英美文化结课小论文

文化和艺术

什么是文化，文化是相对于经济政治而言的人类全部精神活动及其产品。它包括艺术、文学、科学、教育，笼统的来说文化的意思是指人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富。

What is culture? Culture is all human mental activity and its products, relative to economic and political. It includes art, literature, science, education. In general, it means the sum of the material and spiritual wealth especially spiritual wealth created in the process of development of human society.

什么是艺术，艺术用形象来反映现实但比现实更有典型性的社会意识形态，包括文学、绘画、雕塑、建筑、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、电影、曲艺等，他们是可以表达美的行为或事物。其实文学在某种程度上可以归类到艺术，艺术的概念非常宽泛，例如几何作为一种数学科目也可以归类到其中。艺术作为一种文化现象，大多为满足主观与情感的需求，亦是日常生活进行娱乐的特殊方式。其根本在于不断创造新兴之美，借此宣泄内心的欲望与情绪，属浓缩化和夸张化的生活。

What is art? Art reflects reality, and the social ideology which is more typical than reality, with images. It includes literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, theater, film, opera, etc., which express beauty. In fact, literary can be classified into the arts to some extent. Artistic concept is so broad that geometry as a mathematical subjects can be classified into it. As a cultural phenomenon, art mostly meets the subjective and emotional needs as special way of having daily entertainment. The fundamental is constantly creating new beauty, showing deep desire and emotion. So art is concentrated and exaggerated life.

艺术与文化的关系，艺术与文化的发展是统一的，艺术是文化的重要内涵与组成部分，而文化是艺术的渊源与内容。现代通过文化来批评艺术和通过艺术来批评文化成为艺术与文化共同发展的重要表现形式。文化和艺术互相影响，一个时代的艺术发展，通常和那个时代的文化，政治大背景脱离不了关系。艺术是它所属的文化的反映和代表，艺术起到了‘文化自然意识’的作用，可知艺术和文化的关系是表现和被表现的关系，归属和被归属的关系。

The relationship between art and culture is in the following aspects. Art and cultural development is uniform, because art is the meaning and an important part of culture and culture being the origin and content of art. By criticizing modern art through culture and culture through art has become an important form that art and culture achieve common development. Art and culture influence each other that artistic development of an era is usually related with the cultural and political background of that era. Art is a reflection and representation of culture to which it belongs, playing a ‘cultur e’s natural awareness' role. In the relationship between art and culture, one is expressed or belonged by the other.

艺术是民族文化底蕴的反映物，民族的文化又总是为它的艺术所反映出来。首先，艺术在人类文化中的地位，表现在艺术参与和推动，并体现和反映着人类文化的变化与发展。例如：今天在全球化消费文化的冲击下，大量的商品广告的具有艺术品位档次的精美制作便是艺术参与和推动、体现和反映着当代人类文化

的变化与发展的明证。同时艺术作为文化的一个独特的组成部分，它在人类文化中的地位只是整个文化大系统中的一个子系统，必然从属和依附于文化大系统，并受到制约和影响（中国的第一部动画片“孙悟空大闹天宫”的造型设计全是用的中国民间剪纸的艺术形式制作的），文化提高对艺术的境界与认识、表达方式、看待方式、理解方式都有着不可忽视的推动作用。

Art is a reflection objects of the national cultural heritage and it do reflect the national culture. First, art participates the change and the development of human culture, in the same time promoting, embodying and reflecting it, showing the status of art in human culture. For example: Under the impact of global consumer culture, it has appeared commercial advertising with fine arts grade level, that can be an evidence of the role and status of art. Meanwhile as a distinct part of the culture, art is only a subsystem in the entire cultural system, subordinated and dependent on cultural systems, and subject to constraints and impact. Such as China's first cartoon "Monkey King" use Chinese folk paper-cut to design the whole art form. Cultural improvement is significant for improving and enhancing the recognizing realm and the way of observing, understanding and expressing.

中国文化中的国画

比如中国画融诗、书、画、印为一体，代表了一个国家、一个民族的文化修养和内涵。中国画注重个体心灵的体悟，常常于静寂观照中，求返于自己内心深处的心灵节奏，以结合宇宙内部的生命节奏。中国画的画面不仅仅呈现人物、山水、花鸟、走兽、虫鱼等形象，它还需要诗句、书法、印章的相互搭配。中国画的造型，不像其他画种那样特别强调形似，进入画面的客体已经被画家主观改造，看上去“形”并不准确，但艺术张力却是浑厚的。中国画的最终效果，不是看清了画面形象就算结束，画面以外的意境远远超出画面本身。中国国画普遍的艺术手法：留白，给人一种自然通达的感觉，这与我国的文化底蕴和道家思想有密切关系。

For example, Chinese paintings contain poetry, books, paintings and seal as one, representing cultural accomplishment and meaning of a country and a nation. Chinese paintings focus on the individual soul’s understanding. The painters often in quiet contemplation, find themselves back in the rhythm deep inside of the mind to combine rhythm of life inside the universe. Chinese painting pictures not only show figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, animals, insects, fish and other images, but also requiring poem, calligraphy and seal. Chinese painting style, unlike other kinds of painting that emphasized the shape, attaches importance to the soul and spirit. The painters transform the object subjectively to enhance the artistic tension, abandoning the accuracy of shape. The ultimate effect of Chinese painting, not just show clearly the screen image, but making audiences feel the artistic conception outside the picture far beyond the screen. Chinese painting universal artistic: blank, expresses a natural feeling of accessibility, which is closely related with China's cultural heritage and Taoism.

换句话说，如果没有太多的文化，那么所谓的“艺术”只是一个画匠就是街边上的画大广告的画匠，他们技术很厉害,但是由于没有文化只能做这种工作，如果有文化，那么就会有思想，有内涵，就会看待事物以及表达事物，会出现多种多样的理解事物，那么作品风格会很多，很丰富。

In other words, without culture the so-called "art" is just a large advertisement on the street painted by a skilled painter, who is limited in painting for lack of culture. if painters literate, they would have thought and meaning, looking at things and understanding things, and expressing things in many different ways, also the style of their works.

国画的特点

中国画有三个主要的特点：a，书画同源。在中国，书写文字的工具，与绘画的工具一直都是一样的，而在西方式分离的不同的。这是由于中国人认为书画乃至于世间万物都是统一的，所有的事物都是想通的，能够交流，有某种相同点。书写性的线条成为中国画重要的语言形式，书法的抽象美感深深地影响着绘画。b，使用空的表达。空的表现方式很多，比如空旷的天空、无处不在的影子、飘渺的烟雾和皑皑的白雪等。苍茫空旷的天空难以描绘，于是国画借助空白描绘出不可描绘的天空，在景物和人的相互映衬中借助受众的想象将其展现出来。国画中的深层文化来源是儒家、道家与佛家三者的统一，其互补性地共同构成了中国传统审美理想的整体结构，是思想表达上的预留。c，崇尚自然。中国历代书画家以自然之美为美，并以大自然造化为师，人们把自然作为中国画的品评标准中的最高目标。这是中国文化象天、天人合一的思想的表现。中国人学习自然体会自然顺从自然，这样在国画中表现为不留人为造作的痕迹，追求神似而非形似。

Chinese painting has three main features: A,calligraphy and painting have a common source. In China, writing tools and painting tools had always been the same, while in the West they separated to different ways. This is because the Chinese people believe that painting and writing and even the whole world things are all unified, all things are connected with each other and able to communicate, they are all similar. Lines of the writing become important language form of Chinese painting, and abstract beauty of calligraphy is deeply affecting painting. B, use empty expression. Many empty expressions are used, such in the vast sky, the extensive shadow, misty smoke and stretching white snow and so on. It’s difficult to describe the vast sky, so painters depict it using the imagination of the audience on the blank, with people against background. Chinese painting is a representation of deep unity of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism culture, which together constitute traditional Chinese aesthetic ideal structure. C, respect for nature. Chinese ancient painting and calligraphy treat the natural beauty as the most beauty. The artists regard the nature as teacher, and the highest standard of Chinese paintings. This is the performance of the theory that man is an integral part of nature. Chinese people learn about nature then experiencing and submitting to nature. So painters do not make himself be shown in paintings but let the nature be nature with its feel and spirit.

西方文化崇尚直接、高效、准确，画面讲究透视关系，大小对比符合眼睛的观察。但是西方文化简单实用，比如有些画派追求写实，将事物所有的细节全部表现出来，却丧失了美感，违背了艺术品的高级追求。当代的中国画家，需要在现代的技术和传统的写意中寻觅，找到符合当代人审美情趣的表达方式。中国画也在与西方的传统画和现代画融合。

Western culture advocate direct, efficient, accurate characteristic, paying attention to the screen perspective relationships, request the size comparison meeting the eye observation precisely. Western culture is simple and practical. For example, some painters pursuit of realism, performing all the things and all the details. That makes paintings lack of beauty, contrary to the highest pursuit of art. Contemporary Chinese painters have to decide and create between modern technology and traditional inspiration, in seeking to find an appropriate expression manner consistent with contemporary aesthetic taste. Chinese painting is integrating with the Western tradition paintings and modern art paintings.

从精神层面上来讲，艺术是文化的一个领域或文化价值的一种形态，艺术是人们为了更好地满足自己对主观缺憾的慰藉需求和情感器官的行为需求而创造出的一种文化现象。所以说，艺术与文化之间有着重要的关系。

Art is a field of culture or a form of cultural value. From the spiritual terms, art is a cultural phenomenon which is created for better meeting the needs of the consolation for subjective shortcomings, and the needs of emotional organs behavior. Therefore, there is an important relationship between art and culture.

文化和教育

教育与文化具有相互包含、相互作用的关系，且互为目的和手段。优秀的文化传统需要通过教育来进行传递，这样就必然影响社会对教育内容的选择。因此民族文化传统对教育传递的具体内容具有制约和影响作用。同时民族文化传统的核心，即价值取向，将大大地影响着人们对教育目的的确定、教育地位的认识以及教育内容、手段和方法的选择。从微观或具体面上进行分析，文化对教育的功能也直接影响着学校教育的课程结构和教育内容。

Education and Culture are embedded and interacted in each other, and each one of them is the purpose and means of the other. Excellent cultural traditions need to be passed through education, thus inevitably affect the social choice of educational content. Therefore national cultural traditions restrain and impact the specific content passed through education. The core of traditional national culture, the value orientation will greatly influence people to determine the purpose of education, the awareness about educational status and the selection of educational content, tools and methods. Analyzed on the micro specific level, culture directly influences school education on the curriculum structure and the content.

教育对文化不是消极被动的，它对文化具有发展的功能。其表现在三个方面：A、教育对文化有保存传递的功能。B、教育对社会主义文化具有传播交流的功能。文化传播是一个民族文化向另一个民族文化传输或者相互交流的过程，具有双向性或多向性。C、教育对社会文化具有创造和更新的功能。教育通过创造人们新的思想和新观念，这些新思想和新观念通过教育得到进一步的普及，就可以形成社会文化因素。

Education is not passive on culture, with function of promoting cultural development, showing itself in three areas. Firstly, education preserves and transmits culture in social development. Secondly, education transports specific social culture to another society, making communication with different culture possible. Communication is a process of a national culture transmitting to another ethnic, with interaction occasionally. Thirdly, education updates even creating social culture. Through creating new ideas and new concepts and popularizing it in the subsequent, education forms the social and cultural factor.

Western culture is based on individualism rather than on collectivism. This is clearly different in China where a country, society or family is placed above your own self. Western culture is adventurous and exploration based. Westerners like to discover new things, invention and expand outwards. Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship. West uses law to resolve people and people's relationship. You can never find 'law' well-established in China. For 2000 years, China is a land that's based on human relationship rather than law. West uses 'god' and religion to resolve human and spiritualism relationship. In case of problems with your own self, you just pray to god. Western culture expands and develops outwards.

Chinese culture is based on humanism and people. To resolve the relationship between man and nature, Chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. To resolve people and people's relationship, Chinese uses ethics and tolerance. To resolve human and spiritualism, Chinese emphasize internal cultivation. Chinese always focus on balance and mean. By 'mean', it means 'middle way', not going into extremism. Peace is always honored. Pay homage to heaven and earth, as well as bearing a remembrance to the homeland. This was accorded to the fact that Chinese had been a farming civilization and therefore will be more prone to remember their land. Chinese culture emphasizes expanding internally rather than outwards.

There are dramatic differences between the education in the east and education in the west. The education system in the east is mainly based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional research. The education system in the west is different. It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the teacher. They would also be given assignments that can last over a few weeks to work on. In their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student. So theoretically, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent.

The concept of value, purpose of education and method of education between Chinese Education System and Western Education System are differentiated in many academic fields. From a very young age, western little kids are encouraged to be little individuals, entitled to their own opinions and expressions of creativity. This is manifested in the way kids are encouraged to make choices from everything including what color underwear they want to wear to the methods they want to go about creating a craft project. Chinese little kids are taught and encouraged to behave and act like others in the community. Children are expected to wear similar clothing, and perform activities exactly as they are taught.

总之，文化是教育的背景，而教育却是文化繁荣和发展的重要手段和基本途径。我觉得文化的前进会促进教育的发展，而教育的不断探索前进也会反作用的推动文化的发展，教育和文化发展是相辅相成的。

In short, the culture is the background of education, and education is an important mean and the basic way of cultural prosperity and development. I think cultural advancement will promote the development of education, and the exploration and advancement of education will promote cultural development. The advancement of education and cultural development are mutually reinforced.

备注：看看就好，自己翻译的，水平不够，只为挣积分。照抄可是会有风险的哟。这个期末作业不合要求，因为小论文应有中心论题，只是说说关系啥的，绝对是不行的。摘几段出来，倒是行吧？

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英美文化期末论文：英美间的文化差异英文版 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

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英美文化差异论文 英文版

1)A, the natural environment In the eyes of the Chinese people, "summer sorching", "hot summer," summer always linked with intense heat. In Shakespeare a sonnet yet such lines, Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (can I take with you? / summer than you ah, than summer came cute and photos.) The poet's compared to summer, lovely and always. "Summer" to the Chinese and British lenovo can be so different. Reason is that in different geographical position, China is located in the Asian continent, belong to a continental climate and four distinct seasons, summer most obvious characteristics is scorching, hot challenging. Britain is located in the north temperate, belong to sea climate, beautiful summer mild, pleasant. And of course many example of this, for example, in the Chinese "dongfeng" to make people think of the warm sunny, the west wind that have seed the bitter taste. And in the west the opposite. Reason is the same, the two are in different geographical position, bring feel different. 2)Second, production In English and aquaculture, ship the words very much, such as fish in the air (climb a tree to look for fish), an odd fish (weirdo), miss the boat (miss), etc. This kind of words in Chinese is much less. Reason is that British around water, aquatic fishing industry and ring navigation in its economic occupies an important place in the life, so many such words. And in China only coastal areas have fishermen netting fishing, so this relatively few words. To express "with the physical negative things" of the verbs in Chinese language has many, such as "carry, the Netherlands, pick, bear, carry, back, carry, negative, carry, ku" and so on, each word has certain negative luck with the corresponding things (such as soil, water, pick bear, the box), is really a very close. In English, but only a carry to "refers to the-action. The Chinese will this verb fine add distinguish, probably because in the long run, China agricultural society, manual work much more special reason. Chinese, we will encounter "like the same said work", "QiZhuangRuNiu" word, in English, to express the same meaning, will say work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse. Why the Chinese use the "bull" and English with horse? The answer is Chinese have always use cows to plow fields, the early English but with the Malay farming. Cows and horses in the production process were divided into two countries do good helper, earned the people with the words can be as above usage.