Chapter 4 The Economic Environment
International Business, 13e (Daniels/Radebaugh/Sullivan)
Chapter 4 The Economic Environment
1) The recent global economic crisis has led to which of the following?
A) governments seeking to impose more constraints on capitalism
B) governments seeking to eliminate constraints on capitalism
C) governments seeking to increase the interdependence of developing economies
D) governments seeking to eliminate the interdependence of developing economies
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
2) Income, purchasing power, market size, and market type are all key elements of a(n) ________.
A) political environment
B) cultural environment
C) economic environment
D) legal environment
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 136
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
3) From the 1980s to the most recent global economic crisis, which of the following was the economic trend?
A) governments intervening more in economic affairs
B) governments increasing the isolation of their nations' economies
C) countries turning away from the principles and practices of free markets
D) countries adopting the principles and practices of free markets
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
4) There is no universal scheme to assess the performance and potential of a country's economic environment due to three conditions. Which of the following is one of those conditions?
A) the difficulty of identifying a definitive set of predictive economic indicators
B) the static nature of the marketplace
C) the isolation of most markets from each other
D) the lack of reliable economic data from developed economies
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
5) Gross national income (GNI), the broadest measure of economic activity for a country, is defined as ________.
A) the total of all consumption and investment that takes place in a national economy
B) the income generated in one country, regardless of who owns the productive assets
C) the total of all economic activity in one country less services, such as government administration, health services, and education
D) the income generated by both total domestic production and the international production activities of national companies
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 137
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
6) In computing GNI, the value of a Ford car that is manufactured in Mexico using capital from the United States would ________.
A) be added to the GNI of the United States as well as the GNI of Mexico
B) not be added to the GNI of the United States but would be added to the GNI of Mexico
C) only affect the computation of GDP and have no bearing on GNI
D) be added to the GNI of the United States but not the GNI of Mexico
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 137
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
AACSB: Analytic Skills
7) The measure of the value of production that occurs within a country's borders without regard to whether the production is done by domestic or foreign factors of production is commonly referred to as the ________.
A) net national product (NNP)
B) gross national product (GNP)
C) gross domestic product (GDP)
D) gross national income (GNI)
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 138
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
8) To determine whether the standard of living within a country is rising or falling, economists would most likely use which of the following measures?
A) per capita GNI
B) GNI growth rate
C) purchasing power parity (PPP)
D) degree of human development
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 140
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
9) Some argue that gross national income, and its expression in terms of per capita, growth rate, or PPP refinements, focuses too much on ________, thereby only partially representing the scale and scope of a country's level of development.
A) regional differences
B) monetary indicators
C) market demographics
D) cultural factors
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 142
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
10) The United Nations' ________ measures life expectancy, educational attainment, and the standard of living in a given country.
A) Human Development Index
B) Gross National Happiness
C) Genuine Progress Indicator
D) Happy Planet Index
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 142-143
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
11) The Human Development Index measures the average achievements in a country on three basic dimensions of human development, including ________.
A) promotion of cultural values
B) quantity of free time
C) extent of knowledge
D) preservation of the natural environment
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 143
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
12) The ________ starts with the same accounting framework used to calculate GDP but then adjusts for values assigned to environmental quality, population health, livelihood security, equity, free time, and educational attainment.
A) Gross National Index
B) Green Net National Product
C) Genuine Progress Indicator
D) Human Development Index
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
13) A worrisome outcome of chronic inflation is that it tends to ________.
A) erode confidence in a country's currency
B) give central banking officials excessive flexibility to manage monetary policy
C) increase the real income of people, thereby inflating their expectations
D) lead to lower demand, triggering lower prices and eventually lower employment
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 147
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
14) ________ is a general, sustained rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power.
A) Deflation
B) Inflation
C) Expansion
D) Reflation
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
15) In order to reduce or control inflation, a government would most likely do which of the following?
A) increase interest rates
B) increase taxes
C) decrease interest rates
D) decrease taxes
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 147
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
16) ________ can occur when demand declines and supply grows.
A) Inflation
B) Chronic inflation
C) Reflation
D) Deflation
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 147
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
17) In the United States, U3 is the official unemployment rate. This rate provides a measure of which of the following?
A) those who are not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and actively searching for work
B) those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions lead them to believe no work is available
C) those who want to work full-time but are only able to find part-time employment due to economic conditions
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 148-149
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
18) The so-called "misery index" is the sum of a country's ________.
A) external and internal debt
B) inflation and unemployment rates
C) unemployment level and total debt
D) trade deficit and inflation rate
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 148
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
19) A government's internal debt can be incurred for any EXCEPT which of the following reasons?
A) The tax system is so poorly run that the government cannot collect all the revenues it expects.
B) Government costs such as security and social programs exceed total tax revenues.
C) The government borrows money from international financial institutions.
D) State-owned enterprises run large deficits.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 150
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
20) A country's debt has two parts: internal and external. Internal debt results when ________; external debt results when ________.
A) the government spends more than it collects in revenues; a government borrows money from foreign lenders
B) the government collects more than it spends in revenues; a government borrows money from local units of foreign banks
C) the government spends more than it generates in revenues; a government lends money to foreigners
D) the government saves more than it collects in revenues; a government receives short-term credits from foreign lenders
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 150
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
21) Uneven income distribution ________.
A) exists in almost every country
B) is largely a problem for poorer nations
C) primarily affects people in urban settings
D) is limited to a small share of the world population
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 151
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
22) All of the following are true in reference to income equality EXCEPT which one?
A) The richest 1 percent of the world's people claims as much income as the bottom 57 percent.
B) Dramatic income inequality is not a modern phenomenon.
C) Among industrialized nations, the United States has the largest inequality gap between rich and poor.
D) There is a weak relationship between skewed income distributions and the split between those who live in urban settings versus those who live in rural areas.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 151
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
23) The World Bank reports that roughly ________ percent of the world's population is poor.
A) 50
B) 75
C) 80
D) 90
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 152
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
24) The ________ view calls for companies to develop low-cost, high-powered,
resource-minimizing innovations that can be marketed to the billions of people living on less than a few dollars a day.
A) Bottom of the Pyramid
B) Hierarchy of Needs
C) Happy Planet Index
D) Gini score
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 153
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
25) The statement that summarizes all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world during a given period of time is the ________.
A) balance of trade
B) balance of international transactions
C) balance on goods, services, and investments
D) balance of payments
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
26) The two main categories in the balance of payments are the ________.
A) merchandise exchange account and the services account
B) income receipts and payments on assets account and the unilateral transfers account
C) current account and the capital account
D) merchandise trade account and the capital account
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 155
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
27) The ________ tracks all trade activity in merchandise.
A) capital account
B) current account
C) payment account
D) deficit account
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 155
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
28) The fundamental notion of balance means that all balance of payment transactions ________.
A) have an offsetting receipt
B) ignore unilateral transfers
C) measure only a small share of total transactions
D) overly emphasize the balance of trade
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 155
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
29) An economic system is the set of structures and processes that ________ in a country.
A) guides the allocation of resources and shapes the conduct of business activities
B) directs the movement of specific products to specific consumers
C) sets the standards of competitive success for companies in the economy
D) stipulates the roles and responsibilities of consumers
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 57
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
30) Spectrum analysis gives a sense of the range of economic systems in the world today. One end of the spectrum is anchored by the idea of ________, the other by the idea of ________.
A) socialism; liberalism
B) capitalism; communism
C) communism; liberalism
D) socialism; capitalism
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
31) Capitalism is a free-market system built on all of the following notions EXCEPT ________.
A) private ownership of assets
B) the right to earn a profit in return for individual effort
C) arbitrary property rights
D) private control of investment
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
32) Communism champions a ________ system built on state ownership of all economic factors of production and control of all economic activity.
A) publicly planned
B) competitively planned
C) market-planned
D) centrally planned
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
33) In a market economy, the patterns of resource allocation are most directly influenced by
________.
A) government administrators who monitor the equilibrium of supply and demand
B) industry coalitions that strive to improve the efficiency of production
C) alliances among key consumer groups that negotiate with companies to improve the quality of the purchasing process
D) consumers who "vote" by their personal decision to buy or not buy products
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy.
34) A system in which individuals, rather than the government, make the majority of economic decisions is commonly referred to as a ________.
A) command economy
B) market economy
C) centrally planned economy
D) mixed economy
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
35) Consumer sovereignty refers to ________.
A) consumers' freedom to influence production by exercising their power of choice regarding purchases
B) the power granted to individuals through the right to vote
C) the idea central to the proper functioning of command economies
D) consumers' need for public goods as well as private goods from companies
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy.
36) Market economies are characterized by ________.
A) heavy government spending and high taxation to pay for a range of social services
B) formal cooperation among government, companies, and workers to achieve stable growth and full employment
C) minimal governmental participation
D) high levels of government intervention
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
37) In a command economy, the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold are planned by ________.
A) government officials
B) private industries
C) individual entrepreneurs
D) local trade associations
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
38) In a centrally planned economy, ________.
A) businesses and consumers are assumed to be better judges of how resources should be allocated than is the government
B) the government sets goals and determines the price and quantity of what is produced
C) different economic sectors coordinate the activities of the central government
D) each enterprise sets its goals, and then reports them to the central government
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
39) In a ________, all dimensions of economic activity, including pricing and production decisions, are determined by a central government plan.
A) market economy
B) mixed economy
C) command economy
D) democracy
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
40) Which of the following is most typical of a command economy?
A) The prices of goods and services frequently change.
B) Quality of products and services tends to be consistent.
C) Consumers have choices of many substitutes for any given product.
D) Most products are usually in short supply.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy.
41) In a ________ economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms, while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning.
A) state-directed
B) market
C) command
D) mixed
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1659
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
42) A ________ is one in which the state plays a significant role in directing the investment activities of private enterprise and in otherwise regulating business activity in accordance with national goals.
A) market economy
B) state-directed economy
C) mixed economy
D) command economy
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy. AACSB: Reflective Thinking
43) Some countries opt for a mixed economic system in the belief that although an economic system should aspire to achieve the efficiencies created by free markets, it must also support policies needed to ________.
A) destabilize poverty rates
B) achieve low unemployment
C) harness economic growth
D) inequitably distribute wealth
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
44) By and large, governments are better able to instill ________ in the economy more effectively than the devices of the free market are.
A) egalitarianism
B) competition
C) innovation
D) efficiency
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 159
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy. 45) Since the late 1980s, the growing emergence of freer markets has been powered by the realization that ________.
A) economic growth is directly related to economic freedom
B) economic growth has a limited effect on the standard of living
C) adoption of free market principles contributes to social injustices
D) centrally planned economies are best designed to deliver progress
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 160
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.12: Describe the idea of economic freedom and what it means to the economic development of a country.
AACSB: Analytic Skills
46) People in ________ have greater economic freedom than those in ________.
A) South America; North America
B) North America; Asia
C) South America; Europe
D) Asia; Europe
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162-163
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.12: Describe the idea of economic freedom and what it means to the economic development of a country.
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
47) In the Economic Freedom Index, ________ exhibit high economic freedom whereas ________ exhibit little to no economic freedom.
A) mixed economies; market economies
B) command economies; market economies
C) market economies; command economies
D) centrally planned economies; command economies
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 161-162
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.12: Describe the idea of economic freedom and what it means to the economic development of a country.
AACSB: Analytic Skills
48) The Economic Freedom Index indicates that the economic freedom is positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT which one?
A) life expectancy
B) literacy
C) environmental sustainability
D) diversity
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.12: Describe the idea of economic freedom and what it means to the economic development of a country.
49) The recent global credit crisis has interrupted the trend of economies ________.
A) rapidly adopting the command market model
B) steadily adopting the free market model
C) moving from the mixed to the command model
D) turning away from the mixed model
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 162
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.13: How has the role of the state changed in response to the global credit crisis?
50) History suggests that if the economic crisis worsens, we are likely to see more people question ________.
A) the legitimacy of communism
B) the legitimacy of capitalism
C) the practicality of mixed economies
D) the correlation between economic freedom and environmental stability
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 164
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.13: How has the role of the state changed in response to the global credit crisis?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
51) Critics of freer markets are most likely to claim which of the following?
A) Freer markets are not correlated with higher growth rates.
B) A freer market skews income distribution and fosters inequality.
C) A freer market does not lead to higher per capita incomes.
D) Freer markets do not encourage the accumulation of powerful self-interests.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.13: How has the role of the state changed in response to the global credit crisis?
52) Which of the following countries is the best example of a mixed economic model?
A) the United States
B) France
C) the United Kingdom
D) Australia
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 166
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.13: How has the role of the state changed in response to the global credit crisis?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
53) Trends in which of the following markets indicate movement toward increasing economic freedom?
A) China
B) the United States
C) Japan
D) Germany
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 167
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.14: What are the means of a transition to a market economy? AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
54) The transition to a different economic system follows a(n) ________ process in every country.
A) identical
B) different
C) systematic
D) random
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 167
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.14: What are the means of a transition to a market economy? AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
55) Consistent protection of property rights means investors and entrepreneurs, not (the) ________, will directly prosper from their hard work.
A) government
B) stakeholders
C) companies
D) consumers
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.14: What are the means of a transition to a market economy?
56) Adopting free market principles requires that a government apply strict fiscal and monetary policies, namely ________.
A) relying on administratively oriented instruments for macroeconomic stabilization
B) setting soft, flexible budget limits
C) using industry-based preferences to manage the money supply
D) using market-based policies to manage the money supply
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.14: What are the means of a transition to a market economy?
57) The process of economic transformation in the former command economies ________.
A) typically follows the same process from country to country
B) is usually accompanied by violent political change
C) involves privatization of many or all of the factors of production
D) must be accompanied by high economic growth rates
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.15: What is privatization? How does it work?
58) ________ involves the sale and legal transfer of government-owned resources to private interests.
A) Privatization
B) Antitrust legislation
C) Deregulation
D) Renationalization
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 168
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.15: What is privatization? How does it work?
59) When one company is able to control a product's supply and, therefore, its price, the company is considered a(n) ________.
A) private enterprise
B) unregulated industry
C) antitrust market
D) monopoly
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.15: What is privatization? How does it work?
60) In general, transition toward a free market economy involves all of the following EXCEPT which one?
A) increasing government subsidies to protect locally owned and operated enterprises
B) liberalizing economic activity, prices, and market operations
C) developing market-oriented instruments for macroeconomic stabilization
D) improving economic efficiency
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 168-169
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.15: What is privatization? How does it work?
AACSB: Analytic Skills
61) In the aftermath of the recent worldwide credit crisis, there has been a dropping off in the level of government involvement in economic affairs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
62) When analyzing the key elements of a country's economic environment, it is best to apply a systems perspective.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.1: What are the benefits of international economic analysis?
63) Gross domestic product is the value of production that takes place within a nation's border, without regard to whether the production is done by domestic or foreign factors of production. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 138
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
64) A car manufactured in the U.S. by Toyota would be included in the calculation of the GDP for the United States.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 138
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
65) The calculation of GNI per capita takes into account the differences in the cost of living from one country to another.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 138
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.2: What are GNI and GDP?
66) Economic indicators such as GNI, and its expression in terms of per capita, growth rate, and PPP, are not sufficient to develop a clear picture of the overall quality of life in a country. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 149
Skill: Application
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
AACSB: Analytic Skills
67) The Human Development Index measures the average achievements in a country on three basic dimensions of human development: mortality, knowledge, and standard of living. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 143
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.3: What is the implication of the Human Development Index for measuring economic development?
68) Inflation occurs because aggregate demand is growing as fast as aggregate supply. Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
69) Inflation affects interest rates, exchange rates, the cost of living, general economic confidence, and the stability of the current political system.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.4: What do we mean by inflation? How does it affect the business environment?
70) The so-called "misery index" is the sum of a country's inflation and unemployment rates. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 148
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
71) External debt results when the government spends more than it collects in revenues, whereas internal debt results when a government borrows money from foreign lenders.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 150
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.5: What do we mean by unemployment and debt? How do both affect the business environment?
72) Uneven income distribution is largely a problem confined to poorer nations.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 151
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
73) There is a strong relationship between skewed income distributions and the split between those who live in urban settings versus those who live in rural areas.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 151
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.6: What do we mean by income distribution and poverty? How do they affect the business environment?
AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
74) The balance of trade records is a record of a country's international transactions that take place among companies, governments, or individuals.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 154
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
75) In a country's balance of payments, the current account and the capital account represent equal values.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 154
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.7: What is the balance of payments? What is the current account component of the balance of payments? What is the capital account component of the balance of payments?
76) An economic system is the set of structures and processes that guides the allocation of resources and shapes the conduct of business activities within a country.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
77) The range of economic systems in the world today, when represented on a spectrum, has one end anchored by the idea of capitalism, the other with that of socialism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.8: What is meant by an economic system?
78) A market economy gives individuals the freedom to decide where to work doing what, how to spend or save money, and whether to consume now or later.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
79) A market economy is one in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by individuals and companies.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 157
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.9: Identify the fundamental features of a market economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
80) In a command economy, the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold are all planned by the government. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
81) The government considers itself a better judge of resource allocation than businesses or citizens in a market economy.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 158
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.10: Identify the fundamental features of a command economy.
82) In a mixed economy, all dimensions of economic activity, including pricing and production decisions, are determined by a central government plan.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 159
Skill: Concept
Objective: STUDY QUESTION 4.11: Identify the fundamental features of a mixed economy. AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity
83) A mixed economy is a system where economic decisions are largely market driven and ownership is largely private, but the government intervenes in many private economic decisions. Answer: TRUE
(完整版)心理学研究方法
福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业（独立本科段） 《心理学研究方法》课程考试大纲 第一部分课程性质与目标《心理学研究方法》是福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业（独立本科段）的一门专业基础必修课程，目的在于帮助考生了解和掌握心理学研究的理论基础和主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究理论基础与主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究方法的基本知识和主要内容的掌握水平与应用能力。 心理学研究的对象是心理现象。它的研究主题十分广泛：即涉及人的心理也涉及动物的心理；即涉及个体的心理也涉及群体的心理；即涉及有意识的心理也涉及潜意识的心理；即涉及与生理过程密切相关的心理也涉及与社会文化密切相关的心理。心理学研究是一种以经验的方式对心理现象进行科学探究的活动。由于心理学的研究方法是以经验的或实证的资料为依据的，因而使心理学与哲学相区别，也与人文学科相区别。 设置本课程的具体目的要求是，学习和掌握心理学研究方法的基本理论和基本技能，将有助于学生们理解心理学的基本概念、基本原理和基本理论。理解心理学家在探索心理与行动时所做的一切，有助于考生将来为心理学的发展做出有益的贡献。 第二部分考核内容与考核目标 第一编心理学研究基础 第一章心理学与科学 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，要求考生了解心理学的性质，了解心理学科学研究的方法、特征及基本步骤，理解心理学研究的伦理问题和伦理规范。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 1、识记： （1）心理学的含义； （2）心理学科学研究的特征：系统性、重复性、可证伪性和开放性； （3）知情同意。 2、领会： （1）一般人探索世界的常用方法； （2）心理学研究主要包含哪几个步骤； （3）科学研究的开放性主要表现在哪几方面； 3、应用： （1）根据科学研究的特征来分析某些心理学的研究； （2）心理学研究的伦理问题及以人为被试的研究的伦理规范来分析是否可以在心理学研究中使用欺骗的方法。
(完整版)06059心理学研究方法复习题
心理学研究方法复习题 一、重要概念 1、研究的效度：即有效性，它是指测量工具或手段能够准确测出所需测量的心理特质的程度。 2、内部一致性信度：主要反映的是测验内部题目之间的信度关系，考察测验的各个题目是否测量了 相同的内容或特质。内部一致性信度又分为分半信度和同质性信度。 3、外推效度：实验研究的结果能被概括到实验情景条件以外的程度。 4、半结构访谈：半结构化访谈指按照一个粗线条式的访谈提纲而进行的非正式的访谈。该方法对访谈 对象的条件、所要询问的问题等只有一个粗略的基本要求，访谈者可以根据访谈时的实际情况灵活地做出必要的调整，至于提问的方式和顺序、访谈对象回答的方式、访谈记录的方式和访谈的时间、地点等没有具体的要求，由访谈者根据根据情况灵活处理。 5、混淆变量：如果应该控制的变量没有控制好，那么，它就会造成因变量的变化，这时，研究者选定 的自变量与一些没有控制好的因素共同造成了因变量的变化，这种情况就称为自变量混 淆。 6、被试内设计：每个被试接受接受自变量的所有情况的处理。 7、客观性原则：是指研究者对待客观事实要采取实事求是的态度，既不能歪曲事实，也不能主观臆断。 8、统计回归效应：在第一次测试较差的学生可能在第二次测试时表现好些,而第一次表现好的学生则 可能相反,这种情形称为统计回归效应.。统计回归效应的真正原因就是偶然因素变化导致的随机误差，以及仅仅根据一次测试结果划分高分组和低分组。 9、主体引发变量：研究对象本身的特征在研究过程中所引起的变量。 11、研究的信度：测量结果的稳定性程度。换句话说，若能用同一测量工具反复测量某人的同一种心理特质，则其多次测量的结果间的一致性程度叫信度，有时也叫测量的可靠性。 12、分层随机抽样：它是先将总体各单位按一定标准分成各种类型（或层）；然后根据各类型单位数与总体单位数的比例，确定从各类型中抽取样本单位的数量；最后，按照随机原则从各类型中抽取样本。13、研究的生态效度：生态效度就是实验的外部效度，指实验结果能够推论到样本的总体和其他同类现象中去的程度，即试验结果的普遍代表性和适用性。 14、结构访谈：又称为标准化访谈，指按照统一的设计要求，按照有一定结构的问卷而进行的比较正式的访谈，结构访谈对选择访谈对象的标准和方法、访谈中提出的问题、提问的方式和顺序、访谈者回答的方式等都有统一的要求。 15、被试间设计：要求每个被试者（组）只接受一个自变量处理，对另一被试者（组）进行另一种处理。
心理学研究方法复习资料
心理学研究方法复习资料 考试题型概念解释（5*4=20)、简答(3*8=24)、案例分析(4*10=40)、研究设计(1*16=16)。本资料包括老师提到的概念解释和简答，案例分析和研究设计来自于课本挑战性问题。本资料仅供参考。 名词解释: 1、研究假设（Hypothesis）：是由理论所推衍出来的更为具体的预测，是针对研究问题提出的有待验证的、暂时性的、推测性的解答。 2、实验混淆（confounding）：如果我们所设定的自变量其发生量的改变时，另一个已知或潜在的变量亦随之有量的改变，则这两个变量的作用就发生了相互混淆。 3、观察者间信度（interobserver reliability）：指不同的独立的观察者针对同一观察所做记录的一致性程度。 4、便利抽样（convenience sampling）：主要根据获得调查对象的容易程度和调查对象参加调查的意愿所进行的。便利抽样是所有取样技术中花费最小的，抽样单元是可以接近的、容易测量的，并且是可以合作的。便利取样是非随机抽样，所选取的样本缺乏代表性。 5、假相关（spurious relationship）：如果两个变量间的关系可以通过第三个变量进行解释，那么这种关系就被称之为“假相关”。 6、操作定义（operational definition）：指仅根据可观察的程度来解释概念，这个观察程度是来产生和测量概念的。即从具体的行为、特征、指标上对变量的操作进行描述，将抽象的概念转换成可观测、可检验的项目。 7、外部效度（external validity）：是指研究结果能够一般化和普遍化到样本来自的总体和其他条件、时间、和背景中去的程度。 8、内部效度（internal validity)：指实验中的自标量与因变量之间因果关系的明确程度。如果在试验中：当自变量发生变化时因变量随之发生改变，而自变量恒定时因变量则不发生变化，那么这个实验就具有较高的内部效度。内部效度与无关变量的控制有关。 9、交互作用（interaction effect）：是指一个因子的效应依赖于另一个因子的不同水平，当一个自变量的效应在另一自变量的不同水平上存在差异时，就表示出现了交互作用。10、知情同意(informed consent)：是被试在充分理解研究性质、不参加的后果、影响参加意愿的所有因素后，明确表达参加研究的意愿。 11、统计效力（power）：指研究者在进行统计检验时，正确拒绝虚无假设的可能性，换言之，就是当存在真正效应时检验发现效应的概率。统计效力受到统计显著性水平、处理效应大小
心理学分析研究方法纯手打整理重点
变量：属性地逻辑组合，通常用定义来解释或限定.自变量—实验条件（操控）; 调节变量：所要解释地是自变量在何种条件下会影响因变量，也就是说，当自变量与因变量间地相关大小或正负方向受到其它因素地影响时，这个其它因素就是该自变量与因变量之间地调节变量.中介变量：不可观察地，而在理论上又是影响所观察现象地因素 因变量—所需测定地特征或方面（可测量）额外变量—对因变量有一定影响，但与该次实验研究目地无关地变量（控制：屏蔽、中和））随机误差：可见误差.偶然地、随机地无关变量引起，较难控制，无规律可循；影响信效度.系统误差：常定误差.常定地、有规律地无关变量引起，其方向和大小地变化是恒定而有规律地.影响效度. 无关变量地控制：、消除法排除或隔离无关变量对实验效果地影响.标准化指导语、双盲程序、内隐测量、恒定法实验期间，尽量使得所有地实验条件、实验处理、实验者及被试都保持恒定.研究在同一时间、地点举行，程序、拉丁方设计、平衡法设置使得无关变量对所有地实验组和对照组地影响都均等、统计控制：一种事后补救，统计隔离无关变量地影响,协方差分析，偏相关.操作定义：描述所界定地变量或事项如何测量，包括：工具，方法，程序.将变量或指标地抽象称述转化为具体地操作称述地过程. 、简单随机取样（不作任何预处理，适用范围：对总体中各类比例不了解或来不及了解地情况）) 抽彩法（充分搅匀））随机表法（随
机进入））随机函数法（种子问题） 、分层随机取样：对总体进行预处理，分成若干层次后然后独立地从每一层次中选取样本. (）比例分层取样：按每一层次个体数量占总体中地比例决定该层次样本地数量. ()非比例分层取样：每层次中样本量不按该层次在总体中地比例抽取，而是根据研究者对不同层次个体地研究兴趣和侧重程度确定比例地大小. 、内部效度（逻辑度与额外因素影响度）：研究中自变量与因变量因果关系地明确程度. 影响因素：成熟因素、历史因素、被试选择上地差异、 研究被试缺失产生地效应、前测地影响、实验程序不一致或处理扩散产生地效应、统计回归效应、研究条件与因素间地交互作用.、外部效度：可细分为总体效度和生态效度.研究结果能一般化或普遍化到样本来自地总体（总体效度）和其它变量条件、时间和背景（生态效度）中去地程度，即研究结果地普遍代表性和适用性.影响因素：.取样代表性；.变量地操作方式不准，致使研究地可重复性差；.研究对被试地反作用；.事前测量与实验处理地相互影响；.多种处理地干扰；.实验者效应.研究地人为性；.被试选择与实验处理地交互作用.提高方法：严格控制；做好取样工作，包括被试取样、实验情境、研究工具、
2第二章 设计心理学的研究方法
第二章设计心理学的研究方法 2.1 设计心理学的研究方法 人的消费活动是一种复杂的社会行为, 是人类心理活动的一部分。研究消费者心理活动规律的方法与整个心理学的一般研究方法是一致的, 心理学本身的发展, 为心理学应用分支的发展提供了科学的基础。但人类的消费活动是一种特殊领域。在运用心理学的某些研究方法了解消费行为规律时, 必然有一些新的内容和新的问题。因此探索设计心理学研究方法, 不仅有利于自身的发展, 也丰富了心理学主干研究方法的积累。设计心理学一般常用的研究方法有观察法、访谈法、问卷法、投射法、实验法、态度总加量表法、语义分析量表法、案例研究法、心理描述法、抽样调查法、创新思维法1 1 种方法。 2.1.1 观察法 观察法是心理学的基本方法之一。观察是科学研究的最一般的实践方法, 同时也是最简便、易行的研究方法。所谓观察法是在自然条件下, 有目的、有计划地直接观察研究对象( 消费者) 的言行表现, 从而分析其心理活动和行为规律的方法。设计心理学借助观察法, 用以研究广告、商标、包装、橱窗以及柜台设计等方面的效果。例如, 为了评估商店橱窗设计的效果, 可以在重新布置橱窗的前后, 观察行人注意橱窗或停下来观看橱窗的人数, 以及观看橱窗的人数在过路行人中所占的比例。通过重新布置前后观看橱窗的人数变化来说明橱窗设计的效果。 观察法的核心, 是按观察的目的, 确定观察的对象、方式和时机。观察时应随时记录消费者面对广告宣传、产品造型、包装设计以及柜台设计等方面所表现的行为举止, 包括语言的评价、目光注视度、面部表情、走路姿态, 等等。 观察记录的内容应包括: 观察的目的、对象, 观察时间, 被观察对象的有关言行、表情、动作等的数量与质量等。另外, 还有观察者对观察结果的综合评价。 观察法的优点是自然、真实、可靠、简便易行、花费低廉。在确定观察的时间和地点时, 要注意防止可能发生的取样误差。例如, 在了解商店消费者的构成时, 要区分休息日和非休息日, 也要区别上班时间和下班时间。有时商店消费者的构成也受周围居民成分的影响, 要观察少数民族消费者的特点, 就应该选择少数民族特需品的供应商店。在分析观察结果时, 要注意区分偶然的事件和有规律性的事实, 使结论具有科学性。 观察法的缺点也是明显的。在进行观察时, 观察者要被动地等待所要观察的事件出现。而且, 当事件出现时, 也只能观察到消费者是怎样从事活动的, 并不能得到消费者为什么会这样活动, 他的内心是怎样想的资料。 现代科技水平的发展, 使观察法能借用先进的观察设备诸如录像、录音、闭路电视的方式进行观察, 使观察效果更准确更及时, 并节省观察人员。但观察法只能记录消费者流露出来的言行、表情, 而对流露出这种言行、表情的原因, 是无法通过观察法直接获取, 因而必须结合其他的有关方法, 才能进一步了解消费行为规律。当研究的心理现象不能直接观察时, 可通过搜集有关资料, 间接了解消费者的心理活动, 这种研究方法叫调查法。调查法分为两种: 一种是口头调查法, 亦称谈话法、访谈法; 另一种是书面调查法, 亦称问卷法、调查表法。 2.1.2 访谈法 访谈法是通过访谈者与受访者之间的交谈, 了解受访者的动机、态度、个性和价值
心理学研究方法整理!
1、准实验设计：由库克和坎贝尔提出。伴随现场实验的发展而发展起来。 →特点：介于真实验设计和非实验设计之间。从研究中对额外变量的控制程度出发，准实验设计差于真实验，但比非实验设计控制严格，一般准实验设计不容易随机挑选、分配被试，可能产生额外变量与自变量的混淆。另外，其外部效度不一定好。 →类型：①单组设计：时间序列设计、相等时间样本设计 ②多组设计：不相等组前后测设计、不相等组前后测时间序 列设计 2、实验研究： 定义：是在控制无关变量、操纵自变量的条件下研究心理现象的变化，从而确定变量之间关系的研究。对变量间的因果关系感兴趣。 特点：系统操纵或改变一个变量，观察这种操纵或改变对另一变量所造成的影响，并在此基础上揭示变量间的因果关系。 3、决定论：认为自然界和人类社会普遍存在客观规律和因果联系的理论。（不同于宗教的先决论） 4、被试变量：又称被试特性，一般作为自变量处理。 一是被试固有的。（如性别、婚姻状况、年龄、文化程度等） 二是暂时的。（如遭遇灾害否、吸毒否） 三是被试行为分类。（如喜欢早上锻炼还是喜欢晚上锻炼） 5、检查点：自变量的不同取值。 6、额外变量：会对结果产生影响，但是又不是研究者能够控制的变量。 7、混淆变量：无关变量的一种，该变量与自变量之间存在系统性关联，并对因变量产生影响的变量。这个影响的结果叫虚假效应。（PS.无关变量：与研究目的无关的变量） 8、因果关系研究：一个变量为操作变量，另一个为随自变量变化的因变量，可以揭示因果关系。 9、相关研究：两个变量都没有任何操作，只是调查、测量、观察的结果。如两个变量均为被试变量。（eg.与父母共处的时间与儿童的抑郁水平） 注：相关研究对个体差异感兴趣，而因果研究关心某类人的普遍心理规律；相关研究只研究机体间的方差，因果研究关心处理间的方差。 10、交互作用：反映的是两个或多个因素的联合效应。或者说是因素间相互影响和制约的关系。（当一个因素如何起作用受另一个因素的影响时，我们就认为存在二重交互作用。同理，当一个因素如何起作用受另两个因素的影响时，我们就认为存在三重交互作用。） 11、简单效应：指一个因素的水平在另一个因素某个水平的变异。（如，噪音大小与竞争对学习效果的影响，只考虑在竞争组噪音大小的简单效应） 12、简单简单效应：指一个因素的水平在另外两个因素的水平结合上的效应。（如，只考虑噪音强度在高难度和无竞争结合上的简单简单效应） 13、被试间设计：在不同被试之间比较。研究变量为被试变量时只能进行这种设计。 14、被试内设计：每个被试接受全部的水平或者水平结合的处理，自己和自己比较。 条件1 条件2
心理学研究方法笔记)
第一编心理学研究基础 第一章心理学与科学 1.心理学是一门兼有自然科学和社会科学的性质、具有不同分析单位以及既重视内省也重 视客观观察的学科。 2.一般人探索世界的常用方法归纳起来有常识、传统和权威三种。 3.系统性、重复性、证伪性和开放性是科学研究的四种典型特征。 4.心理学研究主要包括5个基本步骤：（1）选择课题和提出假设；（2）设计研究方案；（3） 搜集资料；（4）整理和分析资料；（5）解释结果以及检验假设。 5.科学研究的开放性主要表现在多视角、公开性、可争辩性以及科学研究无禁区四个方面。 6.以人为被试的研究的伦理规范主要包括知情同意、保护被试以及保障退出自由与保密。第二章选题与抽样 1.心理学研究课题可以有多种来源。主要的来源是：（1）对日常生活的观察；（2）实际的 需要；（3）理论；（4）研究文献的提示；（5）技术发展的推动等；也可以是这些来源的某种结合。 2.好的研究问题应该具备4个基本特征：（1）问题是切实可行的；（2）问题是清楚的；（3） 问题是有意义的；（4）问题是符合道德的。 3.文献是记录、保存、交流和传播知识的一切材料的总称。心理学文献就其保存方式可分 为纸质文献和互联网文献。纸质文献的常见类型有图书、期刊、会议和学术论文等。
4.查阅文献常用参考文献查找法、检索工具法。检索工具法分为手工检索和计算机检索。 5.取样和选题的关系密切，要依据课题的性质和研究结果的概括程度来选择被试。取样的 方法很多，根据是否按随机原则进行操作，取样可分为两类：非随机取样和随机取样。 6.简单随机取样又称纯随机取样，即对研究总体单位不进行任何分组排列，只按随机原则 直接从总体中抽取一定的样本，以使总体的每一个样本都有被同等抽取的可能性。分层随机取样，也称比率取样、分类取样和分组取样，是按照总体已有的某些特征，将总体分成几个不同的部分（每个部分叫一个层或一个子总体），然后在每一个层或子总体中进行简单随机取样。 7.系统取样，又称等距取样或机械取样，是以某种系统规则来选择样本的方法。聚类取样， 又称整群取样，是将总体按照某种标准（如班级、地区）划分为若干子群体，每个子群体作为一个取样单位，用随机的方法从总体中抽取子群体，将抽中的子群体中的所有单位合起来作为总体的样本。 8.多段取样，也称多级取样、分段取样，先将总体按照某种标准（如学校、地区）分为若 干层（组），称为第一层，然后从这一层中随机抽取出几个层作为第二层，依次类推，直至从最后一层中用随机取样的方式中抽取出一定数量的样本作为研究所需样本的取样方法。 9.方便取样：也称偶遇取样，研究者选择在方便的时间和地点将所遇到的人作为研究样本 的方法。立意取样，也称主观取样、判断取样，研究者根据自己的经验，如对总体构成要素和研究目标的认识，主观判断选取可以代表总体的个体作为样本。 10.定额取样，也称配额取样，是按特定的标准（性别、年龄、职业、受教育程度、教育 背景等）将总体中的个体分为若干类或层，然后在各层中取样。滚雪球取样，是先从总
心理学研究方法的系统分析与体系重构_莫雷
?研究报告与论文? 心理学研究方法的系统分析与体系重构 莫 雷Ξ 王瑞明 陈彩琦 温红博 (华南师范大学心理应用研究中心,广州,510631) 摘 要 心理学研究方法在心理学的发展中占有特别重要的地位。当前,心理学研究方法已经成为心理学中的一门重要学科, 相关论文和教材很多。本文首先对心理学研究方法的发展进行了简要概述,重点指出了心理学研究方法研究中存在的重大问题,在此基础上,我们对心理学研究方法进行了系统分析,并构建了心理学研究方法的新体系。关键词:心理学研究方法 系统分析 体系重构 1 心理学研究方法的发展概述 用艾宾浩斯的话说,心理学有悠久的过去,但只有短暂的历史。自公元前4世纪亚里士多德最早发表有关人类心理现象的著作《灵魂论》以来,有很多思想家对心理现象的实质和规律进行了探讨,因此心理学的研究有悠久的过去。但是亚里士多德后的2000多年时间,,在中世纪甚至曾沦为宗教的工具。所以在那个相当长的历史时期里,心理学还不能被称为是一门独立的科学。直到19世纪后期,在很多科学家开始用实验的方法研究心理现象并发现一些重要规律之后,心理学才开始走上科学发展的道路。1879年,冯特在德国莱比锡大学创建了世界上第一个心理学实验室,标志着心理学从此成为一门独立的实验科学。为了与过去的心理学有所区别,人们将这时开始的心理学称之为科学心理学。因此科学心理学作为一门学科的发展历史至今仅100多年。从心理学的历史发端我们可以看出,实验研究方法在其中起到了举足轻重的作用。当代心理学跟古代心理学的本质差异主要表现在研究“方法”和“手段”上。19世纪以前,哲学家多采用“思辨”的方法去探讨心理现象。他们利用臆测、内省、推理和直觉的方法,或基于个人的主观经验来推测心理的本质。他们常被心理学史学家称为“安乐椅上的心理学家”。现代心理学家则特别注重采用观察、调查、访谈和实验等方法来研究各种心理现象。心理学的发展历史表明,研究方法对心理科学的产生和发展轨迹有着关键性影响。在科学心理学形成和发展的初期,研究者就开始运用物理学和生理学等学科的方法来研究人类心理现象。科学心理学独立之后,出现了许多学说和流派。这些流派在学术观点上的差别,在很大程度是因方法论和研究技术的不同引起的。如实证主义方法论和现象学方法论构成了各心理学流派发展两大主线。实证主义强调以方法为中心,强调直接观察的重要,主张还原论, 以科学性为研究的基本原则。而现象学方法以问题为中心,强调对意识经验的直接描述,主张整体论,以现象描述作为研究的出发点。构造主义、行为主义和现代认知心理学等流派沿承了实证主义思想;意动心理学、格式塔心理学、精神分析学派和人本主义则遵循着现象学的思想。当前科学心理学正进入脑科学时代,越来越多的认知心理学家正转向认知神经科学研究。认知神经科学之所以能成为当今科学心理学的焦点,关键原因也在于功能性核磁共振技术、事件相关电位技术、脑磁图、单细胞记录技术和脑损伤技术等在心理学研究中的应用。 总的来说,当前心理学研究方法的发展呈现出多样化的特点,各发展阶段、各研究领域中所产生的各种方法及其研究技术共存于当今的心理学研究中。即使在同一研究领域,由不同方法论指导的研究方法也常同时并存。可以说,心理学研究对象的复杂性,决定了其研究方法也必然是多水平、多层次和多角度的。 2 心理学研究方法研究的问题 “工欲善其事,必先利其器。”这里“器”就是工具、方法。科学的每一步发展都离不开其研究方法的发展与进步。如巴甫洛夫所说,“科学随着方法学上获得的成就不断跃进,方法学每前进一步,我们便仿佛上升了一级阶梯,于是我们就展开了更广阔的眼界,看见从未见过的事物。”方法学是关于方法的理论和学说,它以方法为研究对象,通过对方法的研究,改进、加强和发展科学方法,为科学研究提供最佳的研究方案和途径。心理学研究方法的不断发展与进步,极大的推动了心理学的研究,因此,对心理学研究方法进行研究,应该成为心理学研究的重要组成部分。 前面我们已经对心理学研究方法的发展进行了简要总结。总的来看,自从冯特建立心理实验室,首创用实验方法研究心理以来,心理学研究方法有了重 Ξ通讯作者:莫雷。E 2mail :molei @https://www.sodocs.net/doc/eb12290933.html, 1026 心理科学 Psychological Science 2006,29(5):1026-1030
(完整版)心理学研究方法
福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业(独立本科段) 《心理学研究方法》课程考试大纲 第一部分课程性质与目标 《心理学研究方法》是福建省高等教育自学考试应用心理学专业（独立本科段）的一门专业基础必修课程，目的在于帮助考生了解和掌握心理学研究的理论基础和主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究理论基础与主要方法，检验考生对心理学研究方法的基本知识和主要内容的掌握水平与应用能力。 心理学研究的对象是心理现象。它的研究主题十分广泛：即涉及人的心理也涉及动物的心理；即涉及个体的心理也涉及群体的心理；即涉及有意识的心理也涉及潜意识的心理；即涉及与生理过程密切相关的心理也涉及与社会文化密切相关的心理。心理学研究是一种以经验的方式对心理现象进行科学探究的活动。由于心理学的研究方法是以经验的或实证的资料为依据的，因而使心理学与哲学相区别，也与人文学科相区别。 设置本课程的具体目的要求是，学习和掌握心理学研究方法的基本理论和基本技能，将有助于学生们理解心理学的基本概念、基本原理和基本理论。理解心理学家在探索心理与行动时所做的一切，有助于考生将来为心理学的发展做出有益的贡献。 第二部分考核内容与考核目标 第一编心理学研究基础 第一章心理学与科学 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，要求考生了解心理学的性质，了解心理学科学研究的方法、特征及基本步骤，理解心理学研究的伦理问题和伦理规范。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 1、识记： （1）心理学的含义； （2）心理学科学研究的特征：系统性、重复性、可证伪性和开放性； （3）知情同意。 2、领会： （1）一般人探索世界的常用方法； （2）心理学研究主要包含哪几个步骤； （3）科学研究的开放性主要表现在哪几方面； 3、应用： （1）根据科学研究的特征来分析某些心理学的研究； （2）心理学研究的伦理问题及以人为被试的研究的伦理规范来分析是否可以在心理学研究中使用欺骗的方法。
心理学研究方法重点
《心理学研究方法》第一章到第六章的重点 共有6章18节，重点在如下的章节 第一章心理学研究方法与方法论 第一节科学研究的规则 操作主义的科学观及其对科学研究的意义 操作主义的科学观：科学发现或理论构造的有效性依赖于达到哪一发现或理论所运用的操作的有效性。----实验成果和研究结论，决不能超越所采用的方法论。 科学发现与猜想的差别：规则与过程---- 客观性 科学性的判断标准：可重复性----科学推论一致性的保证 什么是理论与假设？ 理论：一组相互联系的概念与命题，它通过对变量之间的关系的系统、具体说明，来描述、解释和预测各种现象。理论作为研究假设的框架，经过不断的检验和修正，错误的理论会被推翻。理论无法直接检验，只能通过实验来检验由理论推导出来的假设是否成立。 假设：有关两个或两个以上变量之间关系的基于理论的非常具体的可检验的陈述，可以从观察到的数据进行评估。 第二节心理学研究方法与研究范式 心理学研究的范式 大样本研究范式：研究的被试越多，统计检验就越有效。 Fisher把如下的三项程序引入心理学实验中： 1、运用随机化程序选择被试； 2、对被试进行实验控制； 3、运用统计方法检验研究结果。 小样本研究范式的基本思想：对少量被试进行大量的心理测定—行为取样，能够对其心理活动展开有效的研究。 方法： 1、确定研究对象的行为基线和反应方式； 2、操纵自变量，观察和记录应变量的变化； 3、撤除自变量，继续监测自变量的情况。 第二章心理学研究的理论基础与思路 第一节因果关系与心理学研究 关于因果关系的理论 （一）休谟的观点： 因果关系推论的三个条件：1. 一个原因和他的结果，在空间和时间上是常向接近的； 2.原因先于结果； 3. 原因与结果之间，存在必然联系，无论何时得到结果，原因总是存在的（二）罗素 批判了因果关系的不可观察论，提出了在连续测量的变量间的明确的函数关系 （三）穆勒 小样本研究范式的基本思想：对少量被试进行大量的心理测定—行为取样。 方法： 1、确定研究对象的行为基线和反应方式； 2、操纵自变量，观察和记录应变量的变化； 3、撤除自变量，继续监测自变量的情况。
心理学研究方法课程学习大纲.doc
《心理学研究方法》课程教学大纲 ●本课程教学目的 通过本课程的学习，帮助学生了解心理学研究方法的特点与发展，掌握心理学研究设计的类型、常见的几种研究方法以及研究数据的处理与分析，了解研究报告和论文的组织与撰写要求。 ●教学方法 讲授法、实验法、讨论法。学习本课程学生要重在掌握方法；在理解和把握教师所讲知识的前提下，主要是学会一种思路，学会为一个课题设计一个研究方案，应用于实际的研究。 ●本课程的重、难点 重点： 1、了解心理学研究方法的主要内容与分类 2、了解和掌握心理科学研究中的基本变量及控制技术；
4、了解观察的类型、结构和特点，掌握观察的技术与方法； 5、了解访谈的类型、特点和程序，掌握访谈的基本技巧； 6、了解和掌握问卷法的特点和类型以及问卷法的设计； 7、了解和掌握测验法的特点、类型以及心理测验的编制和使用； 8、了解其他的研究方法；研究论文的撰写。 难点： 1、掌握心理科学研究中的基本变量及控制技术； 2、掌握心理学科研中选题的方法； 3、问卷法的设计； 4、研究论文的撰写。 ●本课程教学内容及课时分配 第一章心理学与科学 （4学时，讲授4学时） 【知识点提示】心理学的性质、心理学的科学研究、心理学研究中涉及的伦理问题【重难点提示】心理学的性质、心理学的科学研究 第一节心理学的性质 一、心理学兼有自然科学与社会科学的性质 二、心理学是具有不同分析单位的学科 三、心理学既重视内省也重视客观观察 第二节心理学的科学研究 一、一般人的探索方法 二、科学研究的特征 第三节心理学研究的伦理问题 一、以人为被试的研究 二、以动物为被试的研究 ●实践内容（实验、见习、观摩） ●作业 第二章选题与取样