制造商提供的标准宽度对个人配电柜,否则仅仅是与个人的宽度前门的单独的配电柜。最后提到的变体的优点在于它可以提供单独的配电柜有一个宽度,是通过两个前门有不同的宽度。因此,制造商可以提供大量不同的个体分布的总宽度柜通过有限数量的前门有不同的宽度。纵向屋顶模块的模块需要的数量不增加在此,然而。最好,连接模块是在这种情况下准尺寸,尽管密切衔接两个相互连接的内部机构,两个终端模块定位背靠背对彼此也可以用于屋顶而不是一个连接模块,它有时需要特殊的应用程序。建筑设备,为了构建一个单独的配电箱或配电柜连接到另一个由多个内部机构,在最简单的情况下,如果只有一个标准宽度的个人分配柜可用,因此至少包括横向框架配置文件的不同长度的内在身体,无论是内在身体的宽度对应于一个单独的配电箱和相对较长为更广泛的框架配置文件附件的内在身体。在这种情况下,除了和连接模块结束时,至少有一个纵向长度模块中需要屋顶部分,对应于一个标准宽度的一个单独的配电箱或对应的两扇门的宽度,然后在这种情况下有相同的宽度。如果大多数宽度提供单独的配电柜和可能构成毁灭性的门宽度、施工工具也就相应地更广泛的内部纵向资料以来的身体需要为每个标准的宽度可以单个配电箱的宽度根据附件提供了内在的身体,也分别扩展的变体。这同样适用于纵向模块模块的屋顶,取决于屋顶的纵向模块的长度相匹配的宽度总个人配电柜或单独的配电柜的门宽度。因此,如果存在相应的建筑元素,例如建筑形式的装备,可以在一个简单的方式横向扩展现有配电箱由一个额外的横向连接的内在身体使用下面的方法首先外的身体从现有的配电箱,附件内的身体,一边是定位自由访问。此外,屏蔽板可能提供在侧面。然后,附件内身体是固定的直接或间接地对现有的内在身体,可能进一步基地定位后,支持附件的内在身体,与现有的基地。附件元素(s)是根据附件的设计元素,在这种情况下,把内部机构之间或固定相邻的内部机构,直接向另一个已经完蛋了。就附件的内在身体已经固定,进一步在其中可以实现装配架和必要的内部可以实现装配架说,它可能在某些情况下甚至装配架固定在自己的提前到身体内部,后者是前螺纹到原始的内在身体。一旦新内在身体内部也被电连接并激活,新的内部与外部的身体和身体的,在这个过程中,后方的墙壁和门是固定附件元素。之前或之后的电气连接和激活,模块的屋顶,这是建立相应附件配电箱的长度,也组装和侵位和内螺纹的内在身体。
四、图纸的简短描述
体现按照发明将更详细地描述的例子在文本。图纸:
图1 显示一个单独的配电箱上基本没有外镶板和没有内部,
图2 一个显示了一个配电箱已横向扩展与内阁相比图1 进一步的内在身体,
图2 B 显示了在这种情况下使用的附件元素在第一次设计中,
图3 显示了因此延长配电箱与外的身体,在大多数情况下
图4 一个显示部分插图的配电箱已被进一步扩展的内在身体,
图4 B 显示了在这种情况下使用的附件元素在第二个化身,
图5 一个显示了因此扩展分布内阁所示图4 在一个镶观点。在前面的部分,
图5 B 显示了国家图5 一个大约从上面垂直地,
图6 一个显示了一个模块的部分屋顶,
图6 B 显示了一个ready-fitted原始的屋顶,个别配电箱。
诉详细描述
图1 根据发明显示了一个配电箱,但是没有外体的形式嵌板没有内部,它通常提供的内在身体的内部 21 特别是在装配架 6 那里,连接到电缆(没有显示),已从地下路由。
内在的身体 21 是一个框架,包括框架配置文件 7 ,它运行的外缘直立,平行六面体的内在身体 21 而且也有进一步的水平和垂直struts therebetween。
整个身体内部 21 建立在一个基础 2 ,包括一个基地 2 B 金属结构,这是沉入地面部分,基本框 2 一个 ,围绕基地外面的地面水平,通常是由塑料制成。
内在的身体 21 竖起,依照先前技术作为一个单元固定在底座上 2 固定连接基说,在这里的先前技术,也包括车身骨架 16 与框架配置文件 7 至少正直人的外缘,平行六面体的内在身体 21 ,其表面与屏蔽板镶如果需要的 13 为了生产和关闭的EMC-sealing住房。
在目前的情况下,车身骨架 16 两部分的形式降低车身骨架 16 B 和一个上半身框架 16 一个可以看到,其程度更好无花果。 2 一个和 3 。
下半身框架 16 B ,只能看到无花果。1和 4 一个 ,包含大约20%的总车身骨架的高度 16 和基本的面积略小于底部框 2 一个镶板,结果,然后安装外部车身骨架 16 间距和形式外的身体 22 中可以看到无花果。3和5 一个与基础箱垂直对齐 2 一个therebeneath。下半身框架 16 B 是反过来的形式平行六面体与横向运行框架配置文件 7 根据大小,横向struts,垂直therebetween运行,从这样的框架配置文件 7 ,而双方组成框架 18 ,在外围矩形的形式或其他形式的U和开放的顶部,哪一方帧 18 组成最好向后折回盘子。
bending-back是必要的为了垂直四肢的帧 18 ,在计划视图,板脸,运行在纵向方向 30 和横向方向 31日配电箱的 1 板的脸形成一个角度,斜向外开放,例如从底部的配电箱。
这些垂直板角度作为指南 15 为了适应的垂直框架配置文件 7 上半身的框架 16 一个其中跑向下自由和在两个水平方向,因为这些垂直框架配置文件的结束 7 举行这样一个距离在其余的上半身框架的水平运行框架配置文件 16 一个他们精确地融入指南 15下半身的框架 16 b。
上半身的框架 16 一个反过来平行六面体,大约相同的基本区域降低车身骨架呢 16 B ,上半身的垂直框架配置文件框架 16 一个向下扩展到如此程度的下沿平行六面体,他们达到了降低横向肢体的远侧端帧 18 下半身的框架 16 B 甚至休息,在这个过程中降低车身骨架外的向下运行 16 b。
通过简单的插入式螺栓锁紧后降低车身骨架 16 B ,可能有额外的闭锁,上半身框架 16 一个再也不能吸引向上因为整个车身骨架16 然后形成一个固定的单位。
我们可以看到无花果。1到3 ,上半身框架 16 一个与屏蔽包层板吗 13 上一边和后方一
边和另一边的脸,但struts下降到较低水平,这,如所示图1 ,在侵位于上层水平略高于降低车身骨架的支撑 16 B 甚至休息。
此外, 图 1 显示了最佳装配架的事实 6 大部分的后续电内部安装突出垂直向上的内表面降低车身骨架 16 B ,最好是接近它的后缘,有高度,侵位的状态,达到尽可能接近上端的上半身 16 一个尽可能充分利用,即让它的内部。
因此,配电箱内侧 1 它安装在装配架 6 可以安装,将运营即使上半身框架,最好一次外层镶板被移除见吗无花果。1到3 从下半身,是分离的连接框架 16 B 向上,解除或绘制完全为了修理或完全取代它。
甚至下半身框架的各个部分 16 B 可以取代没有内部需要断开和拆除,可能临时机械框架支持身体的其他部位吗 16 需要生产的时间更换个人部分。
图 3 显示了两个横向相邻的配电柜,身体外 22 门,但身体的外表失踪,但反过来同样没有内部,右边的空室内配电箱 1 节目。
作为一个偏离图1 脚,窄的基地 2 B 是基础 2 使用,在这种情况下不超越维度的基本区域配电箱的上部 1 的宽度。
这两个配电柜 1 在图 3 不定位松散旁边另一个,然而,但通过附件连接到另一个元素 12 以附件的形式,其中一个是单独说明图2b。
两个配电柜之间的连接点 1 说明了在一个角度从上面吗图2 一个 ,身体外 22 删除
然而,首先需要提及的事实外的身体 22 是固定在车身骨架外镶板的形式 16 身体的内部 21 通过外持有者 14 中可以看到图2 B ,例如,固定外框架的配置文件 7 和作为间隔器推出餐盘状的元素外的身体 22 这通常是固定的,只有挂在其上。
从正面身体的外表 22 通常是由一个或多个门 4 ,这些需要的铰链门,而这些铰链部分形成的部分外镶板,即身体的外表 22 。
而不是定位两个完整,表面上复合配电柜旁边,由于这两个配电柜之间的分离平面的形式形成部分外镶板,至少两具骨架 3 ,特别是两个完整的配电柜 1 和基础,也就是说,可以定位在旁边,室内连续在两具骨架 3 实现,这将大大促进内部的连接在两具骨架吗 3。
为了这个目的,如果部分外镶板 22 面临的两个身体相互被删除,相应的hinge-mounting的正面相邻的前门 4 和相邻的后墙的后侧11 是缺乏。
这一目标实现的附件 12 ,这是安装在前后两具骨架之间的垂直边缘 3 是plastic-injection-molded外镶板 22 并提供相应的配件的铰链部分门 4 在正面和背面的墙上 11 后侧。
这个附件带 12 依次固定双方通过外持有人 14 身体垂直相邻的struts框架 16 和他们有一个深度相对应的厚度大约只有框架配置文件,因此内部自由连续在横向方向深度地区之间的前后垂直剖面 7 。
前后附件带 12 拥有一样的设计,在正常的情况下侧外镶板的一部分,前后边缘同样拥有一样的设计。
机械稳定左边和右边车身骨架之间的联系 16 不是由附件元素 12 ,特别是附件,然而,通常只由塑料,但是通过额外的稳定连接元素,无论是通过螺钉连接或连接剪辑、固定连接的两个身体框架,最好是两个相邻的垂直框架配置文件框架 16 运行彼此相邻。
这些连接元素并不是所示数据,特别是在螺钉连接的情况下,还可以通过附件的扩展元素 12 通过钻洞了。
图2 B 显示了这样一个附件 12 袖元素,沿着边缘和前面章节中提供作为门的铰链部分铰接轴上一次推动。
在上部和下部之间,一旦结束,总共三个外持有者 14 安装的侧脸,还提供了另一侧附件带
(图中未显示) 12 和在相同的形式,但位置略低或高垂直配置文件的配置文件框架,自外持有者说 14 顶部有一个杂志在垂直方向和一个适当大小的底部打开,反之亦然,因此这种外夹吗 14 可以在另一个位置,可以插入到后者,由于附件带 12 是挂在第一个概要框架,在下一步中,第二个配置文件框架 16挂在附件带吗 12 。
由于额外的稳定连接元素的两个配置文件框架 16 彼此尊重,不说明,第二个配置文件框架 16 举行稳定在第一,它还可以配备内部和操作不支持基础或可能只有通过相对简单的支持与副车架的援助,这是固定在第一个配电箱。
无花果。4和5 显示另一种类型的安排将进一步的内在身体外侧附加到一个已经存在的内在身体的一个单独的配电箱
图4 一个只显示这样一个附件安排使用内在的身体 21 a、b ,这部分已经提供屏蔽板 13 ,但没有内部,基础和外在的身体。
从附件方法在决定性的区别无花果。2和3 在于这样一个事实:在目前的情况下,内部的身体 21 a、b 是直接连接到另一个垂直struts和它们之间没有连接元素。
连接可以设计相应的稳定,例如通过性交或通过剪辑,其结果是一个额外的足够稳定连接不再是必要的。
附件的元素 12 ′安排相应的设计不同,主要是对这两个相互联系的内部机构(见无花果。
4 一个和
5 B ),铰链的元素 19 在计划视图,查看躺下,不再是平面定位两岸的联系 23 两个相互连接的内在身体 21 a、b ,但与之有关的研制抵消宽度的区域连接的内在身体 21 b。
附件的元素 12 ′是反过来以附件的形式带在这种情况下,单独使用,这附件带在每种情况下的前缘和后缘附件安排之间的两具骨架,而不是一个内部封闭形式的外围框架。
在计划视图中,附件元素 12 ′的形式与短肢L 24 在上部和下部区域,肢体延伸,在安装状态,沿着宽度 10 附加的内阁。
长肢 25 向前突出正面的内部机构,旨在被打断的高度。
个人垂直部分熊,他们在旁边的宽度方向和自由结束前,垂直通道,提供铰链的元素 19 后面的墙 11 或门 4 a、b。
短肢 24 除了提供所需的横向间距这些铰链元素的接触平面 20 两者之间内在的身体,也用于车削螺纹附件元素 12 ′的正面垂直struts的两个内在的身体 21 a、b 准确地说,是两个相邻的垂直struts的两个内在的身体,结果在一个特别稳定的连接。
理论上,螺钉连接在垂直struts的附加内部体内也会有可能,可能同时摒弃短肢,在任何情况下提供的说明状态只在上下端因为这是足够稳定。
横向偏移的方向的宽度 10 铰链的元素 19 附件的元素 12 在前视图中可以看到′图 5 一个门镶板,但更好的是在计划视图图5 B这是几乎垂直的人们吗
这显示了内心的骨架 21 a、b ,彼此邻接直接接触平面 20 和附件的元素 12 ′,它提供了相邻的铰链的元素 19 与前面的要求间距内身体的正面 21 a、b ,精确的横向偏移的接触平面 20 。
因此,左铰链元素 19 在图5 B 目前位于外的外脸左内身体吗 21 一个并使用正确的间距在前面的门 4 一个最初提供的和单一的内在身体各个配电箱吗 21 一个可以再次被使用。
为了还能够使用一个门 4 B 标准化的宽度在右手边的铰链部分 19 struts,水平 7 B 身体的内部 21 B 固定宽度 10 身体的内部 21B 扩展与标准尺寸相比,精确的间距的宽度的两倍 26 从铰链之间的中心部分 19 a、b 正确的安装附件元素 12 ′的接触平面 20。
附件的元素 12 ′是前后最好是相同的,仅仅是安装,通过旋转180°。
一个配电箱 1 扩大后的宽度和附加的方式再次需要一个屋顶覆盖顶部。示相应的屋顶的解决方案图3 形式的侵位内阁在每个单独的屋顶部分,两者之间的联合内阁。
这是可能的,但不是最优密封的原因,因为在这种情况下,雨水,例如,可以进入内阁。
最好,因此屋顶侵位,在最简单的情况下,仅仅由相应准尺寸,最好是稍微弯曲或倾斜的表面让雨水流。
图 6 一个在各个部分显示了这样一个模块的屋顶,可以产生任意内阁宽度的组成模块 5 维终止,形成横向和纵向模块 5 a、b 的长度是准尺寸,适合个人内在身体的宽度 21 a、b 否则,以符合门的宽度 4 a、b 用于这些内在的身体。
相互毗邻的纵向模块 5 a、b 通过连接模块连接到另一个吗 5 c 最好是侵在联合和重叠相邻纵向的启动模块 5 a、b 略顶部,最好也就是这样的模块 5 d。
个人模块参与另一个以连锁的方式,获得了在安装状态对另一个结果,在理想的情况下,只有最终的模块 5 维需要从内部螺纹内的身体一旦身体内侵,结果,所有其他模块都安全地举行的内在身体。
一个额外的螺丝连接,例如连接模块 5 c ,可以提供额外的稳定性。
不过,总体而言,一个屋顶不仅包括封面所示图 6 一个还一个屋顶基本的身体 8 中可以看到图 6 B 使用单个配电箱的侧墙的例子被移除和附件的元素 12 按照第一个附件(即方法。无花果。2和3 )已经固定为附加的内在身体。
在这种情况下,很明显,屋顶的基本身体 8 垂直,外围边缘,,例如,空气出口开口可以提供通风屋顶上或冷却元素适应。
使用这些例子也很明显,在这种情况下,封面 5 还包括之前的元素描述模块屋顶,因此涉及的是单个配电箱只有一个单一的内在身体,但随着纵向模块 5 a、b 的封面 5 屋顶被匹配到门的宽度 4 a、b ,关闭正面。
时间越长,屋顶基本的身体 8 要求一旦个别配电箱已附加,但是,最好是设计,以持续超越内部机构之间的联合,为目的的概要文件和盘子定义这个屋顶的宽度范围基本身体需要减少相应的总长度。
连同相应的角落元素和盘子和配置文件决定深度,屋顶的基本身体然后再从这些组装。
Distribution cabinet with a plurality of inner bodies
Abstract
The invention relates to a distribution cabinet (1) having a body (3), comprising an inner body (21) in the form of a body frame (16) made from metal and possibly paneling with shielding plates (13), and an outer body (22), in particular in the form of spaced paneling of the inner body (21), which is preferably made from plastic, and a mounting rack (6) for fixing the internals, which mounting rack is fixed on the inner body (21), the body (3) comprises a plurality of inner bodies (21) next to one another, and at least one attachment element (12) is fixed thereto which allows the use of parts of the outer body (22) of an individual distribution cabinet (1), and to a construction kit and a method for extending a distribution cabinet.
I. APPLICATION AREA
The invention relates to a distribution cabinet, which is generally installed outdoors and accommodates the technical, for example electrical or optical, distribution systems for, for example, weak-current systems, for example telephone systems, with associated power supply devices and cable terminating/connection devices for a specific physical area.
II. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
Such distribution cabinets, in addition to having sufficient physical stability and sufficient IP security, i.e. imperviousness to rain and spraywater, and an ability to resist vandalism etc., need to meet further requirements today, for example should not emit excessive electromagnetic radiation to the surrounding environment and, for use primarily in warmer countries, the temperatures in the interior of the distribution cabinet should not rise too high despite the heat-emitting electrical assemblies accommodated there, but should also not sink too low.
A further problem in addition to the repair work is that of the lateral extension of distribution cabinets which should firstly make it possible to laterally connect the two distribution cabinets fixedly and such that they are aligned and should secondly take place as quickly as possible, as is also the case for repair work.
Therefore, if possible the construction of a base beneath the body to be attached should preferably be dispensed with.
III. SUMMARY
It is therefore the object to design the distribution cabinet and in particular its body in such a way that subsequent work such as cabinet extensions is possible as quickly as possible and, if possible, without deactivating the distribution cabinet.
In a distribution cabinet which is constructed from the components of the generic type and in which a plurality of inner bodies are provided next to one another in order to provide a modular, larger cabinet, the elements of an outer body which have been used to date can be used on each of the inner bodies in accordance with the previous methods, which is one of the tasks of the attachment element.
This is because the outer body comprises outer paneling, generally spaced paneling which is fixed to the inner body, and is made from plastic injection-molded parts, i.e. involves a high degree of preliminary complexity for producing the shapes so that the provision of additional paneling elements whose dimensions have been modified would be very disadvantageous in financial terms.
The attachment element should therefore ensure that, in the case of mutually attached inner bodies, the same parts of the outer body can be used for the outer paneling of such an attachment cabinet as are also used as outer body of an individual distribution cabinet, i.e. of a distribution cabinet with only one inner body, and are available in standard sizes offered by the manufacturer.
In general, the outer body which is made of plastic is constructed in such a way that, when viewed in the plan view, the side walls are usually fixed to the inner body via spacers and the side walls have connecting elements, for example at a distance one above the other, at their vertical front and rear edges, which connecting elements interact with analogous hinge tabs on the fixedly mounted rear wall and the front faces in the form of doors, which are plugged together as a toothed arrangement and are connected by means of a vertically running hinge rod which has been pushed through as the spindle. While this hinge formation is in fact used as the hinge in the doors, i.e. for swinging open the doors and therefore opening the front side, it is used on the rear side merely for fixing the rear wall.
Since two distribution cabinets which have been attached to one another by means of their inner bodies are intended not to have any such side walls of the outer body on the mutually facing sides, but in contrast the inner free space in the inner bodies is intended to be free from one inner body through to the other, the fixing elements for the rear walls and doors which would otherwise be made available by these side walls are lacking here. Instead, these fixing elements are formed by the additional attachment element, usually a strip-shaped element, of which one is provided for the front vertical joint and one for the rear vertical joint, which is present between the two inner bodies. Instead of the two strip-shaped elements, the additional attachment element may also be in the form of a peripheral, closed frame in a vertical plane. Each of the attachment elements in this case has two sets, next to one another (when viewed from the front or rear) of fixing apparatuses, namely on the front side for accommodating the right-hand door of the left-hand distribution cabinet and the left-hand door of the right-hand distribution cabinet and on the rear side for accommodating the vertical edges, facing the joint,
of the two rear walls.
In a first embodiment, the attachment element is at the same time the spacer between the two inner bodies and brings the two inner bodies to a defined distance from one another which would approximately correspond to the distance between the inner bodies if two individual distribution cabinets which are paneled completely on the outside, i.e. provided with an outer body, were to be positioned next to one another in contact.
Such an attachment element of the first design can be fixed on both sides to both inner bodies by means of the same fixing elements, which are otherwise also used for fixing the outer paneling, i.e. the side walls of the outer body, to the side faces of the inner body. However, it is also necessary in this case to consider the problem that the second inner body, which is attached to the originally provided inner body, usually does not have a substructure which is as stable as the originally provided inner body in the form of a peripheral, complete base which has been partially sunk into the ground, but should either only have a smaller, more provisional base or, in an extreme case, even no base at all, but the additional inner body together with its internals should be borne completely by it being fixed to the originally provided inner body.
The attachment element correspondingly preferably extends over the entire height of the inner body and also has the fixing elements for the parts of the outer body, distributed over the entire height.
If the attachment parts are formed as strips separately for the front and the rear joint of the inner bodies, these may be separately configured attachment strips, but preferably one and the same attachment strip should be capable of being used both for the front and for the rear joint. The fixing between the two inner bodies, which generally comprise peripheral, linear frames consisting of profile struts, takes place by means of a screw connection or an interlocking connection, and in this case in particular by means of those outer holders via which normally the side walls are fixed to the outsides of the inner body, i.e. hung on them.
The spaced-apart inner bodies are bridged at least on the upper side, if necessary also on the front and rear side, by a shielding plate in order to protect the common interior of the two inner bodies from the ingress of water from the outside at the joint and conversely to avoid the emission of electromagnetic radiation from this joint.
The connection between the two inner bodies therefore needs to be able to absorb sometimes very considerable forces, with the result that the attachment element between the inner bodies is preferably made from metal in order to ensure sufficient stability.
The connection between the attachment element and the two inner bodies likewise needs to be able to take these high loads occurring, for which the outer holders with which the outer body or its paneling parts are normally fixed to the inner body are not designed, with the result that although they are suitable for fixing the attachment element in terms of their size, i.e. the distance provided by them from the inner body, they sometimes may not have the required stability.
Alternatively, therefore, a second design of an attachment element is made available which solves these problems by virtue of the fact that the attachment element is not positioned between the two inner bodies to be connected, but these two inner bodies are fixed directly to one another and, as a result, the optimum stability is provided. The fixing is preferably carried out by screwing.
The attachment element or, in the case of a strip-shaped design of the attachment element, the two attachment elements for the front and rear side is/are then fixed to one of the two inner bodies or to both inner bodies at the same time.
In this case, too, the attachment elements provide two sets of fixing elements which are adjacent to one another in the view from the front and the rear for fixing the adjacent doors and rear walls.
As regards the stability, these attachment elements only need to provide sufficiently secure fixing of these rear walls and doors and do not need to be able to ensure the entire fixing of the attached inner body. Therefore, these designs of the attachment elements can be produced in a cost-effective manner for example from plastic using injection-molding technology. However, another problem results from the direct fixing of the two inner bodies.
Since the outer paneling, which represents the outer body, is generally fitted at a specific distance from the inner body, the fixing apparatuses which are provided by the attachment elements must be positioned offset from the contact plane of the two inner bodies in the direction of the attached inner body, in order that rear walls and doors of the outer paneling of the originally provided body can be reused.
As a result, however, physically identical outer paneling elements such as rear walls and doors for the attached inner body can no longer be used if said inner body has a width, when viewed from the front, which is precisely the same size as the originally provided inner body since in this case the rear wall and the doors would be too wide.
In general, however, an inner body comprises individual profiles, which have been cut to length and which are connected to one another merely via cubic connectors in the corners of the frame-shaped inner body. This makes it possible, without considerable complexity, to widen the front view of the attached inner body by horizontal struts being cut to a longer length by such a degree that the rear walls and doors which are available in standard dimensions can be used for the attached inner body as well.
Furthermore, no additional bridging of a gap between the two inner bodies is necessary, with the result that the sealing against the ingress of moisture at this point can also be implemented in a much more simple manner.
The attachment element can be fixed to the inside of the vertical struts of the attached inner body, in particular if it runs around the periphery in the form of a closed frame from the front edge to the rear edge.
If attachment strips are involved, these attachment elements, when viewed in the plan view, are preferably in the form of an L with a short limb, which is in each case fixed parallel to the width of the attached distribution cabinet on the front face of the two inner bodies, which results in a particularly stable fixing and, in addition, fixes the two inner bodies with respect to one another. The fixing is preferably carried out on the two front, adjacent vertical struts of the two inner bodies. The fixing is preferably carried out by screwing.
If in this way two inner bodies are attached to one another and, as a result, a common interior is provided which is primarily accessible all the way through, this attached distribution cabinet also needs to have a roof, which very often not only has the function of weather-related protection against rain, etc., but in which active elements for deventilating or heat removal or even cooling of the components in the interior of the distribution cabinet are often also arranged.
Since, irrespective of the design of the attachment element used, the attached distribution cabinet has a total width which corresponds to the width of two completely paneled, individual distribution cabinets which have been positioned so has to be in contact next to one another, two roofs used for such individual distribution cabinets with standard sizes could also be emplaced next to one another on the attached distribution cabinet.
However, then an unsealed gap or a gap which is only difficult to seal would result between the two roofs, which gap could make it possible for rain etc. to enter from above.
Another possibility would consist in a new, entire roof with the width of the attached distribution cabinet being made available, which would result, however, very rapidly in a very large number of roof widths in view of the possible different width combinations of attached distribution cabinets which individually are available not only in a standard width but in a plurality of widths.
The invention instead preferably proposes designing the roof in the required width in modular fashion by it comprising, along its length, i.e. the width of the distribution cabinet, individual longitudinal modules, corresponding to the standard width of the individual distribution cabinets offered for sale by the manufacturer, and furthermore end modules, which represent a lateral termination of the roof, and connecting modules, which provide a connection between two adjacent longitudinal modules, to be precise with such a spacing that they compensate for or bridge the gap produced between two longitudinal modules if the distribution cabinet involved is one which has been attached.
In the same way as an integral, closed roof is fixed, in particular screwed, from the inside and therefore cannot be lifted off from the outside in order not to allow access to unauthorized personnel to the interior of the distribution cabinet, these elements also need to be designed in such a way that they cannot become detached from one another from the outside in the ready-fitted state of the roof.
This can be ensured, for example, by virtue of the fact that both the end modules and the connecting modules rest on the longitudinal modules at the edge. If connecting modules and end modules are screwed with respect to the inner body from the inside in the fitted state, they thereby also secure the longitudinal modules located therebeneath.
In general, such a roof of a distribution cabinet not only comprises the actual cover-like part, but a roof basic body, which is located therebeneath and has a peripheral, vertical edge, on which the actual cover is emplaced, which cover usually engages over this edge for reasons of protection against the weather.
In the case of a roof which has such a design, preferably only the cover is assembled in modular fashion as described above, while the roof basic body is designed to be continuous beyond any joint between the two inner bodies. In this case, the roof basic body usually likewise comprises individual profiles, which run in the width and depth of the cabinet and are connected via corner elements to form a horizontally peripheral frame, with the result that said frame can be achieved continuously over the entire width in a simple manner by the profiles defining the width of this basic body being correspondingly cut to length.
The widths of the longitudinal modules of the roof are in this case either the standard widths which the manufacturer provides on individual distribution cabinets or else are merely matched to the widths of the individual front doors of such individual distribution cabinets. The advantage of the last-mentioned variant consists in the fact that it can provide individual
distribution cabinets which have a width which is achieved by two front doors with different widths. As a result, the manufacturer can make available a very large number of different total widths of individual distribution cabinets by means of a limited number of front doors with different widths. The number of longitudinal modules of the module roof required is not increased hereby, however. Preferably, the connecting modules are in this case dimensioned such that, despite the intended close bridging of two mutually attached inner bodies, two end modules positioned back-to-back with respect to one another could also be used in the roof instead of one connecting module, which is sometimes required for special applications.
A construction kit, in order to construct an individual distribution cabinet or distribution cabinets attached to one another comprising a plurality of inner bodies, in the simplest case, if only a standard width of individual distribution cabinets were to be available, therefore comprises at least horizontal frame profiles of different lengths for the inner body, either for a width corresponding to the inner body of a separate distribution cabinet and comparatively longer frame profiles for the wider attachment inner body. In this case, in addition to the end and connecting modules, at least one length of longitudinal modules is required in the roof parts, corresponding to one standard width of an individual distribution cabinet or corresponding to the width of one of the two doors, which then in this case have the same width.
If a plurality of widths are offered on separate distribution cabinets and possibly comprise a plurality of door widths, the construction kit is correspondingly more extensive since the longitudinal profiles of the inner bodies need to be available for each standard width of an individual distribution cabinet depending on the width for which attachment inner bodies are provided, and also the respectively extended variant.
The same is true for the longitudinal modules of the module roof, depending on whether the lengths of the longitudinal modules of the roof are matched to the widths of the total individual distribution cabinets or to the door widths of the individual distribution cabinets. If, therefore, the corresponding constructional elements are present, for example in the form of a construction kit, it is possible in a simple manner to laterally extend an existing distribution cabinet by an additional laterally attached inner body using the following method First the outer body is removed from the existing distribution cabinet to such an extent that that side on which the attachment inner body is intended to be positioned is freely accessible. Also, a shielding plate which may be provided there on the side face is removed.
Then, the attachment inner body is fixed directly or indirectly to the existing inner body, possibly after a further base has been positioned, for supporting the attachment inner body, alongside to the existing base. The attachment element(s) is/are, depending on the design of the attachment element, in this case either placed between the inner bodies or fixed adjacent to the inner bodies, which have been screwed directly to one another.
As soon as the attachment inner body has been fixed, a further mounting rack can be implemented therein and the necessary internals can be implemented on said mounting rack, it being possible under certain circumstances for the mounting rack to be fixed on its own even in advance to the inner body, before the latter is screwed to the original inner body.
Once the internals in the new inner body have also been electrically connected and activated, the new inner body is clad with an outer body and, in the process, rear walls and doors are fixed to the attachment element.
Prior to or after the electrical connection and activation, the module roof, which is established corresponding to the length of the attachment distribution cabinet, is also assembled and emplaced and screwed to the inner body from the inside.
IV. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Embodiments in accordance with the invention will be described in more detail by way of example in the text which follows. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows an individual distribution cabinet on a base without outer paneling and without internals,
FIG. 2 a shows a distribution cabinet which has been laterally extended in comparison with the cabinet in FIG. 1 by a further inner body,
FIG. 2 b shows the attachment element used in this case in a first design,
FIG. 3 shows the thus extended distribution cabinet for the most part with the outer body, FIG. 4 a shows a partial illustration of a distribution cabinet which has been extended by a further inner body,
FIG. 4 b shows the attachment element used in this case in a second embodiment,
FIG. 5 a shows the thus extended distribution cabinet shown in FIG. 4 in a partially paneled view at an angle from the front,
FIG. 5 b shows the state in FIG. 5 a approximately perpendicularly from above,
FIG. 6 a shows the parts of a module roof, and
FIG. 6 b shows a ready-fitted roof of an original, individual distribution cabinet.
V. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 shows a distribution cabinet according to the invention, but without the outer body in the form of paneling and without internals, which are normally provided in the interior of the inner body 21 and in particular on the mounting rack 6 there and are connected to the cables (not shown), which have been routed up from underground.
The inner body 21 is a frame, comprising frame profiles 7, which run along both the outer edges of the upright, parallelepipedal inner body 21 and furthermore also have further horizontal and vertical struts therebetween.
The entire inner body 21 rests on a base 2, comprising a base foot 2 b with a metal construction, which is partially sunk into the ground, and a base box 2 a, which surrounds the base on the outside above ground level and is generally made from plastic.
The inner body 21, which in accordance with the prior art is emplaced as a unit on the base 2 and is fixedly connected to said base, in the prior art and also here comprises a body frame 16 with frame profiles 7 along at least the outer edges of the upright, parallelepipedal inner body 21, whose surfaces are paneled if required with shielding plates 13 and closed in order to produce the EMC-sealing of the housing.
In the present case, the body frame 16 is in the form of two parts with a lower body frame 16 b and an upper body frame 16 a, whose extent can be seen better in FIGS. 2 a and 3. The lower body frame 16 b, which can only be seen in FIGS. 1 and 4 a, comprises
approximately 20% of the height of the total body frame 16 and in terms of basic area is slightly smaller than the base box 2 a, with the result that the paneling, which is then fitted externally on the body frame 16 with a spacing and forms the outer body 22, as can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 5 a, is aligned vertically with the base box 2 a therebeneath.
The lower body frame 16 b is in turn in the form of a parallelepiped with horizontally running frame profiles 7 and, depending on the size, transverse struts, running vertically therebetween, from such frame profiles 7, while the sides comprise side frames 18, which run around the periphery in the form of a rectangle or else are in the form of a U and are open at the top, which side frames 18 comprise preferably bent-back plates.
The bending-back is necessary in order for the vertical limbs of the side frames 18 to have, when viewed in the plan view, plate faces which run both in the longitudinal direction 30 and in the transverse direction 31 of the distribution cabinet 1, which plate faces form an angle which is open obliquely towards the outside, for example from the bottom face of the distribution cabinet.
These vertical plate angles are used as guides 15 in order to accommodate the ends of vertical frame profiles 7 of the upper body frame 16 a which run out downwards freely therein and to hold them in the two horizontal directions, since these ends of the vertical frame profiles 7 are held at such a distance from one another over the rest of the horizontally running frame profiles of the upper body frame 16 a that they fit precisely into the guide 15 of this lower body frame 16 b.
The upper body frame 16 a is in turn parallelepipedal, approximately with the same basic area as the lower body frame 16 b, the vertical frame profiles of the upper body frame 16 a being extended downwards to such an extent over the lower edge of the parallelepiped that they reach down as far as the lower transverse limb of the side frames 18 of the lower body frame 16 bor even rest on it and in the process run downwards outside the lower body frame 16 b.
After locking by means of simple plug-type bolts on the lower body frame 16 b, possibly with additional latching, the upper body frame 16 a can no longer be drawn off upwards since the entire body frame 16 then forms a fixed unit.
As can be seen in FIGS. 1 to 3, the upper body frame 16 a is clad with shielding plates 13 on the upper side and rear side and on the side faces, but down as far as its lower horizontal struts, which, as shown in FIG. 1, in the emplaced state comes to lie just above the upper horizontal strut of the lower body frame 16 b or even rests on it.
In addition, FIG. 1 shows best the fact that the mounting rack 6 on which the majority of the subsequent electrical internals are fitted protrudes vertically upwards from the inner face of the lower body frame 16 b, preferably close to its rear edge, and has a height which, in the emplaced state, reaches as far as close to the upper end of the upper body frame 16 a, i.e. makes as full use as possible of its interior.
As a result, the insides of the distribution cabinet 1 which are mounted on the mounting rack 6 can be mounted and remain in operation even if the upper body frame, preferably once the outer paneling has been removed as illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, is detached in its connection from the lower body frame 16 b and lifted or drawn off completely upwards in order to repair it or to completely replace it.
Even individual parts of the lower body frame 16 b can then be replaced without the internals
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华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
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外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
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文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
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英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
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204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.sodocs.net/doc/dc15905576.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-
污水处理外文翻译(带原文)
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。