水处理专业英语阅读4 Operations of Pretreatment

4 Operations of Pretreatment

Several devices and structures are placed upstream of the primary treatment operation to provide protection to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipment. These devices and structures are classified as pretreatment because they have little effect in reducing BOD5.

Bar Racks

Typically, the first device encountered by the wastewater entering the plant is a bar rack. The primary purpose of the rack is to remove trash and large objects that would damage or foul pumps, valves, and other mechanical equipment. Rags, logs, and other objects that find their way into the sewer are removed from the wastewater on the racks. In modern WWTPs, the racks are cleaned mechanically. The solid material is stored in a hopper and removed to a sanitary landfill at regular intervals.

Bar racks placed upstream of grit chambers and pump are sized to have an open space of 50 to 150mm between each bar. Racks placed downstream of grit chambers normally have openings of 20 to 50mm, with 25mm being a commonly accepted value. Channel approach velocities are held between 0. 4 and 0. 9m/s. Two channels are provided to allow one to be taken out of service for cleaning and repair.

Grit Chambers

Inert dense material such as sand, broken glass, silt, and pebbles is called grit. If these materials are not removed from the wastewater, they abrade pumps and other mechanical devices, causing undue wear. In addition, they have a tendency to settle in corners and bends, reducing flow capacity and, ultimately, clogging pipes and channels.

There are three basic types of grit removal devices: velocity controlled, aerated, and constant

level short-term sedimentation basins. We will discuss only the first two, since they are the most common.

Velocity controlled. This type of grit chamber, also known as a horizontal flow grit chamber, can be analyzed by means of the classical laws of sedimentation for discrete, non-flocculating particles.

Stokes’ law may be used for the analysis and design of horizontal flow grit chambers if the horizontal liquid velocity is maintained at about 0.3m/s. Liquid velocity control is achieved by placing a specially designed weir at the end of the channel. A minimum of two channels must be employed so that one can he out of service without shutting down the treatment plant. Cleaning may be either by mechanical devices or by hand. Mechanical cleaning is favored for plants having average flows over 0.04m3/s. Theoretical detention times are set at about one minute for average flows. Washing facilities are normally provided to remove organic material from the grit.

Aerated grit chambers.The spiral roll of the aerated grit chamber liquid “drives” the grit into a hopper which is located under the air diffuser assembly. The shearing action of the air bubbles is supposed to strip the inert grit of much of the organic material that adheres to its surface.

Aerated grit chamber performance is a function of the roll velocity and detention time. The roll velocity is controlled by adjusting the air feed rate. Nominal air flow values are in the range of 0.15 to 0.45 cubic meters per minute of air per meter of tank length [m3/ (min ? m)J . Liquid detention times are usually set to be about three minutes at maximum flow. Length-to-width ratios range from 2：5 to 5：1 with depths on the order of 2 to 5m.

Grit accumulation in the chamber varies greatly, depending on whether the sewer system is a combined type or a separate type, and on the efficiency of the chamber. For combined systems,

90m3 of grit per million cubic meters of sewage (m3J105m3) is not uncommon. In separate systems you might expect something less than 30m3/lOtm3. Normally the grit is buried in a sanitary landfill.

Comminutors

Devices that are used to macerate wastewater solid (rags, paper, plastic, and other materials) by revolving cutting bars are called comminutors. These devices are placed downstream of the grit chambers to protect the cutting bars from abrasion, They are used as a replacement for the downstream bar rack but must be installed with a hand-cleaned rack in parallel in case they fail.

Equalization

Flow equalization is not a treatment process, but s technique that can be used to improve the effectiveness of both secondary and advanced wastewater treatment processes. Wastewater does not flow into a municipal wastewater treatment plant at a constant rate; the flow rate varies from hour to hour, reflecting the living habits of the area served. In most towns. the pattern of daily activities sets the pattern of sewage flow and strength. Above-average sewage flows and strength occur in mid-morning. The constantly changing amount and strength of wastewater to be treated makes efficient process operation difficult. Also, many treatment units must be designed for the maximum flow condition encountered, which actually results in their being oversized for average conditions. The purpose of flow equalization is to dampen these variations so that the wastewater can be treated at a nearly constant flow rate. Flow equalization can significantly improve the performance of an existing plant and increase its useful capacity. In new plants, flow equalization can reduce the size and cost of the treatment units.

Flow equalization is usually achieved by constructing large basins that collect and store the wastewater flow and from which the wastewater is pumped to the treatment plant at a constant

rate. These basins are normally located near the head end of the treatment works, preferably downstream of pretreatment facilities such as bar screens, comminutors, and grit chambers. Adequate aeration and mixing must be provided to prevent odors and solids deposition. The required volume of an equalization basin is estimated from a mass balance of the flow into the treatment plant with the average flow the plant is designed to treat. The theoretical basis is the same as that used to size reservoirs.

With the screening completed and the grit removed, the wastewater still contains light organic suspended solids, some of which can be removed from the sewage by gravity in a sedimentation tank. These tanks can be round or rectangular, are usually about 3.5m deep, and hold the wastewater for periods of two to three hours. The mass of settled solids is called raw sludge. The sludge is removed from the sedimentation tank by mechanical scrapers and pumps. Floating materials, such as grease and oil, rise to the surface of the sedimentation tank, where they are collected by a surface skimming system and removed from the tank for further processing.

Primary sedimentation basins (primary tanks) are characterized by Type II flocculant settling. The Stokes equation cannot be used because the flocculating particles are continually changing in size, shape and, when water is entrapped in the floc, specific gravity. There is no adequate mathematical relationship that can be used to describe Type II settling. Laboratory tests with settling columns are used to develop design data.

The behavior of the primary tank is analogous to the behavior of clarifiers used in water treatment, with a few important exceptions. The solids concentration is much lower in a primary tank than in a water treatment plant clarifier. Thus, the overflow rates and weir loading rates differ appreciably. Overflow rates are commonly in the range 25 to 60m/d. The Great

Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers (GLUMRB) recommends that weir loading (hydraulic flow over the effluent weir) rates not exceed 120m3/d of flow per m of weir length [m3/ (d.m)] for plants with average flows less than 0.04 m3/ a. For larger flows the recommended rate is 190m3/ (d.m)

As mentioned previously, approximately 50 to 60 percent of the raw sewage suspended solids and as much as 30 to 35 percent of the raw sewage BOD5 may be removed in the primary tank.

单词表

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初三英语阅读理解模拟试题_1

初三英语阅读理解模拟试题 9. Mathew Brady______________. A.was very lifelike B. was famous for his unusual pictures C. was quite strong D. took many pictures of moving people 10.This passage tells us_____________. A. how photography was developed B. how to show your ideas and feelings in pictures C. how to take pictures in the world D. how to use different cameras （C）

Americans with small families own a small car or a large one. If both parents are working, they usually have two cars. When the family is large, one of the cars is sold and they will buy a van(住房汽车) A small car can hold(容纳)four persons and a large car can hold six persons but it is very crowded(拥挤). A van hold seven persons easily, so a family three children could ask their grandparents to go on a holiday travel They could all travel together. Mr.Hagen and his wife had a third child last year. This made them sell a second car and bus a van. Their children sixth and seventh seat are used to put other things, for a family of five must carry many suitcases(衣箱)when they travel. When they arrive at their grandparents’home , the suitcases are brought into the two seats can then carry the grandparents.

高级英语阅读unit 3

Preview 1 Courtesy 英['k??t?s?] 美['k?t?si] 1. a courteous or respectful or considerate act 2. a courteous or respectful or considerate remark 3. a courteous manner n. 礼貌；好意；恩惠adj. 殷勤的；被承认的；出于礼节的 2 honorific 英[?n?'r?f?k] 美['ɑn?'r?f?k] n. an expression of respect adj. conferring or showing honor or respect Adj . 1. 表示尊敬的；给予荣誉的 2. (对长者)尊称的，敬语的[亦作honorifical]n. 尊称，敬语 3 decadence 英['dek?d(?)ns] 美['d?k?d?ns] n. the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities n. 1. (文学、艺术、道德等方面的)衰落；堕落；颓废；衰退；腐朽 2. (19世纪)文学艺术衰落(或颓废)期 3. 颓废派艺术风格 P1---P3 4 burgeoning['b?:d??ni?] adj. 增长迅速的；生机勃勃的 v. 成长（burgeon的ing形式）；迅速发展 burgeon ['b?:d??n] vi. 1. 迅速成长，迅速发展，扩展，增长，发展繁荣，兴旺： 2. 发芽，萌芽，抽芽，抽枝，抽条，长出蓓蕾(通常与out或forth连用)： vt. 发(芽)，生出蓓蕾；抽(枝) n. 新芽，嫩芽；蓓蕾；嫩枝[亦作bourgeon] 5 mill1 [mil] n. 1. 磨坊，磨粉厂, 磨，碾磨机，粉碎机, 榨汁机 2. 机床，钱币压印机，(钱币的)压印花边机，滚扎机 3. 制造厂 4. (宝石的)磨光机，抛光机 5. 缓慢繁琐的程序；机械的例行公事 vt. 1. 碾磨；磨成粉，磨细；碾碎：to mill grain碾碎谷物 n. 1. a plant consisting of one or more buildings with facilities for manufacturing 2. machinery that processes materials by grinding or crushing 3. the act of grinding to a powder or dust v. 1. move about in a confused manner 2. grind with a mill 6 B.A Bachelor of Arts 文(科)学士 7 MA Master of Arts文学硕士 8 PhD Philosophiae Doctor [拉丁语]哲学博士(= Doctor of Philosophy) 9 nonetheless [,n?ne?'les] adv. =nevertheless 尽管如此，但是conj. 尽管如此，但是 10 maestro1 ['maistr?u; mɑ:'estr?u] n. an artist of consummate skill 1. 名作曲家；名指挥家，音乐教 2. (艺术的)名师，能手，艺术大师