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托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4

托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4
托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4

托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4

下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO17原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧,大家要好好把握,这些都是非常有价值的材料,同时,大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导,希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO17Lecture4Biology

Professor:Ok,now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that’s the octopus,one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.The octopus is prey to many species,including humans,so how does it escape its predators?Well,let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteous?Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form.He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree,anything you wanted,and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.Well,the octopus is the real world version of Proteus.Just like Proteus,the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations.And it does this in three ways:by changing color,by changing its texture,and by changing its size and shape.For me,the most fascinating transformation is when it changes its color.It’s a normal skin color,the one it generally presents,is either red or brown or even grey,and it’s speckled with dark spots.But when it wants to blend in with its environment to hide from its enemies,it can take on the color of its immediate surroundings:the ocean floor,a rock,a piece of coral,whatever.Charles?

Student:Do we know how that works,I mean,how they change colors?

Professor:Well,we know that the reaction that takes place is not chemical in nature.The color changes are executed by two different kinds of cells in the octopus’skin,mainly by color cells on the skin’s surface call chromatophoresChromatophores consist of tiny sacks filled with color dye.There might be a couple hundred of these color sacks per square millimeter of the octopus’skin,and depending on the species,they can come in as many as five different colors.Each one of these sacks is controlled by muscles. If the muscles are relaxed,the sack shrinks,and all you see is a little white point.But if the muscle’s contract,then the sack expands,and you can see the colors.And by expanding different combinations Student:And just with various combinations of those five colors,they can recreate any color in their environment?

Professor:Well,they can no doubt create a lot with just those five colors,but you are right,maybe they can’t mimic every color around them,so that’s where the second kind of cell comes in.Just below the chromatophores is a layer of cells that reflect light from the environment,and these cells help the octopus create a precise match with the colors surround them.The colors from the color sacks are supplemented with colors that are reflected from the environment,and that’s how they are able to mimic colors with such precision.So,that’s how octopus mimic colors.But they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment; they can alos mimic the texture of objects in their environment.They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures.The projections are called papillae6If the octopus wants to have a rough texture,it raises the papillae.If it wants to have a smooth texture,it flattens out the papillae, so it can acquire a smooth texture to blend in with the sandy bottom of the sea.So the octopus has the ability to mimic both the color and the texture of its environment.And it’s truly amazing how well it can blend in with its surroundings.You can easily swim within a few feet of an octopus and never see it.

Student:I read that they often hide from predators by squirting out a cloud of ink,or something like that.

Professor:Yes.The octopus can release a cloud of ink if it feels threatened.But it doesn’t hide behind it,as is generally believed.Um,the ink cloud is...it serves to distract a predator while the octopus makes

its escape.Um,now there’s a third way that octopus can transform themselves to blend in withor mimic their environment,and that’s by changing their shape and size,well,at least their apparent size.The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures.So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone,and sit perfectly still on the seafloor.Or it can nestle

up7in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves.Even Proteus would be impressed,I think.

教授:好的,现在我想讲一讲一种特别的动物,它有一套令人惊叹的防御机制——它就是章鱼,一种生活在大海之中的不凡之物。章鱼的天敌包括人类在内的很多物种的捕食者,那么,它是怎样逃脱它的捕食者的呢?好的,我先讲些背景知识吧!有谁知道普罗透斯吗?普罗透斯来自古希腊神话中的一位海神。他可以变形,使自己看上去像一头狮子或者石头、树木,你们能想到的一切,并且他能够在很短的时间之内完成变形。嗯,章鱼是真正存在的现世版的普罗透斯。和他一样,章鱼也能完成各种不可思议的变形。同时,它可以用三种方式变形:改变颜色、改变纹理、改变大小和形状。对我而言,最有趣的当属改变颜色这项了。它没有变色时的一般肤色,既可能是红的,棕色的,甚至灰色的,体表点缀有许多黑色的斑点。但是,当它试图和环境混同为一个颜色以趋避天敌时它马上就能变成周围景物的颜色:大海的、岩石的、珊瑚,什么都行。查尔斯,你有什么问题?

学生:我们知道这种变化的原理吗?我的意思是,章鱼是怎么做到的?

教授:嗯,我们肯定都知道,章鱼变色本质上肯定不是依靠化学反应。这种颜色变化是由章鱼皮肤组织中两种不同类型的细胞完成的,主要是体表的叫做“色素体”的颜色细胞。“色素体”由许多细小的、装有染色剂的色袋构成。在章鱼皮肤表面,每一平方厘米中大概有两百个这样的色袋,它们可以组合成五种不同的颜色。每一个色袋都由肌肉控制。如果肌肉在放松状态下,色袋就缩小,你仔细观察的话.但是,如果肌肉一旦紧缩,色袋就会膨胀,你就会看到不同的颜色。当然,这些颜色也是靠色袋中不同颜色的染色剂组合成的。

学生:就是通过这五种颜色的不同组合,章鱼们就能变成和周围环境一样的颜色吗?

教授:嗯,利用这五种颜色,它们无疑可以变出很多很多的颜色出来,但你的问题很靠谱,可能它们并不能模仿它们周围每一种颜色,所以就有了第二种细胞。在“色素体”细胞之下有一个细胞层,它们负责反射环境中的各种光,这种细胞帮助章鱼完美地制造出和周围环境一致的颜色。这就是为什么章鱼能够很精确地模仿周围环境的颜色的原因。不过,它们不只是模仿它们生活环境中出现的颜色;它们还能模仿它们生活环境中出现物品的纹理。它们的皮肤上有非常小的影射器,这些名为“触头”影射器帮助它们模仿各种纹理。如果章鱼想要纹理粗糙一些,它就启动“触头”。如果它想要纹理光滑一些,它就把身上的“触头”变得平整,这样它看上去就会很光滑,能够和海底的沙地混淆起来。总之,章鱼有能力模仿它生活环境的颜色和质地。它这种熟练地与四周混同的隐蔽能力的确令人惊叹。哪怕你游到距离章鱼几尺远的地方,你都可能看不到它。

学生:我听说章鱼经常喷出墨云之类的东西来躲避它的天敌。

教授:是的,章鱼确实能够在感到威胁存在的时候,释放墨云。但是它并像公众想象的那样,躲在墨云的后面。嗯,墨云的作用是它主要是吸引天敌的注意力,以便章鱼能够在这时逃开。嗯,现在该谈谈第三种变形以隐藏于环境之中的方式了,即改变它们的形状和尺寸。章鱼的肌肉系统使得它们身体的柔韧性很强,能够承担各种形状和姿态的张力。所以它能够将自身体积缩小到身边的一块小石头的大小,并且安稳地躺在海底。摆这种能力所赐,它也能够蜗居于植物中,变成植物叶子的形状。我想,普罗透斯看到章鱼的本事,也会吃惊的。

以上就是托福听力TPO17原文中Lecture4的文本内容,希望大家能够用心体会,更多TPO文本内容小编稍后为您呈现。最后,小编祝大家在托福考试中取得好成绩!

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家要好好把握,这些都是非常有价值的材料,希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class. ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment. The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up? StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough. ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects? StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes. ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foreground

老托福听力1~2原文及翻译

1 Community service【社区服务】is an important component of education here at our university. 在我们大学这里,社区服务是教育的一个重要组成部分。 We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. 我们鼓励所有的学生在他们毕业前至少志愿参加一次社区活动。 A new community program called "One On One"【一对一】helps elementary students who've fallen behind. 一个新的社区计划,叫做“一对一”,帮助落后的小学生 You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. 你们教育专业的可能对此很感兴趣,因为它提供了教学的机会,也就是说,辅导数学和英语 You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. 你们必须在一学期内每周志愿服务两个小时。你可以选择帮助一个孩子的数学、英语或两个都帮。 Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. 半个小时的课程就好,所以你可以每项做半个小时, 一周做两天。

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