2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)

At an office in Hampton,Virginia,in the east of the United States,a team of ten net savvy workers scours the web for sexual content,from basic sex education to sex acts.This “quality assurance” team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantec’s Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective.This is because there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children.

Website blocking is nothing new-services like Net Nanny and programs like Cyber Patrol and Guard Dog have been around for a few years now,protecting children and reassuring parents that only wholesome websites are accessed by the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e98811563.html, Nanny and Cyber Patrol will prevent access to any questionable sites when the program is in place.

Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software with a package that combines website blocking with a “firewall”,protecting your computer from hackers,snoopers and viruses,as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data.

In short,Norton Internet Security (NIS),as the program is called,is designed to serve as the guardian of your digital health,keeping the bad things out and the private things in.

The Symantec program can be configured in many ways, the website blocking,for example,can be set to be either selectively permissive or total in its banning of websites,or switched off entirely.Also,Symantec’s list of no-go areas,which on the CD now stand at around 36,000 addressed,is not confined to sex sites.The team in V irginia is also on the lookout for sites advocating drugs,or which contain references to violence or gambling,and keeps a watch on chat rooms,e-mail services,entertainment portals—even job search and financial pages.These sites can be blocked by the program.

Computer users can also refresh the address list online with the Live update feature which is used by Norton Anti-Virus (which is bundled with NIS) to load the latest virus definitions.This service is free for the first year but,including virus definition updates,it costs $US 19.95 a year thereafter.

The system is not perfect,however.Limited testing found the blocking of some “questionable” sites was not comprehensive.Trying to get access to a well-known US site such as Playboy results in an immediat e blocking message with a standard invitation to report an“incorrectly categorized” site.By contrast,you could find in other countries such as New Zealand a sex site which declared itself to be“dedicated to providing sexual material,imaged,and anything a l ittle bit unusual for sex enthusiasts all over the country.”

1.Which of the following statements can be inferred from paragraph 1?

[A] The net-savvy workers are interested in searching the web for sexual content.

[B] This quality assurance team is makin g sure that the blocking component of Symantec’s Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective,because the parents want them to do so.

[C] The parents all over the world do not want the sexual websites to be blocked.

[D] The parents all over the world concern that their children will be harmed by the sexual websites.

2.Which the following statements is NOT the functions of NIS?

[A] Protect computers from virus T.

[B] Protect personal data from inadvertently disclosed.

[C] Protect computers from being invaded by other persons.

[D] Forbid other people sharing your personal data.

3.Which is not included in the Symantec’s list of no-go areas?

[A] Sex sites.[B] Gambling sites.

[C] V iolence sites.[D] Shopping sites.

4.Which the following statement is correct according to the passage?

[A] The program can not only block the harmful websites computer users but also refresh the address list online with the Live Update function of the program.

[B] The NIS program is free, but you should pay $19.95 per year for the virus update.

[C] Both the program and virus update are free.

[D] Computer users should pay $19.95 every year the time they begin to use the program.

5.By saying “the blocking of some questionable site was not comprehensive”, the author means

[A] The website Playboy should be included in the list of no-go area.

[B] The program NIS is not effective in other countries at all.

[C]Some websites that are wholesome are included in the list while some questionable websites are not.

[D]All the websites in New Zealand should be included in the list

答案解析

1.D细节题。文章第一段提到，there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children.质量保证小组正在努力确保赛门铁克公司的计算机程序有效工作，因为世界各地的父母都关心色情网站的封锁，以保护孩子们免受毒害。B错在because the parents want them to do so，与原文的sexual concern不符。

2.D细节题。文章第三段最后一句，分词附属结构中讲到：protecting your computer from hackers, snoopers and viruses, as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data，?“诺顿网络安全特警”既能防止无意中泄露个人信息，又能保护计算机免受黑客，偷窥者和病毒侵袭，但并没有提到禁止其他人共享你的个人资料。

3.D细节题。文章第五段提到，赛门铁克在光盘上提供的“禁入区”名单已列出3600个网址，内容不限于色情网站，还包括暴力，赌博等但并不包括购物网站。

4.A细节题。文章第六段中提到，Computer users can also refresh the address list online with the Live update feature which is used by Norton Anti-Virus to load the latest virus definitions.This service is free for the first year but,including virus definition updates,it costs $US 19.95 a year thereafter.(计算机用户不仅可以使用NIS程序，还能用和他捆绑在一起的“即时更新”功能随时在线刷新“禁入区”名单，这些服务第一年是免费的，以后每年付19.95美元)。所以A项正确。

5.C语义题。文章最后提到，系统并非尽善尽美无懈可击。Trying to get access to a

well-known US site such as Playboy results in an immediate blocking message，一些健康网站，像著名的“花花公子”被封锁。接着，作者用by contrast进行了转折，提出在别的国家一些色情网站却没被封锁。

参考译文

美国东部维吉尼亚汉普顿的办公室里；10个精通网络的工作人员组成的小组正在彻底搜查一个有关性内容的网站，它的内容从基本性教育到性行为。这个高素质的工作队伍确信2000个赛门铁克公司“诺顿网络安全特警”的封锁还是有效的。这是因为有关色情内容的网站引起了父母的广泛关注，以使孩子免受伤害。

网站封锁并不是什么新鲜玩意，像Net Nanny, Cyber Patrol、Guard Dog这些程序的服务至今已运行好几年了。这些服务程序保护了孩子，也使家长放心，只有健康的网站才会被年青人浏览。在计算机系统运转时Net Nanny和Cyber Patrol可以阻止存在任何问题的网站进入。

现在，赛门铁克公司声称已经创造了一种供用户使用的新程序，这种程序可以将网站封锁系统与防火墙结合起来，保护电脑免受黑客、偷窥者和病毒的袭击，同时也可阻止因疏忽泄露个人资料。

总之，“诺顿网络安全特警”就像它的名字的那样，成为数据健康的卫士，保护你的隐私，将不好的东西封锁在外。

可以以多种方式安装赛门铁克程序，比如，网站封锁，可以安装部分封锁也可安装全部封锁，或者全部关掉。另外，赛门铁克有无所不至的功能，在光盘上列出的禁入者名单已列出36，000个地址，内容不限于色情网站。在维吉尼亚工作小组也在警戒那些包含毒品、暴力、赌博内容的网站，同时也监视着聊天室、邮件、娱乐，甚至找工作和财务方面的网页，这些网站都可以被封锁。

计算机用户不仅可以使用NIS程序，还可以用和它捆绑在一起的“即时刷新”功能随时在线刷新“禁入者”名单，这些服务在第一年是免费的，但以后包括防毒软件每年需要花费19.95美元。

但是这种系统并不尽善尽美。有限测试发现封锁有问题网站并不全面。比如进入美国知名的“花花公子”网站，结果就会马上出现了一个封锁信息，明显报告这是个“错误分类”的网站。相反，你可以在其它国家，譬如新西兰找到自称为“致力于为全球所有热情者提供性欲、性幻想及任何一点非同寻常的东西”的色情网站。

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog(齿轮)in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and“human relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is

[A]a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible.

[B]working in complete harmony with the rest of the society.

[C]an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly.

[D]a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that

[A]they are likely to lose their jobs.

[B]they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life.

[C]they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence.

[D]they are deprived of their individuality and independence.

3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those

[A]who are at the bottom of the society.

[B]who are higher up in their social status.

[C]who prove better than their fellow competitors.

[D]who could keep far away from this competitive world.

4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should

[A]resort to the production mode of our ancestors.

[B]offer higher wages to the workers and employees.

[C]enable man to fully develop his potentialities.

[D]take the fundamental realities for granted.

5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of

[A]approval.

[B]dissatisfaction.

[C]suspicion.

[D]tolerance.

试题详解

答案解析

1.C推理题。文章第一段指出:人成为了社会大机器中一个小小的、润滑良好的齿轮(well-oiled cog)，高工资、通风良好的厂房等便是这润滑油。尽管如此，事实上人是无能为力的(powerless)。无论蓝领工人、白领阶层皆是毫无自主权的傀儡(puppets)。这就说明了人的工作生活条件虽然不错(functioning smoothly)，但他们在社会中是无足轻重的。

2.D细节题。其依据是文章第二段的最后一句话。真正的原因是作为“情感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的”个人被忽视。选项A、B只是部分原因，不是真正的原因；C的意思与文章内容相悖。

3.D推理题。选项A-“社会底层者”；B-“社会上层者”；C-“竞争中的胜利者”都摆脱不了充满各种竞争的生存环境，因而都生活在各种各样的anxiety与stress之中，所以都无幸福可言。只有D-远离这个充满竞争的社会的人可推断为幸福之人。

4.C推理题。依据是文章倒数第二句:“改革现实社会，重视人和充分发挥人的潜能。”A 项是作者在最后一段中所不同意的观点；B项只是维持正常运转的手段之一，而不是解决社会问题的建议；D项不合原文意思。

5.B态度题。从文章最后一段中的句子I suggest transforming our social system...可看出作者的态度是“不满的”。A“赞同”；C“怀疑”；D“宽容”都不符合。

参考译文

总的来说，我们社会变成了一个官僚政治管理的大型企业,这里每个人都成为这台机器上的润滑良好的齿轮。高工资，通风良好的厂房就是“润滑油”。然而所有的润滑油不能改变人类变得无能为力这一事实。事实上，蓝领和白领阶层都是经济木偶，伴随着自动化和官僚政治的曲子舞蹈。

工人和雇员不仅因为他们可能被解雇而担心，还担心他们不能获得生活的真正乐趣。作为感情、理性上独立的和富有创造性的人，他们不曾面对人类生存的基本现实。

那些在社会高层的人的忧虑也并不少。他们生活并不比下属丰富。甚至在某些方面他们还感觉更不可靠。他们处在更激烈的竞争中。提升还是走下坡不是薪水的问题，而是自尊的问题。当他们申请第一份工作时，他们要求测试智力、服从与独立的综合能力。从那以后他们不断地被心理学家测试——对他们来说测试是一件大事，由他们的上级判断他们的行为、社交能力和与人相处能力等。需要持续地证明他与同事的能力水平的高低——竞争创造持久的压力，这正是产生不愉快的情绪与疾病的来源。

那我们是否应该回到工业社会前的生产模式或者十九世纪的“自由的”资本主义阶段？当然不行。回到原地不会解决问题。我建议把社会体系由官僚政治管理的工业制度过度到人道主义的工业制度，前者在最大的生产与消费中灭亡，而后者社会目标是可以让人及潜力——包括爱心和理性充分地发挥。生产和消费都是这个终级目标的一种手段，要防止它们统

治人类。

In promising to fuse media as diverse as television,telephone communication,video games,music and d ata transmission,the era of digital convergence goes better than yesterday’s celebrated “information superhighway.” Y et achieving this single technology is far from straightforward.There are currently three major television broadcast standards,and they are all incompatible with each other.But this is nothing compared to the many technologies supporting the Internet,each with a different bandwidth and physical media.The problems faced in designing platforms and communication systems that will be accepted across the world can appear insuperable.

Even once global standards are assured,however,a further obstacle lies in wait.The Internet is plagued by long,erratic response times because it is a pull-technology,driven by patterns of user demands.Push-technology,on the other hand,reverses the relationship: servers simply send information to passive users,as in television and radio.But if some form of combination between one-way television flow and interactive Internet is to be the basis of our future media,it is hard to see how it could be operated.Moreover,the problem of fusing Internet with television is also one of defining the services https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e98811563.html,rmation,entertainment and relaxation appear at first to be quite different needs.Serious doubts remain over whether consumers will be interested in having to make the sort of mental effort associated with computing while also settling down in front of a sitcom.

Besides the issue of consumer habits,infrastructure costs are set to be immense,and will have to be met by national states or the private sector before being passed on to users.Platforms do not necessarily have to be expensive.The mobile phone is a good example of how something that is technologically sophisticated can almost be given away,with its cost recovered through service https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e98811563.html,ers are then coerced through clever marketing to upgrade to newer phones with more features to reinforce their dependence.

Whatever the outcome,it is obvious that technology will play an increasing part in our everyday lives.Beyond technology,digital convergence embraces the services,industrial practices and social behavior that form modern society.We have in our hands the technology to construct the most sophisticated machines ever built,but if they are unusable,simply because of their operating instructions,then recent lessons have taught us they will not survive.Whatever we design must be simple,reliable and useful.Perhaps this is where artificial intelligence will come in.

1.By digital convergence,the author means

[A] diversification of the communication systems.

[B] separating entertainment and communication.

[C] integrating the various means of media.

[D] straightforward transmission of data.

2.What is pull technology?

[A] It is the Internet system affected by long, uncertain response times.

[B] It is the way of business operation driven by user demands.

[C] It is the technology to send information to passive users.

[D] It is a way to blend one-way television with interactive Internet.

3.Why is it difficult to combine television and the Internet?

[A] Because there are no global standards for the combination.

[B] Because the two are operated on different principles of services.

[C] Because television is uninteractive,while the Internet is interactive.

[D] Because the combination overlooks the consumers’ different needs.

4.As far as the cost for digital convergence is concerned,

[A] the expenses for building the basic facilities are too immense to be met.

[B] the infrastructure costs should be paid by national states and the private sector alone.

[C] the cost for building a platform can be recovered by collecting service charges.

[D] the high cost can be covered by effective marketing to attract more customers.

5.What may finally help to achieve digital convergence?

[A] Designing platforms and communication systems with global standards.

[B] Winning recognition from users who have different expectations for different media.

[C] Developing a network advanced enough to support the integration of media.

[D] Using artificial intelligence to design simple,reliable and useful products.

答案解析

1.C语义题。本题要求考生理解文中的概念性含义。文中第一段给出了digital convergence(数字集成)的定义，即将电视、电话、游戏、音乐和数据传输融为一体(to fuse media as diverse as television, telephone communication, video games, music and data transmission)。故正确答案为C。

2.B语义题。本题要求考生理解文中的概念性含义。第二段中作者谈及在实现数字集成的过程中存在的另一障碍——各种媒体不同经营理念(pull technology and push technology)。从上下文可知，pull technology是指那种以消费者需求为中心的服务理念。故B为正确答案。

3.B主旨题。文章第二段由总到分，由概括到细节，并以互联网和电视结合的具体困难做例子，分析了数字集成难以实现的一个重要原因——各种媒体不同的服务理念。故B为正确答案。此题中，考生必须注意区分论点和论据，从具体分析和事例中概括段落主旨。

4.C细节题，要求考生准确理解文中的具体信息。本题问及数字集成过程中存在的另一障碍——高额成本。但是本文作者并没有对此展开论述，而是针对这一问题，通过移动电话推广成功的实例，提出了解决的方案。故C为正确答案。

5.D观点题。本题要求考生准确把握文章的总体结构和段落之间的关系，概括作者的观点。在文章的末尾作者总结到，数字集成的实现不仅仅是技术支持的问题，它涉及到服务、商业经营和构成现代社会的种种社会行为(Beyond technology, digital convergence embraces the services, industrial practices and social behavior that form modern society.)作者还进一步提出人工智能技术或许能够帮助解决目前的问题。

参考译文

希望把媒体结合起来并像电视、电话、游戏、音乐和数据传输一样富有变化，数字集成时代将比以前著名的信息高速公路发展得好。要得到这单一的技术不是那么容易的。当前有三大主要电视广播标准是互不相容的。他们都无法跟许多支持网络的技术相比，他们各自有不同的宽带和物理介质。面向世界范围内接受的设计平台和交流体系，这个问题是不可克服的。

即使一旦确定全球标准，还会出现更多的障碍。网络因其反映时间长却不稳定而痛苦，因为这是以消费者需求为中心的“拉动技术”。推动技术与此相反，服务器只是把信息传给被动使用者，像电视和录音机一样。但是，单向传播的电视和互动网络之间某些方式的结合是我们未来媒体的基础。很难知道它是如何操作的。此外，网络和电视集成问题被定义为提供的服务之一。信息、娱乐和休闲对于不同需要都是第一位的。现在严重的疑虑是当消费者坐下来看连续剧时，是否有兴趣用电脑做些智力游戏。

除了消费者的习惯问题，基础设施的成本开始是很大的。在到达用户之前，先由政府和私人组织过目。平台不需要很昂贵。移动电话就是一个很好的例子，它说明复杂的技术也可以攻克。通过改变服务来重新获得成本。在敏锐的市场，被迫升级为有更多功能的，更新的电话以加强信任度。

不管结果如何，技术将在我们日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用。除了技术，数字集成还包括服务、商业经营和构成现代社会的种种行为。我们要用手中的技术建造最精密的机器。最近的事实告诉我们，如果仅仅因为操作指令而不能使用，那么它们将不能存在。无论如何，我们的设计必须简单、可靠且实用。这也许就是人工智能的来源。

Astronomers have witnessed the biggest bang since the Big Bang—the moment about 15 billion years ago when the universe was created in a massive explosion.The huge burst of energy from the edge of the universe is estimated to be second only to the moment of creation in its explosive force,releasing more energy in two seconds than the sun will give out in its lifetime.Scientists hope the explosion—known as a gamma-ray burst because it emits energy in the form of gamma radiation—will shed light on the earliest stages in the evolution of the stars and galaxies.Gamma-ray bursts cannot be seen by the human eye but if they could the sky would light up like a camera flash each time they occurred.They are by far the most energetic events in the universe and,until now,have remained largely a mystery.

The latest gamma-ray burst to be detected accurately occurred last https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e98811563.html,ing a network of telescopes and satellites,the astronomers were able to calculate its distance from earth at about 15 billion light years.This means it must have happened soon after the Big Bang itself,while the intensity of the radiation revealed it to be the biggest bang recorded by man.Scientists from the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the California Institute of Technology are to announce details of their analysis this week.The huge distance between the source of the explosion and the Earth suggests gamma-ray bursts are up to 10 times larger than previously thought,said Jonathan Katz,professor of physics at Washington University in St Louis.

“Gamma-ray bursts may be the most distant things we will ever see and as such will act as beacons to probe into the very distant regions of the universe when stars and galaxies were first formed.”

American spy satellites looking for the radiation released from Soviet nuclear tests first detected

gamma-ray bursts in 1967 but the details were kept classified until 1973.For nearly 25 years scientists were hampered in their efforts to find an explanation for the huge explosions because they lasted no longer than a few seconds.The inability to explain them led to speculation that gamma-ray bursts were the remnants of nuclear battles between alien civ ilizations,or even the exhaust energy of extraterrestrial spaceships going into warp drive.Two satellites,the American Compton gamma-ray observatory and the Italian-Dutch Bepposax satellite,have now been able to locate the precise direction of gamma-ray bursts within seconds of them occurring.John Quenby,professor of physics at Imperial College of Science,Technology and Medicine in London,said the most likely explanation for gamma-ray bursts is that they result from the enormous energy released when two very dense objects—called neutron stars—collide.

1-According to the passage,“the Big Bang” is used to express all of the following EXCEPT

[A] the huge energy burst which created the universe.

[B] the energy burst which took place in the center of the universe.

[C] the explosion which took place in the form of gamma radiation.

[D] the explosion which happened about 15 billion years ago.

2-According to the passage gamma-ray bursts

[A] were detected accidentally.

[B] were first detected by Soviet nuclear experts.

[C] were made known to the public after 1973.

[D] were soon given clear and detailed explanation.

3-It can be concluded from the passage that the study of the Big Bang will probably

[A] lead to the discovery of earliest human civilizations .

[B] tell how and when the universe was formed .

[C] display the intensity of nuclear radiation .

[D] make it possible to communicate with other civilizations .

4-Which of the following is NOT directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?

[A] Gamma-ray explosion is very,very far away from the earth.

[B] Scientists believe that the universe was formed out of the Big Bang.

[C] Gamma-ray bursts lasted only a very short period of time.

[D] Scientists are still working hard to find more plausible explanations for the Big Bang.

5-Which of the following can be used as the best title of the passage?

[A] Gamma-ray bursts and nuclear wars between alien civilizations.

[B] Astronomy and the creation of universe.

[C] Big Bang theory explains the mystery of universe.

[D] Big BangⅡ sheds light on evolution of universe.

答案解析

1-B细节题。文章首句就指出，the Big Bang是指大约150亿年前开天辟地的大爆炸，从此诞生了宇宙。这种大爆炸会释放出大量的能量，两秒钟内释放的能量甚至要比太阳一生中释放的能量还多。这种爆炸又称为伽马射线爆炸，因为它是以伽马辐射的形式释放能量的。从题后的四个选项中可以看出，A、C、D都正确地表达了大爆炸的意思，只有选项B“在宇宙中心发生的能量爆炸”，与文章内容不符，因为大爆炸发生之后才产生了宇宙，它当然不可能发生在宇宙的中心。

2-A细节题。关于伽马射线爆炸的情况，文中第四段说道，美国间谍卫星在搜索来自苏联核试验中释放的射线时第一次探测到了伽马射线爆炸，那是在1967年，但是具体细节一直作为保密内容，直到1973年。在其后大约25年的时间里科学家们试图为这种巨大的爆炸找到一个解释，但是由于爆炸的持续时间只有几秒钟，他们显然对此束手无策。正是因为无法解释这种现象，人们才有了各种各样的猜测。从本题的四个选项中可以看出，A“偶然之间发现的”，与事实相符。B“第一次由苏联的核专家探测到”不符合文章内容，C“1973年之后公布于众”，显然文章中并没有明确指出1973年之后是否将这种现象公之于众，只是指出它此前一度是机密内容，所以也不选这一项。D“很快就得到了清楚详尽的解释”，事实是科学家们对这一现象的解释束手无策，所以选项A为正确答案。

3-B推理题。第一段中间指出，科学家们希望这种爆炸能够给人们带来启示，认识星体和星系在演化过程中早期阶段的情况。选项A认为对大爆炸的研究将可能“发现最早的人类文明”，与内容不符。C“显示核辐射的强度”，没有在文章中提到，D“使与其他文明中的生命进行沟通成为可能”，只是人们对大爆炸现象的一种推测而已。只有B“说明宇宙是在什么时间如何形成的”是正确答案。

4-D推理题。首先要看清楚问题问的是什么。题目是说，下面哪一条不是直接在文中说明，但是能够从文章中推断出来的。选项A“伽马射线爆炸发生在离地球很远的地方”，B“科学家们认为宇宙诞生于大爆炸”和C“伽马射线爆炸仅持续很短的一段时间”，这三个选项均在文中有所说明。选项D“科学家们仍然在努力为大爆炸寻找更加合理的解释”，并没有在文中指明，短文中提到的是，25年来科学家们试图为这种巨大的爆炸找到一个解释，但是由于爆炸的持续时间只有几秒钟，他们显然对此束手无策。正是因为无法解释这种现象，人们才有了各种各样的猜测。可以看出，要对此做出正确的解释，科学家们还需付出更多的努力。

5-D主旨题。纵观全文，作者对第二次大爆炸现象进行了科学的、客观的介绍，在说明目前这一现象尚未得到合理的解释的同时，又指出它可以对宇宙的演变给人们以启示。四个选项中只有D“第二次大爆炸给宇宙的演变以启示”最符合题意。

参考译文

天文学家目击了最大的宇宙大爆炸——这次大爆炸是发生在150亿年前宇宙在一次大爆炸形成的时候。从宇宙边缘所爆发的能量在爆炸力方面估计仅次于宇宙创世大爆炸，两秒钟爆炸所释放的能量比太阳一生释放的能量还要多。科学家希望这次爆炸——就是众所周知的伽马射线爆炸，因为它以伽马放射的方式散发能量——在星球进化的早期能够显现出来。伽马星系的放射人类用肉眼是看不见的，除非每次爆炸发生时天空都能像照相机闪光灯那么亮。到现在为止，包括现在宇宙中发生的事件仍然是个很大的迷。

去年十二月份，用网络望远镜和卫星精确地侦察到了最新一次伽马射线的爆炸。天文学家估计它与我们地球大概有15光年。意思就是它在大爆炸发生不久就发生了。极大的爆炸强度使人们把它记载为史上最大的爆炸。这星期，美国国家航天航空中心和加里弗尼亚技术研究所宣布了他们对爆炸研究分析的细节。圣劳伦斯华盛顿大学的物理教授Jonathan Katz认为：从地球到爆炸源如此远的距离可以知道，伽马射线的爆炸要比我们所看到的要大十倍。

伽马射线爆炸是我们所见的最远距离的东西，当在这宇宙星星和星系最初形成时它就像信号灯一样，促使我们去探究宇宙更远的地方。

寻找苏联核试验所释放的射线的美国间谍卫星1967年探测到了伽马射线爆炸，但爆炸的细节却一直保密到1973年。在其后大约25年的时间里，科学家试图为大爆炸找到一个解释，但由于大爆炸的持续时间只有几秒钟，他们显然对此束手无策。由于无法解释这种现象，因此人们推测这些伽马射线爆炸是外星人之间核战争的遗迹，甚至后来有人认为是外星人飞船偏离轨道后释放的最后能量。美国康普顿伽马卫星天文台的两颗卫星和意大利比珀撒克斯公爵的卫星将在第二次伽马射线发生爆炸的方向准确地登陆。伦敦的国家科学技术和医学学院的物理教授John Quenby说道：对伽马射线爆炸的最好解释就是，他们是由于两个被称为中子星的高密度物体的碰撞，而释放出来的巨大能量。

Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta-carotene which the body converts into vitamin A and additional iron,and they are working on three kinds of nutritionally improved crops.Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attributable to pests,drought,poor soil and crop viruses,bacteria or fungi.Damage caused by pests is incredible.The European corn borer,for example,destroys 40 million tons of the world’s corn crops annually,about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance.In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa yields have increased significantly.So far,fears that genetically modified,pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.V iruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries.Two years ago Africa lost more than half its cassava crop—a key source of calories—to the mosaic virus.Genetically modified,virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage,as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortage limit the amount of land under cultivation.Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminium,which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures.A gene that helps neutralize aluminium toxicity in rice has been identified.Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.

Y et for all that promise,biotech is far from being the whole answer.In developing countries,lost crops are only one cause of hunger.Poverty plays the largest role.Today more than 1 billion peop le around the globe live on less than $1 a day.Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce. Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries.Taken as a whole,the world produces enough food to feed everyone but much of it is simply in the wrong place.Especially in countries with undeveloped transport infrastructures,geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it.Biotech has its own“distribution” problems.Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops.Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world,and many of those products won’t even reach the regions where they are most needed.Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development.But some of these companies are responding to the needs of poor countries.A London-based company,for example,has announced that it will share with developing countries

technology needed to produce vitamin-enriched“golden rice”.More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries.But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries,there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies-both local and in developed countries-and private biotech firms.The ISAAA for example,is successfully partnering with the U.S.Agency for international Development,local researchers and private biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.

Biotech is not a panacea,but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries if that promise is not fulfilled.The real losers will be their people,who could suffer for years to come.

1.According to the second paragraph,what is not the function of biotech?

[A] The genetically modified,pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad ones.

[B] It can help solve the problem of soil that contains excess Aluminium.

[C] It could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries.

[D] It can help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.

2.By saying“but much of it is simply in the wrong place”,the author means

[A] the food is produced mainly in developed countries.

[B] the food is produced in the place where it is not so needed.

[C] the food is produced in the remote area that is hard to be transported.

[D] most of the food can’t reach the regions where they are most needed.

3.The problem of biotech is that

[A] it can’t solve all the problems existed in developing countries.

[B] the genetically modified crops in the rich countries are never responding to the needs poor countries.

[C] it brings devastating effects along with advantages.

[D] it can’t overcome the chall enge of distributing food in developing countries.

4.The synonym of “panacea” in the last paragraph is

[A] sole solution.[B] omnipotence.

[C] almighty.[D] reality.

5.The text indicates that

[A] biotech is the only solution of lack of food.

[B]although biotech is efficient in improving farming productivity,it is still very hard to be used by the poor farmers in the developing world.

[C] biotech is more crucial to wealthy countries than developing countries.

[D] the risks of biotech outweigh the benefits.

试题详解

答案解析

1.A细节题。文中第一段中部，So far,fears that genetically modified,pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.放射物技术的抗虫害转基因作物不仅将害虫杀死，而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死，但这只是一种担心，并没有根据。它能解决土壤铝含量过高的问题，并能提高农业生产率及防止作物收割后遭受损失。

2.C语义题。这句话的意思是“大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方”，因为接下来的解释是Especially in countries with undeveloped transport infrastructures,geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it.地理条件对食物供给的限制很大，因此很明显这里指的是交通运输设施比较落后的地方，粮食难以运出，最佳答案是C。

3.D细节题。此题考察目前生物技术的问题在于价格昂贵和难以分配，本题中D项与第二点相吻合。而A项错误在于它是原题的概念重复，B项错误在于文中提到有些公司已开始对贫穷国家的需要作了反应，C项提到的生物技术的损害性在本文中并未提及。

4. B语义题。panacea意为“万灵药”，由下文中“它没有为很多发展中国家的农业改变许下诺言”可知，所以意思最接近的是B项omnipotence。

5. B推理题。本文阐述了生物技术在抗虫害、病毒等方面的作用，也提到了所面临的障碍，即生物技术都是由私营生物技术公司进行的，对于迫切需要生物技术解决温饱问题的发展中国家农民来说，这些公司的产品显得过于昂贵。

参考译文

生物工艺学家发展了基因改善水稻增加β胡罗卜素，使人体转化为维生素A和额外的铁。并且他们正在研究三种提高营养的水稻。生物工艺可以提高因昆虫、干旱、贫瘠的土地、害虫、病毒及霉菌导致食粮短缺的地区粮食产量。由昆虫引起的破坏是不可预计的。比如欧洲的玉米害虫每年毁掉400万吨的世界玉米农作物，约占总产量的7%。将抵制昆虫的基因混合到种子中可以恢复平衡。在非洲进行的防虫棉花试验后，产量提高惊人。但在进行基因改善，抵制昆虫的同时，也可有能杀死益虫而未找到害虫。在发展中国家由病毒引起的主要粮食的减产数目非常大。两年前非洲损失了一半以上的木薯——这种作物是热量的主要来源，引起这种损失的是一种叫mosaic的病毒。经过基因改良抵制害虫的庄稼可以减少这种损失，就像培养缺水地区抗旱的种子一样。生物工艺也能解决因土壤含铝过度导致根须的破坏使主要粮食减产的问题。基因可以帮助消除稻米中铝的毒性。很多科学家都相信生物工艺可以使发展中国家农业生产率提高25%，防止收割后粮食遭受损失。

尽管有上面的承诺，生物工艺并不是全部的解决方法。在发展中国家，粮食短缺只是引起饥荒的一个原因。贫穷才是最大的原因。现在全球有10亿以上的人每天只有低于一美元的生活水准。如果农民没有能力种粮食，或者地方人口购买不起农民生产的粮食，那么通过基因工程改善粮食作物是不能减少饥荒的，生物工艺也不可能克服发展中国家粮食分布问题所带来的挑战。从全局来看，世界上生产的粮食足以供给每一个人，但大部分的粮食却用在错误的地方。尤其是在那些交通设施落后，地理条件限制粮食生产的国家，特别需要基因改善工程去促进。生物工艺也存在“分布”的问题。富有国家的私人开办的生物工程公司在基因改善粮食项目研究上处于领先地位。他们的粮食价格高得让发展中国家的贫苦农民买不起，而这些产品甚至不会到达那些需要的地区。生物工程公司集中财力将目标首先对准富有市场以便迅速赚回在产品开发方面的商业投入，但一些公司会对贫穷国家的需要做出响应。比如一个建立在伦敦的公司，它声称与发展中国家共同分享可以生产丰富维生素“金色稻米”技术。越来越多的生物工程研究在发展中国家得到发展。但为了提高那些国家在粮食基因研究的影响，需要当地政府与发达国家政府与私人生物工程公司的更好合作。如，ISAAA成功地参

美国国际开发署、地方研究人员和私人生物工程公司合作，为发展中国家的农民寻找生物技术解决方案。

生物工程并不是万全之策，它没有为很多发展中国家农业改变许下诺言。真正的受害者是人民。他们可能会为此遭受多年。

Some accept their fate. Others try to reason with the police officer who has pulled them over for some real or imagined traffic offense. But when law enforcement is represented by computer driven camera that has immortalized your violation on film—as is the case at hundreds of intersections in more than 60 cities around the U.S.—it’s hard to talk your way out of a heavy fine. Y et that is precisely what some 300 motorists in San Diego succeeded in doing last week when a superior court judge rules that pictures taken by the so called red light cameras were unreliable and therefore unacceptable.

The first U.S.Court decision to reject all the traffic violations caught on camera,the ruling by judge Ronald Styn has fueled debate over the growing use of the devices.Police departments swear,and studies indicate,that the robocams (robot cameras) deter people from speeding and running red lights.A Lou Harris pool set for release this week finds that 69% of Americans support their use.Y et at least seven states have blocked proposals to implement them,and opponents—ranging from House majority leader Dick Armey to the American Civil Liberties Union—argue that the cameras violate privacy and place profit above public safety.

Part of the problem is that virtually all the devices in place are operated by private firms that handle everything from installing the machinery to identifying violations—often with minimal police oversight—and have an incentive to pull in as many drivers as they can.The companie栀杩汨?癥os get paid as much as $70 a ticket,and the total revenue is hardly chump change.“It’s all about money,” says Congressman Bob Barr,a leading critic.Not so,insists Terrance Gainer,Washington’s executive assistant chief of police.“We have reduced fatalities.If some company is making money off that,that is American way.”

Critics counter that there must be other,less intrusive ways to make intersections safer,such as lengthening the yellow light an d adding turn lanes.“I object to this fixation we have with cameras and electronically gathered information,” says Barr.“It places too much confidence in technology.” That confidence,as Washington residents have learned,can be misplaced.

Another concern is privacy.While systems in Washington,Maryland and North Carolina photograph nothing but the rear of the car,others in Arizona,California,and Colorado take a picture of the driver’s seat as well—a bit of electronic monitoring that could land straying spouses in trouble a lot more serious than a traffic violation.

In Europe,where speedcams are destroyed by the thousands and are even less popular than they are here,resentful drivers have started to take the matters into their own hands,seeking out hidden cameras and knocking them over with their cars.

1.The court decision last week

[A] triggered a dispute over the use of robocams.

[B] exempt few camera caught violators from punishment.

[C] found fewer red light camera supporters in America.

[D] deterred some states from implementing camera devices.

2.Police department believes that

[A] robocams should not be operated by private firms.

[B] robocams are effective in maintaining traffic order.

[C] speeding is the major cause of traffic fatalities.

[D] companies operating cameras should not pursue money only.

3.Opponents’ arguments against cameras include all the following EXCEPT

[A] they intrude into people’s privacy.

[B] 栀杩汨?癥othey give priority to the pursuit of profit.

[C] they are operated by private firms.

[D] they are under the supervision of police.

4.According to the passage,Bob Barr

[A] is the majority leader in the House of Representatives.

[B] is strongly against the American way of making money.

[C] lacks confidence in modern technology.

[D] doubts the authenticity of electronically gathered information.

5.Drivers in European countries

[A] get angry at the red light cameras.

[B] destroy thousands of the speedcams.

[C] take the initiative in the use of speedcams.

[D] take drastic measures with speedcams.

试题详解

答案解析

1.D细节题。本题的依据在第一、二段中。由第一段中圣地亚哥300名司机胜诉的事实，可知选项B是错误的。第二段中引述了一项民意调查的结果(69%的美国人支持使用这种自动相机)可知选项C是错误的。选项A似是而非，陈述与原文(the growing use of the devices)有出入。而第二段末，七个州驳回了安装电子眼的提议证明D是正确答案。

2.B细节题。文中第二段指出，警方认为，并且有研究表明，安装电子眼能够有效地维持交通秩序。(Police departments swear,and studies indicate,that the robocams (robot cameras) deter people from speeding and running red lights.)因此正确答案为B。

3.D细节题。依据第三段第一句(Part of the problem is that virtually all the devices in place are operated by private firms that handle everything from installing the machinery to identifying violations—often with minimal police oversight...)可知在安装这些电子眼的时候，几乎没有警方监督。因此正确答案为D。

4.D细节题。文中分别在第四、五段中两次引述了议员Bob Barr的话(“It’s all about money,”

says Congressman Bob Barr,a leading critic.和“I object to this fixation we have with cameras and electronically gathered information,” says Barr.“It places too much confidence in technology.”)来表达反对派的意见。根据这些线索可知正确答案为D。

5.D细节题。从文章最后一段可知，在欧洲，人们采取更为激烈的做法(…started to take the matters into their own hands, seeking out hidden cameras and knocking them over with their cars)。因此D(对电子眼采取更为激烈的措施)为正确答案。

参考译文

有些人接受了他们被罚的命运。其他一些人去找让他们把车开到路边的警官理论由于真实或想象的原因而造成的违章。但是当电脑控制的相机将违章记录在底片上——这正是在美国60多个城市的成百上千的十字路口发生的情况——按你的说法逃避重罚是很栀杩汨?癥o 难的。但上周300名司机成功地做到了这一点是千真万确的事，高级法院裁定由所谓的红灯相机的所拍摄到的图片不可信，因此不能接受。

美国第一个法庭决定否决相机拍到的交通违章，在法官罗纳德·斯迪恩领导下开展了一场关于这种设备使用不断增加的辩论。警察局认为，并且有研究表明这些遥控摄像机可以阻止人们超速或闯红灯。卢·哈里斯的一个民意调查的结果表明69%的美国人支持使用这样的摄像机。然而至少有七个州驳回了实施提案，反对者——从议院的多数领导迪克·阿梅到美国公民自由联盟——认为摄像机侵犯了个人隐私和公共安全利益。

部分问题是事实上所有设备由私人公司操纵，这些公司掌握着一切，从安装机器到辨别违章——经常很少有警察监督——他们有使尽可能多的司机停车的动机。公司由此可以得到票价为70美元的罚款，他们从罚款中获得的收入是相当可观的。“这都是因为钱。”国会议员兼主要评论家鲍勃·巴尔说。不仅如此，华盛顿警察机关的行政助理托伦斯·格娜强调，“我们减少了车祸，如果有些公司不愿意投资在这上面，那就是美国的方式。”

评论家反击说一定存在其他使十字路口更安全并更少干扰的方法，如增长黄灯的时间和增加转弯等。“我反对安装带有相机并用电子记录信息的设备。”巴尔说，“在技术上过于自信了。”这种自信就像华盛顿居民的自信一样，用错了地方。

另一个关注的问题是隐私。在华盛顿，马尔莱和北卡罗莱纳州只拍到了车的尾部。其他在亚桑那州、加里佛尼亚和科罗拉多州也只拍到了司机的座位。比起交通违章来，电子眼拍下的镜头会使那些有外遇的人卷入比交通违章更多的麻烦。

在欧洲，数千个速度监视器已毁坏，他们比在美国还不受欢迎，有些愤慨的司机，自己找到隐藏的摄像机甚至用车把它撞倒。

The world’s tropical rainforests comprise some 6%of the Earth’s land area and contain more than half of all known life forms, or a conservative estimate of about 30 million species of plants and animals. Some experts estimate there could be two or even three times as many species hidden within these complex and fast disappearing ecosystems; scientists will probably never know for certain,so vast is the amount of study required.

Time is running out for biological https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e98811563.html,mercial development is responsible for the loss of about 17 million hectares of virgin rainforest each year—a figure approximating 1% of what remains of the world’s rainforests.

The current devastation of once impenetrable rainforest is of particular concern because, although new tree growth may in time repopulate felled areas,the biologically diverse storehouse

of flora and fauna is gone forever.Losing this bountiful inheritance,which took millions of years to reach its present highly evolved state,would be an unparalleled act of human stupidity.

The rewards of discovery are potentially enormous,yet the outlook is bleak.Timber-rich countries mired in debt,view potential financial gain decades into the future as less attractive than short-term profit from logging.Cataloguing species and analyzing newly-found substances takes time and money,both of which are in short supply.Besides,it is not clear that developing countries would necessarily benefit financially from extended bioprospecting of their rainforests攀扭牥摥戠e.Pharmaceutical companies make huge profits from the sale of drugs with little return to the country in which an original discovery was made.Also,cataloguing tropical biodiversity involves much more than a search for medically useful and therefore commercially viable drugs.Painstaking biological fieldwork helps to build immense databases of genetic,chemical and behavioral information that will be of benefit only to those countries developed enough to use them.

Reckless logging itself is not the only danger to rainforests.Fires lit to clear land for further logging and for housing and agricultural development played havoc in the late 1990s in the forests of Borneo.Massive clouds of smoke from burning forest fires swept across the southernmost countries of South-East Asia choking cities and reminding even the most resolute advocates of rainforest clearing of the swiftness of nature’s retribution.Nor are the dangers entirely to the rainforests themselves.Until very recently,so-called“lost” tribes—indigenous peoples who have had no contact with outside world and who have managed to live in harmony with their environment—still existed deep within certain rainforests.It is now unlikely that there are any more truly lost tribes.Contact with the modern world inevitably brings with it exploitation,loss of traditional culture,and,in an alarming number of instances,complete obliteration.

1.The amount of rainforest destroyed annually is

[A] approximately 6% of the Earth’s land area.

[B] such that it will only take 100 years to lose all the forests.

[C] increasing at an alarming rate.

[D] responsible for commercial development.

2.The current devastation of rainforest arouses particular concern because

[A] felled areas haven’t been repopulated with new trees.

[B] it took millions of years to develop into present highly evolved state.

[C] the biologically diverse storehouse is destroyed forever.

[D] it is an irremedia攀扭牥摥戠eble human stupidity.

3. What is one of the reasons for the bleak outlook of biological research even though the rewards are potentially enormous?

[A] The timber-rich countries fail to realize the importance of rainforest protection.

[B] Logging is a traditional and attractive industry in those timber rich countries.

[C] The shortage of time and money makes biological research difficult.

[D] Developed countries may not benefit financially from the research.

4. In Borneo in the late 1990s

[A] burning forest fires caused air pollution problems as far away as Europe.

[B] reckless logging resulted from burning forest fires.

[C] fires were lit to play the game of havoc.

[D] none of the above.

5. Many so-called“lost” tribes of certain rainforests

[A] have been destroyed by contact with the modern world.

[B] do not know how to exploit the rainforest without causing harm to the environment.

[C] are still lost deep inside the rainforest.

[D] turn out the dangers to the rainforests.

试题详解

答案解析

1.B细节题。文章第二段中指出由于经济利益的驱动，每年世界雨林面积减少1700万公顷，大致相当于全球雨林总面积的1% (...loss of about 17 million hectares...a figure approximating 1% of what remains of the world s rainforests...)。由此可知，如果按目前的速度，只要100年雨林就全部砍伐光了。故正确答案为B。

2.C细节题。文中第三段指出对雨林的破坏引起人们的关注是因为雨林地区动植物的多样性将遭到永久的破坏。选项A与文中事实不符；选项B是对雨林本身性质的描述；选项D 是对后果的评价。故正确答案为C。

3.C细节题。在阅读中，考生要注意第四段的第一句话，特别是其中的转折连词yet。这是该段的主题句，点明讨论的中心问题是雨林研究前景的渺茫，并在下文进一步分析了原因——发展中国家为了获得短期的经济利益大肆砍伐雨林；对雨林进行研究时间和资金的不足；发展中国家未必从研究中获益，而只有高度发达的国家才能从中受益。因此选项A、B、D都与文中第四段的内容不符。故正确答案为C。

4.D细节题。选项A中的陈述不实。文中指出浓重的烟雾波及到东南亚最南边的国家，并未提及欧洲；选项B的内容因果倒置；选项C强调目的，而非文中议论的结果。故正确答案为D。

5.A细节题。文章最后一段的中心是与雨林一起消失的土著文化。这些曾经生活在密林深处、与大自然和谐相处的部落，在与现代文明的接触中渐渐消失了。它们被剥削、失去了文化传统，甚至相当数量的部落在现代文明的影响下完全消失。故正确答案为A。

参考译文

世界上的热带雨林占世界陆地总面积的6%，包含了一半以上的已知生物体。保守估计，约有三千种动植物。某些专家估计，那里可能有三倍多的物种隐藏在这个复杂又若隐若现的攀扭牥摥戠e生态环境中。有这么多的东西要学习，有些东西科学家很可能一直都不会知道。

时间流逝，因商业发展对生态的研究，每年1700万公顷原始森林(大致相当于世界雨林面积的1%)的流失负有很大的责任。

目前，曾视为禁区的生态雨林的毁坏引起了人们的特别关注。因为，尽管砍伐的地区补种了新树苗，但多样的生态仓库中，花苗和动植物等将永远消失。丢失丰富的遗产，将需要几千万年时间才能将它恢复到现在这样高级的水平。这将是人类所做的最大的蠢事。

重大发现的回报是很可观，而它的前景是暗淡的。那些木材资源丰富的国家负债累累。它们认为未来几十年后这种资源潜在的经济回报没有短期内伐木业所带来的经济效益那么诱人。编写物种目录和分析新找到的物质需要时间和金钱，他们都只能供短期使用。另外，发展中国家是否能从对雨林地区的生物种类扩大中获利还不清楚。药物公司从销售药物方面的到了很大的利润，但对最初发现它的国家的回报很少。同时对热带雨林地区的生物的多样性进行调查分类不仅仅是为了寻找有医学价值，并且能够创造经济利润的药品。艰苦的生物学实地调查有助于建立极大的生物学、化学和行为信息的数据库，这些只对很发达的国家才有用。

不计后果的伐木本身就对雨林有危害。二十世纪九十年代后期，为伐木、建房和发展农业的点火清除树木的做法使加里曼丹岛的森林造成了极大的破坏。大片的黑云从燃烧森林蔓延到东南亚最南端，使整个城市都感到窒息。同时也提醒那些极力主张迅速砍伐森林进行国家建设的人。

也不是所有的危害都是伐木本身造成的。直到最近，那个被叫做“遗失”部落——没跟外界联系的土著人试图在他们的环境中和睦的相处——还是生活在雨林中。他们现在已不是真正遗失的部落了。与外界的联系不可避免的给他们带了剥削、传统文化的丢失甚至完全消失这样惊人的事情。

Publishing,a print based business that to some people is beginning to represent the past,is attempting to adapt to the new digital world.Marc Aronson,a senior children’s book editor and a longtime student of the impact of changing technology on publishing,describes this impact as a kind of blurring or hybridization.“The keynote of the digital age is overlap,multiplicity,synergy.The digital,does n’t replace print,it subsumes it,” Aronson said.“Print becomes a form of the digital,just as the digital has a special place when it appears in print.” Especially in books for young people,he notes,more authors and artists are trying books with multiple story lines or told from various points of view.

One strain of this new type of nonlinear writing is popularly known as hypertext fiction.At its simplest,hypertext fiction mimics the Choose Y our Own Adventure books that became popular in the early 1980s.In these books,readers directed the story by choosing which page to turn to at key points based on what they wanted the character to do.In hypertext fiction,the reader explores different branches of a story on a computer by clicking on hyperlinks in the text.The result is a fragmented,slightly surreal narrative in which time is not linear and there is no obvious conclusion.

Michael Joyce,a professor of English at V assar,is a leading theoretician and author of hypertext fiction.He wrote what is widely considered the first major work of hypertext fiction,Afternoon,a story,which consists of more than 50?敶楲楦扡l0 different screens,or pages,which are connected by more than 900 links.Joyce defines hypertext fiction as “stories that change each time you read them.” He notes that “interactive narrative does not necessarily mean multiple plot lines,but can also mean exploring the multiple thematic lines or contours of a story.”

Not surprisingly,hypertext has frequently come under attack from traditional critics.Perhaps the

most powerfully simple critique,however,comes from Charles Platt,a contributing editor for Wired magazine and a prominent sci-fi writer and critic.“Could it be,” wonders Platt,“that storytelling really doesn’t work very well if the user can interfere with it?” People really want the author,scriptwriter,or actors to do the heavy lifting of narrative,he argues.On the other hand,Platt suspects that we have hardly begun to explore true interactive media and that it will be utterly different from fiction as we know it today.

1.According to Marc Aronson,the digital technology

[A]is used side by side with print.[B]has replaced the role of print.

[C]serves as an assistance to print.[D]includes the functions of print.

2.According to the passage there is a tendency that

[A]publishing,a print-based business,is beginning to lose its appeal to readers.

[B]more authors and artists are trying new writing techniques to satisfy young readers.

[C]hypertext fictions are well recognized by readers and critics.

[D]the digital technology promotes the proliferation of surreal detective stories.

3.All the following are the characteristics of hyper fiction EXCEPT that

[A]it is written in a nonlinear fashion.

[B]it does not always have a conclusion.

[C]it must be read on a computer.

[D]it gives readers fragmented story.

4.Michael Joyce is remembered because he

[A]is a famous theoretician of hypertext fiction.

[B]gives an accurate definition of hypertext fiction. P>[C]is the author of the first major hypertext story.

[D]created a hypertext story connected by more than 900 links.

5.In Charles Platt’s opinion,

[A]the so-called hypertext fiction is in fact nothing great.

[B]no good stories can be made without the use of hypertext.

[C]current hypertext has not fully utilized the new medium.

[D]traditional ways of storytelling are better than hypertext.

试题详解

答案解析

1.D细节题。Marc Aronson关于数字技术与传统印刷的关系可在第一段中找到。他说：The digital,doesn’t replace print,it subsumes it…Print becomes a form of the digit al,just as the digital has a special place when it appears in print…。从中可以看出，他认为数字技术已包含了传统印刷，传统印刷已成为数字技术的一种形式，它们之间不是替代的关系。因此D是正确的。

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