English language

English language

The English language, which takes its name from its origins as the native tongue of the people of England, is today the most widely spoken language in the world.[5] It is spoken as a first language by a majority of the inhabitants of several nations, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. It is the third most commonly spoken language in the world in terms of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.[6] It is widely learned as a second language and used as an official language of the European Union and many Commonwealth countries, as well as in many world organisations.

English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian盎格鲁人的 medieval kingdom of Northumbria.诺森布里亚（中世纪在英国北方的王国） Following the extensive influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, via the British Empire, and of the United States since the mid-20th century,[7][8][9][10] it has been widely dispersed around the world, becoming the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions.[11][12]

Significance

See also: English-speaking world and Anglosphere

?Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca,[19][20] is the dominant language or in some instances even the required international language of communications, science, information technology, business, seafaring,[21] aviation,[22] entertainment, radio and diplomacy.[23] Its spread beyond the British Isles不列颠群岛began with the growth of the British Empire, and by the late 19th century its reach was truly global.[4]Following British colonisation from the 16th to 19th centuries, it became the dominant language in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The growing economic and cultural influence of the US and its status as a global superpower since World War II have significantly accelerated the language's spread across the planet.[20] English replaced German as the dominant language of science Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century.[24]English equalled and may have surpassed French as the dominant language of diplomacy during the last half of the 19th century.

? A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of fields, occupations and professions such as medicine and computing; as a consequence

over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level (see English

language learning and teaching). It is one of six official languages of the

United Nations.[25]

?Arabic Chinese (Mandarin) English French Russian Spanish

One impact of the growth of English is the reduction of native linguistic diversity in many parts of the world. Its influence continues to play an important role in language attrition.摩擦[26] Conversely, the natural internal variety of English along with creoles克里奥耳语;混合语and pidgins洋泾滨语；混杂语言 have the potential to produce new distinct languages from English over time.[27]

English as a global language

See also: English in computing, International English, World language, and English as a foreign or second language

Because English is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a "world language", the lingua franca of the modern era,[20] and while it is not an official language in most countries, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language. Some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural property of "native English speakers", but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures worldwide as it continues to grow.[20] It is, by international treaty, the official language for aerial and maritime communications.[64]English is an official language of the United Nations and many other international

organisations, including the International Olympic Committee.

English is the language most often studied as a foreign language in the European Union, by 89% of schoolchildren, ahead of French at 32%, while the perception of the usefulness of foreign languages amongst Europeans is 68% in favour of English ahead of 25% for French.[65] Among some non-English-speaking EU countries, a large percentage of the adult population claims to be able to converse in English – in particular: 85% in Sweden, 83% in Denmark, 79% in the Netherlands, 66% in Luxembourg and over 50% in Finland, Slovenia, Austria, Belgium, and Germany.[66]

Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences[20]with Science Citation Index科学文献索引reporting as early as 1997 that 95% of its articles were written in English, even though only half of them came from authors in English-speaking countries.

This increasing use of the English language globally has had a large impact on many other languages, leading to language shift and even language death,[67]and to claims of linguistic imperialism.[68]English itself is now open to language shift as multiple regional varieties feed back into the language as a whole.[68]

Geographical distribution

See also: List of countries by English-speaking population

Pie chart showing the relative numbers of native English speakers in the major English-speaking countries of the world

Approximately 375 million people speak English as their first language.[40]English today is probably the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.[6][41] However, when combining native and non-native speakers it is probably the most commonly spoken language in the world, though possibly second to a combination of the Chinese languages(depending on whether or not distinctions in the latter are classified as "languages" or "dialects").[42][43]

Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to over a billion depending on how literacy or mastery is defined and measured.[44][45] Linguistics professor David Crystal calculates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1.[46]

The countries with the highest populations of native English speakers are, in descending order: the United States (215 million),[47] the United Kingdom

(61 million),[48] Canada (18.2 million),[49]Australia (15.5 million),[50] Nigeria (4 million),[51] Ireland (3.8 million),[48] South Africa (3.7 million),[52] and New Zealand (3.6 million) 2006 Census.[53]

Countries such as the Philippines, Jamaica and Nigeria also have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to a more standard version of English. Of those nations where English is spoken as a second language, India has the most such speakers ('Indian English'). Crystal claims that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world.[54][55]

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Sorry, he is busy at the moment. 2. 3. Why didn’t you call earlier? 4. 5. Certainly. May I know your name? 6. 7. Sorry. He doesn’t want to see you. 8. 1. —This is the worst film ever produced. Do you think so? —_______ 2. ( B ) 1. You’re wrong 2. 3. I don’t think so, I’m afraid 4. 5. Not at all 6. 7. No, that’s not real 8. 1. —My dear! I made a mistake again. —_______ 2. ( B ) 1. Be careful. 2. 3. Don’t w orry. We can do something to make up for it. 4. 5. What a pity!

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大学英语精读二作业二参考答案 注意：以下题目为样卷，实际考试中题目顺序可能会随电脑抽样有所调整，请 注意看清题目再做选择。 第一部分：交际用语（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分） 1.How would you like to mail it? 答案：By air mail, please 2.____________. You too! 答案：Merry Christmas! 3.Can I borrow your digital camera for a couple of days? 答案：Sure, here you are. Enjoy your journey 4.I've just heard that the tickets for Swan Lake have been sold out! Oh, no! ________. 答案：I was looking forward to it 5.It's very thoughtful of you to give me a ride. -____________. 答案：My pleasure 第二部分：阅读理解（共10小题；每小题3分，满分30分） Passage 1 Gail and Howard liked to travel. Every holiday they went to a different place. They were always careful when they left the house. They locked the doors and windows. Then Gail took the extra keys and left them with her mother. Gail and Howard spent two weeks camping in the mountains. They had a great time, but when they came home, all they wanted to do was to sleep. They both looked for the keys everywhere,

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Fail to do sth. 没能做… Enable sb. to do sth. 使能做… Make sb. unable to do sth. 使不能做… Help do sth. 有助于做…,帮助做… Facilitate sth. Lack sth. 缺乏…动词短语 A lack of sth. 缺乏…名词短语 A shortage of sth.缺乏…名词短语 Run out of sth.用完… Exhaust sth.耗尽（资源） Confronted with sth. Be confronted with sth. 面临…; 面对…. Faced with sth. Be faced with sth.面临…; 面对…. In the face of面临…; 面对…. In the long run 长远来看 Long-term benefit 长期利益 Short-sighted 只顾眼前利益的，目光短浅的 Make remarkable achievement 做出杰出成就remarkable 可换Make outstanding contribution 做出杰出的贡献 Achieve something Achieve nothing 一事无成 Achieve success 取得成功 Achieve our goal达到目标

Hit our goal 达到目标 Contribute to our success 有助于我们的成功 Contribute to the development of society 对社会的发展作出贡献Enrich our experience/life 丰富我们的经历/生活 Add color/variety to our college life 为我们的大学生活增添色彩/多样性 Broaden our horizon开拓视野 Widen our scope of knowledge 拓宽知识面 Fierce/severe competition 激烈的竞争 Sharpen our competitive edge 增加我们的竞争优势 Take advantage of /make full use of 利用 Lay a solid foundation for 为…打下坚实的基础 Develop our interest发展兴趣 Offer the chance/opportunity to do sth.提供机会做… Offer help 提供帮助offer courses 开课 Afford sth. 支付得起时间金钱等 Afford to do sth. Pursue a better life追求更好的生活 Pursue one’s study求学 Enhance/improve/increase your ability 增强你的能力 Enhance/strengthen the relationship 改善/加强关系 Boost

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我的答案：C此题得分：2.5分 5.（2.5分）–What can I do for you? --__________. ?A、Hello. ?B、I want to buy this book. ?C、Thank you. ?D、Nice to meet you. 我的答案：B此题得分：2.5分 6.（2.5分）Iron expands when____ . ?A、heat ?B、hot ?C、heated ?D、is hot 我的答案：C此题得分：2.5分 7.（2.5分）—What did you think of Bellow’s new book? — I enjoyed ________ it. ?A、to read ?B、reading ?C、to have read

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（冒号前面的是我们习惯想到的词，考试中尽量少用！一定要用后面的词去替换前面）We, everyone: any reasonable/sensitive soul/mind, talented minds, elite minds, versatile minds, personality, figures, celebrity, idiots, philosophic minds, genius More and more: increasingly, Big: enormous, tremendous, gigantic, titanic, astronomical, vast, boundless, Very: extremely, overwhelmingly, undeniably, remarkably, voluminously, excessively, exceedingly, tangibly, impressively, shockingly, Famous: renowned, celebrated, accomplished, distinguished, prominent, eminent, outstanding, preeminent, Good: spectacular, amazing, unbelievable, incredible, magnificent, adorable, fantastic, fascinating, admirable, respectable, cherishable, adorable, awesome, terrific, majestic, Bad: nightmarish, disgusting, despicable, monstrous, appalling, abhorring, repelling, repulsive, Important: significant, essential, basic, fundamental, indispensable, crucial, critical, decisive, determinant, dominant, predominant, infallible, Say, Believe，think: suppose, hold, claim, maintain, presume, assume, contend, argue, declare, I am convinced, conclude, Improve, better: further, promote, enhance, reinforce, strengthen, consolidate, cement, nurture, relieve, recover, Everyone knows: it’s a truth universally acknowledged t hat, It can never be denied, it is undeniable that，It goes without saying that，It is self evident that，It is highly advisably, imperative, remarkable that，It comforts one to know that… ◆常见替代词汇解释 1. accelerate: 后面接名词，表示“加速”，中性词，好事坏事都能用。 2. adequate: “足够的”，用来替代经常被使用的enough。 3. advance: 名词，“进步，发展”，用来替代文章开头经常使用的development，progress。 4. advisable / sensible / rational: “合理的”，都可以替代reasonable。 5. cannot afford to: “不应当做”，不是我们说的“负担不起”。 6. be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”，后面接消极概念。 7. alternative: “其他的选择或办法”，比如an alternative is that… 相当于in addition（除此之外）。 8. applicable / feasible / workable: 都表示“可行的”，用在政策、法令、手段等词前面做修饰语，既可增加字长，又可以提高词汇水平。 9. approach / channel: “方法，手段”，用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇，如method 等。 10. approve of something: “批准，同意”，注意不要忘记介词of。 11. attach importance to something: 表示“重视，强调”，替代pay attention to。

英语(2)第2次-在线作业

1.【Unit Two (2)】The rain was ___________ we could hardly move forward. A so heavy that 】In the early days everyone __________ have a good time indeed. Two (2)】We have followed the trail of these people ________ find that they have moved. 】If you'd seen me five or six years ago, you wouldn't ____________ me now. 】Within a few hours I noticed a large number of fish __________ at the water 】Judged _________ her appearance, she can't be over 30.D by 】Today there is more awareness of the ____________ between food and health. 】Energy is ____________ makes things work. 9.【Unit Two (2)】There were __________ in some of the distant fields which i thought to be 10.【Unit Two (2)】For all of us, to be able to talk in an ___________ of trust and support is the most important. (2)】He came to Peking University _________ a visiting scholar several years ago. 】Dad is a little _________ and needs a hearing aid. 13.【Unit Two (2)】You will learn that I can be a better friend to you than ________ sent you here. 】Did you have a word as well to describe __________ in that jungle? 】"Not particularly!" he said __________, as though it mattered very little. Two (2)】 - That's a real letdown! - My parents are not able to attend the graduation. - ___________ B That's too bad. But they'll feel happy for you. 把事情搞砸) again? - ____________. D I'm afraid we can't give you that position. 20.【Unit Two (2)】 - Is my illness serious? - ____________. B Don't worry. You will be well soon.

高一英语下 (Unit6.A variety of viewpoint 基础知识梳理)教师辅导讲义教案

教师辅导讲义

Our neighbour earns a living by selling fruit.我们邻居靠卖水果谋生。 His good manners earns him a good reputation.他举止礼貌得体，这使他赢得了好名声。 3. take action 采取行动 Immediate action must be taken to stop the fire spreading.必须立刻采取行动防止火的蔓延。 【拓展】意思相同的短语有take measures, take steps。 We must take measures/steps to protect ourselves against terrorists at home and abroad. 我们必须采取措施反对国内外的恐怖分子来保护我们自己。 5. with reference to 关于 With reference to your order of 100 chairs, I'm happy to tell you that delivery will take place next week. 关于你的100张椅子的订单，我很高兴告诉你下周送货。 with reference to your reply关于你的回信 6. in addition 此外，另外，而且 The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available. 这家公司除了提供廉价的网络通道，而且还使得软件自由地使用。 7. have fun( with …)（拿……）玩乐，作乐 I bought some game programs and started learning to have fun with my computer. 我买了一些游戏程序，开始学习用电脑来玩。 You do not have to spend a lot of money just to have fun with your car.你不必花大量的钱只是为了拿车来作乐。 8. learn from sb. /sth 向某人学习／从……学习 If we do not learn from our past mistakes, we are sure to make the same mistakes again. 如果我们不吸取过去的错误，我们肯定会犯相同的错误。 Ⅱ. Key Sentences重难点句子 1. ...is Asia's fastest growing consumer group —children. growing现在分词作定语，意思是：增长中的，成长中的。 the rising sun东升的旭日(=the sun that is rising) a sleeping child熟睡的孩子(=a child who is sleeping) working people(=the people who are working) 2. To get the attention(and the money) of these young viewers, commercials use child actors. To get the attention (and the money) of these young viewers在句中作目的状语，其中to get相当于in order to get。 To finish the task on time, we should check the equipment at once.为了准时完成任务，我们应该马上检修设备。 3. Not everyone is happy to see kids turned into consumers. (1)在这个句子中，not everyone是部分否定，应该理解成“不是每个人”。部分否定通常南“not +all/every/always/both/everywhere/many等”构成。 e. g. Not everyone agreed with what he had proposed, though he was confident of himsel f. 尽管他对自己有信心，但不是所有的人都赞成他的提议。 (2)过去分词短语turned into consumers作宾语补足语。可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有： ①see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。 We found her greatly changed.